Table 2. Incidence rate and adjusted hazard ratio of stroke, Parkinson’s disease, dementia between ACOS and non-ACOS cohorts stratified by sex, age, comorbidity (no/yes), and drug used (no/yes).
| ACOS | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Compared to non-ACOS cohort | ||||||
| Variables | Event | PY | Rate | Event | PY | Rate | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† (95% CI) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Overall | 2008 | 133159 | 15.1 | 1187 | 64030 | 18.5 | 1.23 (1.15, 1.32)*** | 1.39 (1.28, 1.50)*** |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 710 | 59618 | 11.9 | 456 | 28943 | 15.8 | 1.32 (1.18, 1.49)*** | 1.38 (1.21, 1.58)*** |
| Male | 1298 | 73541 | 17.7 | 731 | 35088 | 20.8 | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29)*** | 1.38 (1.24, 1.53)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.13 | |||||||
| Age, year | ||||||||
| 40–65 | 394 | 65268 | 6.04 | 276 | 32069 | 8.61 | 1.43 (1.23, 1.67)*** | 1.34 (1.11, 1.60)** |
| ≥ 65 | 1614 | 67891 | 23.8 | 911 | 31961 | 28.5 | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30)*** | 1.37 (1.25, 1.50)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.16 | |||||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 338 | 44025 | 7.68 | 61 | 6797 | 8.97 | 1.16 (0.88, 1.52) | 1.64 (1.21, 2.22)** |
| Yes | 1670 | 89133 | 18.7 | 1126 | 57233 | 19.7 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.42 (1.31, 1.54)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.46 | |||||||
| Drug used | ||||||||
| No | 1240 | 78540 | 15.8 | 302 | 11675 | 25.9 | 1.63 (1.43, 1.85)*** | 1.50 (1.30, 1.71)*** |
| Yes | 768 | 54619 | 14.1 | 885 | 52355 | 16.9 | 1.20 (1.09, 1.32)*** | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29)** |
| p for interaction | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Parkinson’s disease | ||||||||
| Overall | 532 | 137308 | 3.87 | 380 | 66438 | 5.72 | 1.48 (1.30, 1.69)*** | 1.56 (1.34, 1.81)*** |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 200 | 61102 | 3.27 | 146 | 30030 | 4.86 | 1.49 (1.20, 1.84)*** | 1.47 (1.15, 1.88)** |
| Male | 332 | 76206 | 4.36 | 234 | 36408 | 6.43 | 1.48 (1.25, 1.75)*** | 1.59 (1.32, 1.93)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.97 | |||||||
| Age, year | ||||||||
| 40–65 | 74 | 66353 | 1.12 | 58 | 32910 | 1.76 | 1.58 (1.12, 2.23)** | 1.45 (0.96, 2.17) |
| ≥ 65 | 458 | 70954 | 6.45 | 322 | 33528 | 9.60 | 1.49 (1.29, 1.72)*** | 1.56 (1.33, 1.83)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.70 | |||||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 64 | 44702 | 1.43 | 11 | 6969 | 1.58 | 1.10 (0.58, 2.08) | 1.74 (0.85, 3.57) |
| Yes | 468 | 92605 | 5.05 | 369 | 59469 | 6.20 | 1.23 (1.07, 1.41)** | 1.64 (1.42, 1.91)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.74 | |||||||
| Drug used | ||||||||
| No | 328 | 81341 | 4.03 | 110 | 12325 | 8.92 | 2.21 (1.78, 2.74)*** | 1.85 (1.47, 2.32)*** |
| Yes | 204 | 55967 | 3.64 | 270 | 54113 | 4.99 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.65)*** | 1.30 (1.08, 1.57)** |
| p for interaction | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Dementia | ||||||||
| Overall | 1194 | 135558 | 8.81 | 726 | 65634 | 11.1 | 1.26 (1.15, 1.38)*** | 1.43 (1.29, 1.59)*** |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 487 | 60223 | 8.09 | 298 | 29604 | 10.1 | 1.25 (1.08, 1.44)** | 1.40 (1.19, 1.65)*** |
| Male | 707 | 75335 | 9.38 | 428 | 36031 | 11.9 | 1.27 (1.13, 1.43)*** | 1.44 (1.26, 1.65)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.84 | |||||||
| Age, year | ||||||||
| 40–65 | 100 | 66337 | 1.51 | 79 | 32875 | 2.40 | 1.60 (1.19, 2.15)** | 1.26 (0.89, 1.80) |
| ≥65 | 1094 | 69221 | 15.8 | 647 | 32759 | 19.8 | 1.26 (1.14, 1.39)*** | 1.42 (1.27, 1.58)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.09 | |||||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 194 | 44392 | 4.37 | 26 | 6908 | 3.76 | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 1.38 (0.88, 2.17) |
| Yes | 1000 | 91166 | 11.0 | 700 | 58727 | 11.9 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 1.54 (1.37, 1.71)*** |
| p for interaction | 0.27 | |||||||
| Drug used | ||||||||
| No | 749 | 80234 | 9.34 | 204 | 12085 | 16.9 | 1.82 (1.56, 2.12)*** | 1.61 (1.37, 1.90)*** |
| Yes | 445 | 55324 | 8.04 | 522 | 53549 | 9.75 | 1.22 (1.07, 1.38)** | 1.18 (1.04, 1.35)* |
| p for interaction | < 0.001 | |||||||
ACOS, asthma–COPD overlap syndrome; Drug used, including subjects with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) or oral steroids(OSs); PY, person-year; Rate, incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years); IRR, incidence rate ratio; Adjusted HR†: multiple cox model analysis including age, sex, each comorbidity, inhaled corticosteroid (ICSs), and oral steroids(OSs); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.