Abstract
Background
Social isolation in medical students is a subjective experience that may influence medical career decision making. Rural self-efficacy has been shown to influence rural career intentions following a rural clinical placement, however its impact on social isolation during a rural clinical placement has not been previously modeled. The objective of this study is to explore whether self-perception of social isolation is associated with rural career intent in rural medical students. Secondly, to determine whether self-efficacy influences the association between social isolation and rural career intent.
Methods
2015 data, from a cross-sectional survey of the National Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (FRAME) study. Among 619 medical students attending rural clinical schools (RCS), rural career intent was assessed. This included intended rural location for either postgraduate medical specialist or generalist training or completion of that training. Self-efficacy beliefs in rural medical practice were based on a validated scale consisting of six questions. Social isolation was measured asking students whether they felt socially isolated during their RCS placement.
Results
31.3% of surveyed students self-reported feeling socially isolated during their rural placement. Social isolation was associated with reduced rural career intent after controlling for gender, rural background, RCS preference, RCS support and wellbeing. In step-wise logistic regression the association between social isolation and rural intent disappeared with the inclusion of rural self-efficacy.
Conclusions
Social isolation during a rural clinical placement is commonly reported and is shown to reduce rural career intent. High levels of rural clinical self-efficacy reduce the effects of social isolation on future rural workforce intentions.
Keywords: Social cognitions, Rural medical education, Social isolation, Self-efficacy, Medical student, Career intention
Background
Increasing exposure to a rural clinical environment during medical student training increases Australian rural career interest and intent [1, 2]. This has been observed for both rural and urban entry medical students [1, 3]. Students studying medicine in rural areas are more confident in their clinical skills and show increase interest to practice in a rural setting, possibly through increased access to patients, more hands-on experience and close relationships with patients and colleagues [3–5]. However, a sense of perceived social isolation during a rural placement may reduce the impact of a rural placement on future rural workforce intent.
Perceived social isolation is a subjective experience and may be defined as a sense of not belonging to a community or geographical area. [6]. A sense of social isolation may influence emotions, and behaviors that impact on future motivations and interest in career location. A number of studies suggest that perceived social isolation contributes to increases in depressive thoughts and or distress, [7]. It has been reported that rural medical students whom felt socially isolated during a rural medical school placement were less likely to go on to peruse hospital appointments in rural areas for intern training [8]. Perceived social isolation (as an objective or structural measure) is also associated with health and wellbeing [9]. We note that perceived social isolation as a reflective experience has not been explored in Australian medical students following a rural placement.
A medical student’s level of interest and self-efficacy during a rural clinical placement is associated with future rural medical career intentions [10]. We have previously suggested that vocational interests develop over time, partially as a function of self-efficacy and interest [3]. In rural medical students self-efficacy reflects the beliefs and expectations that one may either feel in the future they can or cannot be a successful medical practitioner in a rural location based on a trial experience. Hence a social cognitive framework can be applied to understand rural career behaviours including self-efficacy [11, 12]. Indeed instruments have been developed to measure self-efficacy in medical students. These instrument measures have been validated and developed to understand medical student career behaviours [10, 13].
A higher level of self-efficacy for rural practice may diminish the effects of perceived social isolation. However, it is unclear, whether in Australian rural medical students, self-efficacy or social isolation, are independent factors with respect to rural career intent. This study aims to determine the incidence of subjective social isolation in medical students during and a rural placement and its effects on rural career intent. We will identify factors that are associated with social isolation in this study population. Secondly, this study aims to explore the effect of rural self-efficacy on the relationship between social isolation and rural career intent.
Methods
Design, setting and participants
Data from the 2015 Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (FRAME) survey [14] was used for this analysis. These data contained cross-sectional information on 644 medical students who had completed a rural clinical placement across 13 medical universities. Completion of the survey was voluntary and ethics was approved for this study from each of the participating universities.
Measures
Social isolation
Social isolation was measured by students self-reporting whether they felt socially isolated during their rural clinical school placement. “I felt socially isolated during my rural placement”. These responses were assessed on a five-point likert-scale. The answers were dichotomized into: ‘Somewhat agree’ and ‘strongly agree’ versus ‘Strongly disagree’, ‘somewhat disagree’ and ‘neutral’.
Rural career intent
Students were asked to identify their preferred location for future practice. “In which geographical location within Australia would you most like to practise on completing your training?” The options were, Capital or Major City; Inner regional city or large town in Australia (25,000–100,000); Smaller town - outer regional (10,000–24,999); Small rural or remote communities (10,000) and Very remote centre/area.
Rural self-efficacy
Self-efficacy beliefs in rural medical practice were assessed [15]. This tool has been previously described and validated [10]. In summary, six questions that that required responses measured an individual’s self-efficacy to future clinical practice in rural setting. The questions are based on five key career factors of self-efficacy that include vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, positive emotional arousal, and negative emotional arousal and performance accomplishments. From these 6 questions a composite rural medicine self-efficacy score can be calculated. In summary, the survey contains the questions required to assess self-efficacy described by Bandura [16], yet adapted for a rural medical school career assessment [10].
Rural clinical school impact on wellbeing
This was measured via a single question (using five point Likert scale) ‘overall my rural clinical school (RCS) placement impacted positively on my wellbeing’. The variable was dichotomized into Strongly disagree/disagree/Neutral (Low) and Strongly agree/agree (high) categories.
Supervision
Students’ opinion of their clinical supervisors was assessed using five point Likert scale responses (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) to statements about their supervisors’ behaviours. These questions were based on recognised effective teaching behaviours of rural family medicine preceptors [17]. The sum of these 14 statements was used to produce a variable called ‘total clinical supervisor score’ with a maximum possible score of 70.
Other demographic variables
Included gender and whether students had a preexisting rural background on entry to the program (yes/no); Type of location lived longest in Australia (response selection included Capital or major city; Inner regional city or large town (25,000–100,000); Outer regional or smaller town (10,000–24,999); Small remote community (< 10,000); Very remote centre/area).
Intrinsic factors
Intrinsic factors were adjusted for in models including whether students chose their RCS location for rural clinical training and whether students were feeling academically supported by rural clinical school during their rural attachment. We also explored perceptions of being financially supported during the rural placement (by the medical school) and a global question on overall support by the rural clinical school they attended.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version21 (SPSS IBM, New York, USA). Simple logistic regression was used to estimate crude odds ratio to test the association of social isolation with the independent variables. Variables that were significant in the univariate analyses were considered for entry into the multivariate model that predicted intention to practice in rural areas. It was a priori decided to keep gender and rural background were kept in these multivariate models. Supervision ratings and self- efficacy ratings were used in logistic regression models. Independent factors were entered into the model in three stages: 1) social isolation 2) social isolation, gender, rural background, preferred RCS, overall feeling supported by RCS, supervision, impact of RCS on wellbeing 3) rural self-efficacy. P values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results
The response rate was 81.3% (644/788). In total, 644 medical students completed the survey, 619 were included in this analyses based on availability primary study variables. Table 1 summarises the characteristics of the sample. Although 78.8% of students reported the RCS had positively impacted on their well-being, 31.3% reported feeling socially isolated during their rural placement.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample (N = 619)
| Characteristics | N | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 265 | 42.5% |
| Female | 354 | 56.7% | |
| Rural background | No | 331 | 53.0% |
| Yes | 286 | 45.8% | |
| Type of location living longest in Australia | Capital city | 279 | 44.7% |
| Major city | 62 | 9.9% | |
| Regional | 89 | 14.3% | |
| Rural | 76 | 12.2% | |
| Small rural | 99 | 15.9% | |
| Remote | 9 | 1.4% | |
| Preference for RCS for Clinical training | Last choice | 28 | 4.5% |
| Low on list | 35 | 5.6% | |
| Mid-choice | 49 | 7.9% | |
| High on list | 83 | 13.3% | |
| First choice | 424 | 67.9% | |
| Overall RCS Impacted positively on well-being | Strongly disagree/Disagree/Neutral | 131 | 21.2% |
| Strongly agree/Agree | 486 | 78.8% | |
| Preferred location for work | Capital/Major city | 216 | 34.6% |
| Regional | 227 | 36.4% | |
| Rural | 126 | 20.2% | |
| Small rural | 36 | 5.8% | |
| Remote | 13 | 2.1% |
Percentages may not add up to 100% because of missing data
Gender, rural background and feeling financially supported by RCS were not associated with social isolation (Table 2). Factors adjusted for in models and found to be associated with a lower social isolation were: RCS being their first choice for clinical training, feeling overall well-supported by RCS especially academic support, and positive experiences with supervision. Furthermore, students were less likely to feel socially isolated with the presence of higher rural self-efficacy or when students reflected that the RCS impacted positively on their wellbeing.
Table 2.
Factors associated with social isolation during rural clinical training
| Social Isolation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Gender | Male | 90 (34.0%) | 1.0 | |
| Female | 103 (29.4%) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.25 | |
| Rural background | No | 105 (31.8) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 86 (30.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.72 | |
| Type of location living longest in Australia | Capital city/Major city | 106 (31.2) | 1.0 | |
| Regional | 30 (34.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.48 | |
| Rural/Remote | 53 (29.0) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.79 | |
| Preference for RCS for Clinical training | Others | 83 (42.8) | 1.0 | |
| First choice | 108 (25.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 | |
| RCS Support | ||||
| Supported academically by RCS | Strongly disagree/Disagree/Neutral | 43 (44.3) | 1.0 | |
| Strongly agree/Agree | 151 (28.9) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.004 | |
| Supported financially by RCS | Strongly disagree/Disagree/Neutral | 79 (35.3) | 1.0 | |
| Strongly agree/Agree | 115 (29.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.12 | |
| Overall well-supported by RCS | Strongly disagree/Disagree/Neutral | 48 (46.6) | 1.0 | |
| Strongly agree/Agree | 145 (28.1) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Rating of Clinical Supervisors | Lower tertile | 77 (36.0) | 1.0 | |
| Middle tertile | 63 (31.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.28 | |
| Upper tertile | 50 (26.6) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.04 | |
| Rural Self-efficacy | Lower tertile | 95 (40.9) | 1.0 | |
| Middle tertile | 62 (29.2) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.01 | |
| Upper tertile | 33 (20.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | < 0.001 | |
| RCS Positively impact on well-being | Strongly disagree/Disagree/Neutral | 70 (53.4) | 1.0 | |
| Strongly agree/Agree | 124 (25.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | < 0.001 | |
Table 3 displays the multivariate step-wise logistic regression. Model A shows that social isolation led to decreased odds of rural career intentions (OR 0.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.8)). Model B demonstrates that social isolation was still associated with reduced rural career intent (OR 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.9)) after controlling for gender, rural background, RCS placement as a 1st choice, feeling overall supported by RCS, higher supervision ratings and reporting that RCS positively impacted on wellbeing.
Table 3.
Logistic regression analysis for the effect of self-efficacy on rural career intention
| Intention to practice in rural areas | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Model B | Model C | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Social Isolation | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
| Gender (Female) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | |
| Rural background | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | |
| Preferred RCS for clinical training | 3.0 (1.9–4.9) | 2.7 (1.6–4.6) | |
| Overall well-supported by RCS | 0.7(0.4–1.4) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | |
| Supervision | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | |
| RCS positively impacted on well-being | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | |
| Rural self-efficacy | 2.0 (1.6–2.8) | ||
The strongest predictor for rural career intent in Model B (independent of social isolation as the primary outcome) was RCS being 1st choice (OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.9 to 4.9)), followed in descending order by rural background (OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.6)), supervision (OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.07)) and social isolation (OR 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.9)).
Interestingly, the association between social isolation and rural intent (OR 0.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.1)) disappears with the inclusion of rural self-efficacy suggesting rural self-efficacy can be a potential mediating factor (Model C). Furthermore, RCS being 1st choice (OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.6 to 4.6)) and rural background remained significant in the final model (OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.0)).
Discussion
A primary finding in our studies is that up to 30% of Australian rural clinical students self-report social isolation during their rural clinical placement. We also demonstrated in those students who felt socially isolated were less likely to have rural medical practice intentions. This association was independent of gender, personal wellbeing, rural background, rural clinical school preference, rural clinical support and supervision. However higher levels of self-efficacy could modulate the association of the social isolation on rural career intent.
We note that the specific questions in our survey do not capture all the reasons behind a medical student feeling socially isolated during a rural placement. In our study, we found social isolation was negatively associated with pre-existing intent to study in a RCS (RCS being 1st Choice). Other factors also included the RCS experience, such as feeling supported by RCS or feeling the RCS positively impacted their wellbeing. The decision to choose an RCS placement has been found as a marker of rural career intention, for students of both rural and metropolitan backgrounds [18].
The self-reported social isolation in the context of our study is a subjective experience. Previously it has been suggested that perceived or subjective determinants of social isolation are better predictors of health and behavioral outcomes, when compared to objective measures of social isolation [19, 20]. For example, previous studies have demonstrated that perceived social isolation may predict various outcomes related to quality rather than quantity of social interactions [21]. In the present study we have considered social isolation as a single construct. We have noted in our previous research that other subjective cognitive constructs such as perceived self-rated health is a valuable predictor in measuring patient health seeking behavior [22]. We suggest that a single predictive social cognition marker, can thus be effective without needing to understand underlying mechanisms such as, for example, whether perceived social isolation was due to loneliness.
Interestingly, our study findings suggest that rural self-efficacy can be a potential mediating factor for the relationship between social isolation and rural career intent. Rural self-efficacy is a relatively new construct and has also been shown to be associated with rural career intent [10]. In our study models we demonstrated that social isolation is no longer significantly associated with rural career intent when rural self-efficacy was introduced into the model. We suggest, those reporting to be socially isolated, may be less interested in rural practice and or engage less. Alternatively those socially isolated may have a lower self-efficacy for rural practice or medicine at baseline. Lower self-efficacy (for rural clinical practice) may be associated with increased subjective social isolation. We appreciate that the relationship between rural medical self-efficacy and self-reported social isolation is complex. In particular we note that rural background is also associated with higher rural self-efficacy [10], although as suggested rural background is not associated with perceived social isolation and did not interact with our model outcomes.
Study limitations and strengths
Causality cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. The broad concept of social isolation reported at the end of a RCS placement is a measure and does not measure underlying causes for the feeling or being more or less socially isolated in the present study. Students may differ in their perceptions of what constitutes wellbeing and social isolation. It is well recognized that subjective measures are difficult to measure directly in cognitive neuroscience. Ideally, a study that included a comparable retrospective time point if they felt more or less socially isolated in the urban area would be beneficial. Strengths of the study included being a national study, and including a wide variety of university rural clinical school programs of varying length, rural background and student maturity.
Implications
This study may assist universities and rural clinical schools in better understanding the complex relationship between social isolation, rural self-efficacy and future rural career intent among medical students. Our initial findings could also assist policy makers in developing rural workforce strategies that both identify and reduce subjective social isolation for rural medical students. We note that social isolation in one individual can affect other individuals in a group via negative emotions such as loneliness and hence there is benefit to reduce negative outcomes via contagion [23].
Conclusion
In summary, the self-perception of social isolation during a rural clinical placement by Australian medical students was significant with nearly one-third of all students recalling the perception of being socially isolated. During a rural clinical placement, social isolation has a negative association on student rural practice intentions in our models. Rural self-efficacy may be shown in the future to mediate the association of social isolation in rural medical students on rural clinical workforce intentions.
Acknowledgements
The survey data is collected by members of the Fellowship of Rural Australian Medical Educators (FRAME) which is a collaborative for academics working in Rural Health Multidisciplinary Training (RHMT) programs. These programs are funded by Commonwealth Department of Health. We also thank the medical students for their participation.
Funding
None
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (ausframe.org) but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of FRAME.
Abbreviations
- FRAME
Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators
- RCS
Rural Clinical School
Authors’ contributions
Study concept, design and interpretation of results conducted by SWP, VI, CSM. Data was analysed by VI. All authors contributed to the writing, read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
FRAME has received ethics approval from the Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee (SBREC) at Flinders University. Participation was completely voluntary, and they were able to withdraw at any stage. Consent was implicit in them completing the questionnaire.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
VI, SWP and CSM have leadership responsibilities for a medical student education program in a rural clinical school. Rural Clinical School students partake in the FRAME exit survey.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Vivian Isaac, Email: vivian.isaac@flinders.edu.au.
Sabrina Winona Pit, Email: Sabrinapit@gmail.com.
Craig S. McLachlan, Email: reperfusion@hotmail.com
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (ausframe.org) but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of FRAME.