Table 2.
EGFR/EGFRvIII-targeted therapies
| EGFR/EGFRvIII targeted therapy | Effects in GBM | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibitors | 1st generation | Gefitinib | Not very effective in GBM clinical trials. | 108–109 |
| Erlotinib | ||||
| Lapatinib | ||||
| 2nd generation | Afatinib | Good safety but limited single-reagent activity on GBM patients. Promising in combination with TMZ in a case report. | 115 | |
| Dacomitinib | Promising in pre-clinical models. | 116 | ||
| 3rd generation | Rociletinib | Effects on GBM to be evaluated. | ||
| AZD9291 | In phase I/II clinical trial | |||
| Antibodies | Targeting the L2 domain of EGFR | Cetuximab | Not very effective in GBM clinical trials. | 119–122 |
| Panitumumab | ||||
| Nimotuzumab | ||||
| Targeting the EGFRvIII-specific sequence | mAB806 | Good safety. Anti-GBM effects to be evaluated. | 123 | |
| Toxin or radioactive isotope conjugated | 125I mAB425 | When used singly or in combination with TMZ, significantly prolonged patient survival. | 124 | |
| BisAbs | bscEGFRvIIIxCD3 | Promising in pre-clinical models. | 126 | |
| Vaccines | Rindopepimut (CDX110) | Significantly prolonged patient survival when co-administrated with TMZ. Failed phase III trial. | 130–133 | |
| CARs | CAR-T cells targeting EGFRvIII | Promising in pre-clinical models. Currently under phase I clinical trial. | 134–136 | |
| RNA-based therapies | Antisense oligonucleotides, RNAi, ribozymes and adjuvant miRNA based therapy | Feasibility to be further evaluated in pre-clinical models. | 137–138 | |