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. 2018 Mar 15;54:1–12. doi: 10.1540/jsmr.54.1

β-Adrenoceptor subtypes and cAMP role in adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced relaxation in the rat thoracic aorta

Shunsuke Shiina 1, Ayaka Kanemura 1, Chihiro Suzuki 1, Fumiko Yamaki 1, Keisuke Obara 1, Daisuke Chino 1,2, Yoshio Tanaka 1
PMCID: PMC5863045  PMID: 29540622

Abstract

Object We identified the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes responsible for the relaxant responses to adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA) in the rat thoracic aorta and examined the role of cAMP which is involved in these relaxant responses. Methods The effects of β-AR antagonists or the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 on AD- and NA-induced relaxant responses in phenylephrine-induced contraction and increases in cAMP levels were examined in isolated, endothelium-denuded rat thoracic aorta segments. Results AD-induced relaxation was completely suppressed by propranolol (10−7 M) or by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) plus atenolol (10−6 M), and was also very strongly inhibited by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) alone. AD (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 1.9-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) or SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). AD-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was almost completely suppressed by atenolol (10−6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) although it was hardly affected by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) alone. NA (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 2.2-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of atenolol (10−6 M) or SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). Conclusion In rat thoracic aorta, AD- and NA-induced relaxations, which are both strongly dependent on increased tissue cAMP levels, are mainly mediated through β2- and β1-adrenoceptors respectively.

Keywords: catecholamines, β-adrenoceptor (β-AR), rat thoracic aorta, relaxation, tissue cyclic AMP level

Introduction

The β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) is a drug receptor which is one of the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (1, 2). β-AR is widely distributed in different smooth muscles, including blood vessels, and its physiological role is considered to include inhibitory regulation of smooth muscle tone. In particular, β-AR is thought to play an important role in attenuating contraction responses mediated by α1-AR in vascular smooth muscle (3, 4).

The β-AR subtype of vascular smooth muscle was initially classified as the β2-AR (5). However, the presence of β1-AR in addition to β2-AR has been reported in vascular smooth muscle based on pharmacological studies with subtype-selective β-AR antagonists, receptor binding studies with radioactive ligands for β-AR, and mRNA expression experiments using RT-PCR and other techniques (6, 7). Furthermore, pharmacological and biochemical evidence has demonstrated the presence of β3-AR, first reported in adipocytes (8-10). In addition, a possible contribution by cAMP-independent mechanisms in the β3-AR-mediated blood vessel relaxation has been suggested (11).

However, in most studies to date, experiments were designed using the synthetic catecholamine isoprenaline, and studies using endogenous β-AR agonists such as adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA) are limited (12, 13). However, in order to understand the physiological role (significance) of endogenous β-AR agonists and β-ARs, and the suppressive mechanisms by which β-ARs regulate the contractile and relaxant functions of blood vessels, the target subtypes for endogenous β-AR agonists and the intracellular mechanisms underlying these agonist-mediated blood vessel relaxations must be elucidated.

Therefore, in this study, we focused on AD and NA, the most fundamental endogenous catecholamines acting as endogenous agonists for β-AR, to pharmacologically determine the β-AR subtype that mediates relaxant responses in the rat aorta and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in relation to changes in tissue cAMP levels.

Materials and Methods

Animals

Male Wistar rats (8–9 weeks old, weighing 180–230 g; Sankyo Labo Service Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were housed under controlled conditions (lights on: 8 am, lights off: 8 pm; temperature: 20–22°C; relative air humidity: 50 ± 5%). Food and water were available to all animals ad libitum, and only healthy rats were used for experiments. This study was approved by the Toho University Animal Care and User Committee (approval number: 15–51-294, accredited on May 22, 2015; approval number: 16–52-294, accredited on May 16, 2016) and conducted in accordance with the User Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Center of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University.

Preparation of aortic vascular beds

The rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (inhalation) and exsanguinated from a carotid artery. A section of thoracic aorta between the aortic arch and the diaphragm was quickly removed and immersed in a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 118 mM NaCl, 4.75 mM KCl, 2.54 mM CaCl2, 1.20 mM MgSO4, 1.19 mM NaH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, and 11 mM d-(+)-glucose. The aorta was cleaned of loosely adhering fat and connective tissue under a dissecting microscope, cut into spiral segments approximately 2 mm in width and 20 mm in length, and endothelium-free preparations were produced by gently rubbing the intimal surface with filter paper. Two spiral segments were prepared from each rat, one of which was used for control recording in the absence of any inhibitors and the other for examining the effects of β-AR antagonists or adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536. However, for recording NA-induced relaxation, the region close to the diaphragm was used; control and inhibitor treatment recordings were therefore carried out using two spiral segments prepared from different rats.

Recording of isometric tension changes

The spiral aortic segments were mounted under an optimal resting tension of 1.0 g in a 20-ml organ bath containing modified Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2, and maintained at 35.0 ± 0.5°C (pH = 7.4). Tension changes in the muscle preparation were isometrically measured using a force-displacement transducer (TB-612T; Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) connected to an amplifier (AP-621G; Nihon Kohden) and recorded on a Windows PC through an A/D converter (Power Lab/4sp; ADInstruments Japan Inc., Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan) and associated software (Chart 7 for Windows; ADInstruments Japan Inc.).

Spiral preparations were equilibrated for 60–90 min prior to the first phenylephrine (Phe)-induced contraction, during which time the modified Krebs-Henseleit solution was replaced every 20 min with fresh solution. After the equilibration period, the aortic preparation was contracted 2–3 times with 10−7 M Phe to confirm that the preparation generated a normal level of contraction. At the first Phe-induced contraction, the preparation was challenged with acetylcholine (ACh, 10−5 M) to verify the functional absence of endothelium. An aortic preparation in which ACh-induced relaxation was not observed was regarded as an endothelium-denuded preparation. Each experiment was carried out in the presence of indomethacin (3 × 10−6 M) to eliminate the possible effects of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) produced in blood vessel tissues.

Assessment of the effects of β-AR antagonists on AD- and NA-induced relaxation

After the aortic preparation had been contracted 2–3 times with 10−7 M Phe, as described above, and had fully recovered by washing in fresh solution, the preparation was again contracted using 10−5 M Phe. When the Phe (10−5 M)-induced contraction reached a steady-state level, which usually occurred 20–30 min after the application of Phe, AD or NA was cumulatively applied to the bath solution to determine their concentration-response relationships, which were regarded as their control responses. In order to examine the effects of various β-AR antagonists or the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 on AD- or NA-induced relaxation, these agents were applied to the bath solution 20 min before the administration of 10−5 M Phe (40–50 min before the cumulative application of AD or NA) and remained until the maximum relaxant response to AD or NA was obtained.

The β-AR antagonists used in the present study were propranolol (a non-selective β1-, β2-AR antagonist), atenolol (a selective β1-AR antagonist), and ICI-118,551 (a selective β2-AR antagonist).

Determination of tissue cAMP content

Spiral segments (2 mm in width and 20 mm in length) were prepared from a 15-mm-long segment of thoracic aorta, as described for the tension recording studies. In this series of experiments, the endothelium was removed with filter paper and each preparation was incubated in an organ bath containing normal Tyrode’s solution (20 ml) containing 158.3 mM NaCl, 4.0 mM KCl, 2.0 mM CaCl2, 1.05 mM MgCl2, 0.42 mM NaH2PO4, 10.0 mM NaHCO3, and 5.6 mM d-(+)-glucose, and continuously aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 and maintained at 35.0 ± 0.5°C (pH = 7.4). After a 60-min incubation, the artery segments were exposed to AD (10−5 M) or NA (10−5 M) for 5 min. β-AR antagonists or SQ 22,536 were applied to the bath solution 40 min before the application of AD (10−5 M) or NA (10−5 M). At the end of the experiment, tissues were rapidly frozen in liquid N2 to terminate the reaction and crushed using a frozen cell crusher apparatus (Cryo-Press™; Microtec Co., Ltd., Funabashi City, Chiba, Japan). The resulting crushed powders were mixed with 6% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution containing 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 5 × 10−4 M; a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) for 30 s using a vortex mixer. The suspension was incubated for 60 min at 4°C and then centrifuged at 2,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant fractions and tissue pellets were used for the measurement of cAMP and protein content, respectively. The cAMP in the supernatant was extracted four times with water-saturated ether to remove TCA under acidic conditions (HCl) and then lyophilized. cAMP levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay system (cAMP, Biotrak EIA System; GE Healthcare UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK). Tissue pellets were dissolved in 1 ml of 1 M NaOH for protein determination by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method using a PierceTM BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). The cAMP content was expressed as picomoles per milligram of sample protein (pmol/mg protein).

In our study, the tissue cAMP contents were measured in the absence of Phe and indomethacin according to previous studies wherein arterial cAMP contents were measured in their absence, whereas the relaxant responses were measured in their presence (14).

Drugs

The following drugs were used: (–)-phenylephrine hydrochloride, (–)-isoproterenol hydrochloride (isoprenaline), (–)-adrenaline-(+)-bitartrate salt, (±)-propranolol hydrochloride, (±)-atenolol, and indomethacin (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA); (±)-1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol hydrochloride (ICI-118,551) (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, USA); acetylcholine chloride (Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); and (R)-(–)-noradrenaline hydrogen tartrate monohydrate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were commercially available and of reagent grade. Atenolol was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl to produce a stock solution of 10−2 M. Indomethacin was dissolved in 100% ethanol to produce a stock solution of 10−2 M. All other drugs were prepared as aqueous solutions and diluted with distilled water. Drugs were added directly to the organ bath and expressed in molar concentration (M) in the bath medium.

Data analysis

The extent of relaxation induced by β-AR agonists (AD and NA) was calculated with respect to the basal tension (100% relaxation) prior to the application of Phe (10−5 M) and the steady-state tension level prior to the application of each relaxant (0% relaxation).

β-AR agonist potencies were expressed as pD2 (pEC50) values (the negative logarithm of the effective agonist concentration that produces a response which is 50% of the maximum response). Data were plotted as a function of vasorelaxant concentration and fitted to the equation:E = Emax × Anh / (EC50nh + Anh)where E is the % relaxation at a given concentration, Emax is the maximum response, A is the agonist (relaxant) concentration, nH is the slope function, and EC50 is the effective agonist concentration that produced a 50% response. Curve-fitting was performed using GraphPad PrismTM (Version 6.07; GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The EC50 values were converted to logarithmic values (pD2, −logEC50) for statistical analysis.

Data are presented as mean values ± S.E.M., and n refers to the number of preparations. The probability (P) of the difference between two sets of values being due to chance was evaluated using GraphPad PrismTM with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests. Differences with a P value of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

β-AR subtypes that mediate AD-induced relaxation

Figure 1 shows the effects of β-AR antagonists on AD-induced relaxation in segments of the rat thoracic aorta. AD-induced relaxation was completely inhibited by propranolol (10−7 M) (Fig. 1A) but was not significantly affected by the selective β1-AR antagonist atenolol (10−6 M) (Fig. 1B). In contrast, AD-induced relaxation was significantly suppressed by the selective β2-AR antagonist ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), although the degree of inhibition was weaker than that produced by propranolol (10−7 M) (Fig. 1C). AD-induced relaxation was completely suppressed by the combination of atenolol (10−6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (Fig. 1D).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

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Effect of various β-AR antagonists on adrenaline (AD)-induced relaxation in segments of the rat thoracic aorta. A: Effects of propranolol (10−7 M) (n = 5 for each). B: Effects of atenolol (10−6 M) (n = 8 for each). C: Effects of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (n = 5 for each). D: Effects of atenolol (10−6 M) + ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (n = 5 for each). **P < 0.01: vs. control.

Role of cAMP in AD-induced relaxation

Figure 2 shows the changes in tissue cAMP levels induced by AD in segments of the rat thoracic aorta and the effects of the β-AR antagonists and SQ 22,536 on these changes. AD (10−5 M) increased the tissue cAMP level by 1.9-fold, from 1.4 ± 0.2 to 2.6 ± 0.3 pmol/mg protein (n = 5, P < 0.01) (Fig. 2). AD (10−5 M) also significantly increased tissue cAMP levels in the presence of atenolol (10−6 M), but only to approximately 70% of the increase observed in the absence of atenolol. In the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), AD did not significantly increase tissue cAMP levels compared with control (non-stimulated level) but levels were still increased by approximately 40%. AD (10−5 M) had no effect on tissue cAMP levels in the presence of both atenolol (10−6 M) and ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), or in the presence of SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) alone.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

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AD-mediated increase in tissue cAMP content in segments of the rat aorta and the inhibitory effects of β-AR antagonists and SQ 22,536 on this increase. AD: adrenaline (10−5 M); Ateno: atenolol (10−6 M); ICI: ICI-118,551 (10−8 M); SQ: SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01: vs. control (cAMP content in unstimulated aorta). n = 5 for each.

Figure 3A shows that SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) treatment significantly suppressed AD-induced relaxation to about half of the response observed in the absence of SQ 22,536. Specifically, the relaxation induced by AD (10−5 M) was suppressed from 65.9 ± 6.0% to 31.7 ± 5.7% (52% inhibition, 48% of control). In the presence of atenolol (10−6 M), however, AD-induced relaxation was more strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) than in the absence of atenolol (Fig. 3B). Specifically, the relaxation induced by AD (10−5 M) was suppressed from 42.6 ± 6.1% to 10.5 ± 2.4% by SQ 22,536, approximately 25% of the level observed in the absence of SQ 22,536 (75% inhibition).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

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Effects of SQ 22,536 on AD-induced relaxation in segments of the rat aorta. A: Effects of SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) on AD-induced relaxation in the absence of atenolol (n = 5 for each). B: Effects of SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) on AD-induced relaxation in the presence of atenolol (10−6 M) (n = 5 for each). **P < 0.01 vs. control or atenolol (10−6 M).

β-AR subtypes that mediate NA-induced relaxation

Figure 4 shows the effects of ICI-118,551 and atenolol on NA-induced relaxation of in segments of the rat thoracic aorta. NA-induced relaxation was not significantly affected by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (Fig. 4A). NA-induced relaxation was almost completely suppressed, however, by combined treatment with atenolol (10−6 M) and ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), although the relaxation induced by high concentration (10−5 M) of NA was maintained partially (Fig. 4B).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

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Effect of ICI-118,551 or atenolol plus ICI-118,551 on noradrenaline (NA)-induced relaxation in segments of the rat thoracic aorta. A: Effects of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (n = 6 for each). B: Effects of atenolol (10−6 M) + ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (n = 5 for each). **P < 0.01 vs. control.

Role of cAMP in NA-induced relaxation

Figure 5 shows the changes in tissue cAMP levels induced by NA in segments of the rat thoracic aorta and the effects of β-AR antagonists and SQ 22,536 on these changes. NA (10−5 M) increased the tissue cAMP level by 2.2-fold, from 1.2 ± 0.2 to 2.6 ± 0.2 pmol/mg protein (n = 8 for control and n = 9 for NA, P < 0.01). In the presence of atenolol (10−6 M), NA (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 20% compared with unstimulated levels, and this effect was not statistically significant. In the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), NA (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 35% compared with unstimulated levels, although again this effect was not statistically significant. NA (10−5 M) did not increase tissue cAMP levels in the presence of both atenolol (10−6 M) and ICI-118,551 (10−8 M). Even in the presence of SQ 22,536 (10−4 M), NA (10−5 M) had no effect on tissue cAMP levels.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

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NA-mediated increase in tissue cAMP content in segments of the rat aorta and the inhibitory effects of β-AR antagonists and SQ 22,536 on this increase. NA: noradrenaline (10−5 M); Ateno: atenolol (10−6 M); ICI: ICI-118,551 (10−8 M); SQ: SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). **P < 0.01: vs. control (cAMP content in unstimulated aorta). n = 9 for NA and n = 8 for others.

NA-induced relaxation was significantly and strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) treatment. Specifically, the relaxation induced by 10−5 M NA was suppressed from 43.6 ± 3.4% to 18.8 ± 8.1%, approximately 57% inhibition (43% relaxation vs. control) (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.

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Effects of SQ 22,536 on NA-induced relaxation in segments of the rat aorta (n = 5 for each). *P < 0.05 vs. control.

Discussion

In this study, we attempted to determine the β-AR subtypes that mediate AD- and NA-induced relaxation in rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle and to examine the role of cAMP in the relaxant responses. As a result, we showed that the main β-AR subtype involved in AD-induced relaxation is β2, whereas β1 is the main subtype in NA-induced relaxation. Furthermore, assuming that SQ 22,536 is a highly selective inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, both β2-AR-mediated relaxation by AD and β1-AR-mediated relaxation by NA are dependent on cAMP-mediated mechanisms.

A novel aspect of this study is the detection of β-AR-mediated relaxant responses to endogenous catecholamines in the thoracic aortic smooth muscle of the rat. Although some studies have previously described β-AR-mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle induced by endogenous catecholamines (12, 13, 15, 16), the extent of relaxation reported was generally smaller than that in our study. AD or NA causes a strong contractile response rather than relaxation in thoracic aortic smooth muscle, suggesting that the expression density of β-ARs is lower than that of contractile α1-ARs, even though β-ARs are present. Therefore, in order to detect the relaxant responses mediated through β-AR, it is necessary to ensure that the contribution of α1-ARs is negligible or very low. In this study, we therefore used a high concentration (10−5 M) of the selective α1-AR agonist Phe as a contractile stimulant to detect significant relaxant responses due to AD or NA. In other words, we speculated that only the β-AR-mediated relaxant component in response to AD or NA would be detected pharmacologically when the α1-AR-mediated contractile component was excluded, since α1-AR activation is saturated by the maximum contraction in response to a high concentration (10−5 M) of Phe. Therefore, we decided to determine which β-AR subtypes mediate vascular relaxation induced by endogenous catecholamines using this approach.

First, we determined the β-AR subtypes and role of cAMP in AD-induced relaxation. Functional experiments showed that the main β-AR subtype that triggers AD-induced relaxation was β2, although β1 could also contribute slightly to the relaxant responses induced by higher concentrations of AD. Measurement of tissue cAMP content showed that increasing effects of AD on tissue cAMP content were mediated mainly through β2-AR, although β1-AR might contribute faintly to these effects. Therefore, the results of the tissue cAMP measurements were found to correlate with those of the functional experiments.

Next, we determined the β-AR subtypes and role of cAMP in NA-induced relaxation. NA, a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is generally recognized as a selective β1-AR agonist, but few studies to date have reported blood vessel relaxation induced by NA (12, 13). In addition, β-AR subtypes responsible for NA-induced relaxation appear to vary by species. For example, the β-AR subtype that mediates NA-induced relaxation in the coronary arteries of dogs is β1 (12), whereas in human coronary arteries, it is the β2 subtype (13).

However, we showed that the β-AR subtype that mediates NA-induced relaxation in rat thoracic aorta is predominantly β1, since the relaxant response was almost completely suppressed by propranolol (10−7 M) and strongly suppressed by atenolol (10−6 M) (17). The present results are also consistent with those of our previous study; NA-induced relaxation was largely unaffected by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), but was almost completely inhibited by combined treatment with atenolol (10−6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the NA-induced increase in tissue cAMP content was found to be strongly suppressed by atenolol (10−6 M) (Fig. 5), thus indicating the important role of β1-AR and supporting the results of the functional experiments.

However, the effect of ICI-118,551 on the NA-induced increase in tissue cAMP content differed from what was expected following its effect on NA-induced relaxation; in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M), the NA-mediated increase in tissue cAMP content was only approximately 35%, thus indicating a degree of suppression of approximately 65% (Fig. 5). However, since ICI-118,551 at 10−8 M selectively inhibits β2-AR without showing antagonistic effects against β1-AR (7), we cannot provide a rational explanation against these contradictory results. A likely interpretation of the different effects of ICI-118,551 on the relaxant response vs. cAMP contents may be that ICI-118,551 acts as an inverse agonist for β2-AR (18). If the assumption that ICI-118,551 is an inverse agonist is correct, ICI-118,551 should reduce the basal level tissue cAMP content. Indeed, our unpublished observation indicated that ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) decreased the basal level tissue cAMP content from 1.65 pmol/mg protein to 1.30 pmol/mg protein (n = 2). Therefore, NA-induced increase in cAMP content in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (ICI + NA; Fig. 5) should be strictly compared with that in the presence of ICI-118,551. However, as shown in Fig. 5, NA-induced increase in cAMP content in the presence of ICI-118,551 (ICI + NA) was compared with the basal level cAMP content in the absence of ICI-118,551. As a result, NA-induced increase in cAMP content in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) (ICI + NA) was estimated to be smaller than the expected increase by NA, and the inhibitory effect of ICI-118,551 might be judged apparently significant. An alternative explanation for the different effects of ICI-118,551 on the relaxant response vs. cAMP contents is the possible participation of a cAMP-independent mechanism in NA-induced relaxation. Further studies are needed to elucidate this issue in detail.

These observations are consistent with the efficacy ranking of catecholamines, whereby AD is several times more potent than NA against β2-ARs, while the potencies of AD and NA against β1-ARs are comparable (4). As we conclude, the present study did not show a substantial contribution of propranolol-insensitive β-AR (β3-AR) to AD- and NA-mediated relaxant responses, at least in the concentration ranges used in the present study.

Our functional experiments showed that both β1-AR and β2-AR expressed in rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle functioned as the relaxant receptors for endogenous catecholamines (β1-AR for NA and β2-AR for AD). Furthermore, since both β1-AR-mediated relaxations to NA and β2-AR-mediated relaxations to AD were potently inhibited by SQ 22,536 (10−4 M), these relaxant responses were suggested to be strongly dependent on cAMP-mediated mechanisms. However, NA and AD are susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and are readily inactivated through reuptake mechanisms. Therefore, it is possible that the inhibitory effects of SQ 22,536 on these catecholamines were somewhat exaggerated. However, the inhibitory effects of SQ 22,536 on AD- and NA-mediated relaxation were also preserved in the presence of the following inhibitors: MAOA inhibitor clorgiline (10−5 M), COMT inhibitor Ro 41-0960 (10−5 M), uptake 1 inhibitor desipramine (3 × 10−7 M), and uptake 2 inhibitor deoxycorticosterone (10−5 M) (data not shown). Therefore, the possible involvement of metabolic pathways of AD and NA can be eliminated when interpreting the suppressive effect of SQ 22,536 on the effects of these catecholamines. However, it should be noted that the conclusion that both β1-AR-mediated relaxation by NA and β2-AR-mediated relaxation by AD are strongly dependent on cAMP is significant only when SQ 22,536 (10−4 M) is a selective inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase. Furthermore, the possible contribution of α2-AR to the cAMP increasing and aortic relaxant effects of AD and NA should be considered since stimulation of α2-AR, which is a Gi-coupled receptor, inhibits tissue cAMP content elevation and its relaxation.

Finally, we describe the possibility that β3-ARs, which are also likely to be expressed in the rat aorta, function as physiological β-ARs against endogenous catecholamines. First, we speculate that β3-ARs are present in aortic smooth muscle of the rat based on the relaxation induced by the β3-AR partial agonist CGP-12177A (17). Furthermore, Horinouchi et al. suggested that β3-AR mediates the relaxation induced by endogenous catecholamines (NA, AD, and dopamine) in digestive tract smooth muscle tissues including guinea-pig stomach fundus, duodenum, and taenia caecum (19, 20). However, we could not present experimental evidence to suggest a significant contribution of β3-AR to the relaxant responses induced by AD and NA in the rat aorta because these responses were completely suppressed by propranolol or the combination treatment of atenolol and ICI-118,551. Furthermore, we could not demonstrate that dopamine induces relaxation in Phe-contracted rat aorta segments (data not shown). Therefore, we concluded that the contribution of β3-AR is insubstantial in endogenous catecholamine-mediated relaxation in rat aorta, or could not be detected using our experimental conditions.

In summary, we have shown that β1-AR and β2-AR in the rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle function are stimulated by NA and AD, respectively, and that the subsequent relaxant responses are strongly mediated through cAMP-dependent mechanisms.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

Shunsuke Shiina is financially supported in part by a Nagai Memorial Pharmaceutical Research Encouragement Award. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.

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