Abstract
Objectives
To compare the effects of rituximab versus placebo on salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (PSS) in a multicentre, multiobserver phase III trial substudy.
Methods
Subjects consenting to SGUS were randomised to rituximab or placebo given at weeks 0, 2, 24 and 26, and scanned at baseline and weeks 16 and 48. Sonographers completed a 0–11 total ultrasound score (TUS) comprising domains of echogenicity, homogeneity, glandular definition, glands involved and hypoechoic foci size. Baseline-adjusted TUS values were analysed over time, modelling change from baseline at each time point. For each TUS domain, we fitted a repeated-measures logistic regression model to model the odds of a response in the rituximab arm (≥1-point improvement) as a function of the baseline score, age category, disease duration and time point.
Results
52 patients (n=26 rituximab and n=26 placebo) from nine centres completed baseline and one or more follow-up visits. Estimated between-group differences (rituximab-placebo) in baseline-adjusted TUS were −1.2 (95% CI −2.1 to −0.3; P=0.0099) and −1.2 (95% CI −2.0 to −0.5; P=0.0023) at weeks 16 and 48. Glandular definition improved in the rituximab arm with an OR of 6.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 43.0; P=0.043) at week 16 and 10.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 105.9; P=0.050) at week 48.
Conclusions
We demonstrated statistically significant improvement in TUS after rituximab compared with placebo. This encourages further research into both B cell depletion therapies in PSS and SGUS as an imaging biomarker.
Trial registration number
65360827, 2010-021430-64; Results.
Keywords: sjøgren’s syndrome, ultrasonography, B cells
Introduction
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (PSS) is characterised by focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands leading to profound dryness. It is often accompanied by systemic manifestations and high levels of fatigue. B cells are considered to have a central role in pathogenesis,1 and two small randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of the anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting agent rituximab suggested benefits in PSS.2 3 Rituximab may also have effects on interleukin-17-producing mast cells and on a CD20-positive T cell subset.4 5 Despite this, French (TEARS) and British (TRACTISS) phase III RCTs failed to demonstrate an effect on primary endpoints based on patient-reported visual analogue scales (VAS).6 7 Potential explanations for these disappointing findings include the lack of patient stratification, insufficient tissue depletion of B cells and the choice and timing of primary outcome.
The requirement for new and validated outcome measures for PSS led to the development of the European Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) and a physician-assessed systemic disease activity index (European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI)).8 These are a welcome advance, but certain limitations suggest that additional objective outcome measures/biomarkers would be desirable. Use of the ESSDAI, for example, requires a minimum threshold for trial entry that excludes a large proportion of patients. Other outcome measures include salivary flow rates, although these are subject to issues of standardisation and diurnal variation,9 and histological examination of salivary gland biopsies, which may provide mechanistic information but is invasive.10 11 Salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) is readily available, non-invasive and shows reasonable sensitivity and good specificity for the diagnosis of PSS.12–14 In PSS, glandular echogenicity is altered and there is loss of homogeneity due to the presence of multiple hypoechoic or anechoic areas, as well as hyperechoic bands. Loss of definition of the glandular border may also be observed. A single-site substudy of SGUS in TEARS showed that a greater number of patients had improvement in parotid gland echostructure at 24 weeks after rituximab compared with placebo.15 Echostructure was assessed on a 0–4 scale that graded the presence of hypoechoic areas as well as hyperechoic bands. SGUS is, however, an operator-dependent technique, and its utility in a multicentre study is uncertain. Here we report the results of a multiobserver, multicentre SGUS substudy of TRACTISS over a longer therapeutic timeframe.
Methods
The TRACTISS study has been previously described.6 Briefly, 133 patients with PSS were randomised 1:1 to 1000 mg rituximab or placebo given at weeks 0, 2, 24 and 26. Patients and clinicians were blind to the randomised allocation. The primary outcome (30% reduction in either oral dryness or fatigue VAS) was assessed at week 48. Methylprednisolone 100 mg was given prior to each infusion of rituximab or placebo. Subjects could consent to an optional SGUS substudy, with assessments at baseline and weeks 16 and 48. The prespecified substudy primary outcome was total ultrasound score (TUS, range 0–11; table 1). Normal salivary gland echogenicity was defined through similarity with the thyroid. The consistency domain scored the extent of heterogeneity introduced by the presence of hypoechoic areas. The definition domain addressed whether the posterior glandular border was normally visible or else incompletely defined or not possible to define. The hypoechoic foci size domain categorised the size of the glandular hypoechoic lesions that were most typical for that patient. Imaging followed a standard sequence including both transverse and longitudinal views of both parotid and submandibular glands, with data recorded by the sonographer on a study proforma. Additional information was collected for each of the four major salivary glands on vascularity of the gland parenchyma assessed by power Doppler, gland echogenicity (normal, heterogenous or hypoechoic), gland margins (well or ill-defined), approximate hypoechoic foci number (0, 1–5, 5–9 and >10), hypoechoic foci size (<3, 3–7 and >8 mm), as well as domains capturing lymph node abnormalities.
Table 1.
Domains of the total ultrasound score
| Domain | Description | Score |
| Echogenicity | Normal | 0 |
| Hypoechoic | 1 | |
| Consistency | Normal | 0 |
| Mild heterogeneity | 1 | |
| Evident honeycombed | 2 | |
| Gross multifocal | 3 | |
| Definition | Normal | 0 |
| Moderately defined | 1 | |
| Ill-defined | 2 | |
| Glands involved | None | 0 |
| Parotids or submandibular glands | 1 | |
| All glands | 2 | |
| Hypoechoic foci size | None | 0 |
| Small 2–5 mm | 1 | |
| Large 5–8 mm non-vascular | 2 | |
| Over 8 mm ± vascular | 3 | |
| Total | 0–11 |
ESSPRI score was calculated as the mean of 0–10 scales for dryness, fatigue and limb pain. The ESSDAI score was scored by the local investigator. Unstimulated whole salivary flow was collected over 15 min, and stimulated whole salivary flow over 10 min following application of citric acid with a cotton swab to the lateral borders of the tongue every 60 s.
TUS was modelled using mixed effects linear regression, including baseline score, patient age, disease duration and time point. Odds of domain improvement were modelled by repeated-measures logistic regression, including baseline score, age, disease duration and time point. Descriptive summary statistics, scatterplots and boxplots were produced to explore and summarise the data.
Results
In total, 66 patients (49.6%) from the total study population consented to SGUS, and 52 (39.1%; n=26 rituximab and n=26 placebo) patients from nine centres completed the baseline and at least one follow-up visit. Of these 52 patients, 43 (83%) completed all three visits. There were no apparent differences in relevant characteristics between those consenting and not consenting to the substudy (online supplementary table S1). The two arms of the substudy were also similar (table 2), although TUS in the rituximab arm was on average one point greater.
Table 2.
Selected baseline characteristics of subjects with both baseline and follow-up data in salivary gland ultrasound substudy
| Placebo (n=26) |
Rituximab (n=26) |
All (n=52) |
|
| Age (years) | 57.4 (11.1) | 56.7 (10.92) | 57.1 (10.91) |
| Years since diagnosis | 6.6 (5.67) | 5.38 (4.82) | 6.0 (5.25) |
| ≥10 years since diagnosis, n (%) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (15.4) | 10 (19.2) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 23 (88.5) | 25 (96.2) | 48 (92.3) |
| Current medications (prior to randomisation) | |||
| Pilocarpine, n (%) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (15.4) | 5 (9.6) |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 13 (50.0) | 15 (57.7) | 28 (53.8) |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 6 (23.1) | 2 (7.7) | 8 (15.4) |
| NSAIDS: n (%) | 7 (26.9) | 5 (19.2) | 12 (23.1) |
| Unstimulated salivary flow (mL/15 min) | 1.4 (2.34) | 0.8 (0.71) | 1.1 (1.72) |
| Stimulated salivary flow (mL/10 min) | 3.8 (4.08) | 3.7 (5.51) | 3.7 (4.82) |
| IgG (g/L) | 17.2 (7.67) | 17.8 (6.02) | 17.5 (6.82) |
| IgA (g/L) | 3.7 (2.87) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.3 (2.14) |
| IgM (g/L) | 1.2 (0.64) | 1.4 (0.65) | 1.28 (0.64) |
| Anti-Ro autoantibody positive, n (%) | 26 (100) | 25 (96.2) | 51 (98.1) |
| Reduced C4, n (%) | 4 (15.4) | 4 (15.4) | 8 (15.4) |
| Visual analogue scales (average over last two weeks, mm; 100=severe, except global) | |||
| Fatigue | 74.5 (13.46) | 67.0 (18.22) | 70.8 (16.30) |
| Oral dryness | 75.6 (15.13) | 73.8 (13.30) | 74.7 (14.14) |
| Ocular dryness | 64.7 (23.25) | 65.7 (19.25) | 65.2 (21.09) |
| Overall dryness | 73.4 (15.64) | 71.3 (13.17) | 72.4 (14.36) |
| Joint pain | 56.4 (28.40) | 47.2 (27.21) | 51.8 (27.93) |
| Global assessment (100=PSS very active) | 73.4 (14.08) | 62.2 (18.90) | 67.8 (17.45) |
| ESSPRI (10=maximal symptom severity) | 6.7 (1.63) | 6.4 (1.64) | 6.6 (1.64) |
| ESSDAI (123=maximal disease activity) | 6.8 (3.82) | 5.1 (4.55) | 6.0 (4.24) |
| ESSDAI glandular domain, n (%) | |||
| No activity | 17 (65.4) | 22 (84.6) | 39 (75.0) |
| Low activity | 8 (30.8) | 3 (11.5) | 11 (21.2) |
| Moderate activity | 1 (3.8) | 1 (3.8) | 2 (3.8) |
| TUS | 5.02 (3.06) | 6.5 (2.04) | 5.9 (2.65) |
| TUS domains | |||
| Echogenicity | 0.5 (0.51) | 0.8 (0.43) | 0.7 (0.48) |
| Consistency | 1.3 (1.00) | 1.5 (0.91) | 1.4 (0.95) |
| Definition | 0.8 (0.83) | 1.3 (0.74) | 1.0 (0.82) |
| Glands involved | 1.5 (0.81) | 1.9 (0.43) | 1.7 (0.67) |
| Hypoechoic foci size | 1.0 (0.68) | 1.1 (0.48) | 1.1 (0.58) |
Values are mean and SD unless otherwise stated.
ESSDAI, European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index; ESSPRI, European Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PSS, primary Sjögren’s syndrome; TUS, total ultrasound score.
annrheumdis-2017-212268supp001.docx (17.7KB, docx)
Figure 1 illustrates the baseline-adjusted values of TUS over time, modelling the change from baseline at each time point. Estimated baseline-adjusted TUS at week 16 was 6.2 (95% CI 5.4 to 7.0) for placebo and 5.0 (95% CI 4.4 to 5.6) for rituximab, and at week 48, 6.1 (95% CI 5.5 to 6.6) and 4.8 (95% CI 4.2 to 5.4), respectively. Estimated between-group differences (rituximab-placebo) in baseline-adjusted TUS were −1.2 (95% CI −2.1 to −0.3; P=0.0099) and −1.2 (95% CI −2.0 to –0.5; P=0.0023) at weeks 16 and 48, respectively.
Figure 1.
Baseline-adjusted total ultrasound score (TUS) at follow-up. Mean baseline-adjusted TUS, and between-group differences at weeks 16 and 48. Data modelled using a covariance pattern mixed model, with the baseline value fitted as a fixed effect. Values presented are least-squares means and 95% CIs for the two groups, and the differences between the groups. PLC, placebo; RTX, rituximab.
For each TUS domain, we fitted a repeated-measures logistic regression to model the odds of a response in the rituximab arm (defined as ≥1-point improvement) as a function of the baseline score, age category, disease duration and time point. Glandular definition was the only domain to show statistically significant improvement with an OR of 6.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 43.0; P=0.043) at week 16 and 10.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 105.9; P=0.050) at week 48 (online supplementary table S2). No difference between rituximab and placebo was observed in any of the additional exploratory ultrasound parameters collected, with the exception of gland margin scores which showed deterioration in the placebo group (mean sum of scores over all glands increasing from 1.8 (SD 1.95) at baseline to 2.4 (SD 1.89) at 48 weeks compared with 2.3 (SD 1.83) to 2.4 (SD 1.97) in the rituximab group).
Improvement of ≥1 point in TUS, compared with no improvement or worsening, was not associated with improvement in unstimulated or stimulated salivary flow rates, ESSPRI score or dryness domain VAS at weeks 16 or 48, in the whole population or when analysing the rituximab arm alone. No associations were observed with ≥1-point improvement in either the glandular definition or hypoechoic foci size domains. TUS did not correlate with total ESSDAI score, the ESSDAI glandular domain or salivary flow rates at any time point, either in the whole population or the rituximab arm. Baseline TUS was not correlated with improvement in salivary flow rates, ESSPRI or oral dryness VAS at either week 16 or 48 in the rituximab arm (data not shown).
Discussion
We demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in TUS after rituximab compared with placebo. While this observation is similar to that in the TEARS substudy, there are a number of key differences. First, in TRACTISS rituximab was given at baseline and then again at 6 months, with a longer follow-up to 48 weeks. Second, the TRACTISS substudy was larger, multicentre and multiobserver. The ability of ultrasound to detect changes in this setting is important in encouraging further development of this tool. Third, TRACTISS used a composite SGUS score. Fourth and related to the last point, the number and size of hypoechogenic foci showed no change in TRACTISS, in contrast to the TEARS study.
The pathological correlate of the hypoechoic areas observed on ultrasound in PSS is uncertain. In TEARS, there was a correlation between histological focus score and SGUS score, suggesting that hypoechoic areas represent areas of inflammatory cell infiltrate.16 Furthermore, both high baseline SGUS score and high numbers of infiltrating B cells were predictive of non-response.17 18 However, opposite findings on B cell infiltration and rituximab responsiveness have been reported by Delli et al,19 and in a cohort of patients with suspected PSS there was only a modest agreement between the same SGUS score and biopsy.13 Therefore, it remains possible that the highest grades of hypoechoic lesions might reflect damage as well as inflammation in a subset of patients, explaining why we observed no change in their size or number.
Our results suggest that glandular definition was an important domain driving change in TUS. While there is a pragmatic attractiveness in simplified scores focusing on hypoechoic areas for diagnosis,20 our data encourage the collection of a wider range of features/domains in clinical trials as there is yet much to learn about the responsiveness of US to effective treatments in PSS.
The clinical significance of our findings is uncertain. TRACTISS did not meet its primary endpoint,6 and no association between TUS improvement and salivary flow was found. We also found no apparent inverse association between salivary flow rates and TUS at baseline, in contrast to previous cross-sectional studies, which may reflect our small sample size given that previously reported correlations were only fair to moderate.21 22 Furthermore, the improvement in the glandular definition domain was only of marginal statistical significance. We used a novel composite score, designed to be comprehensive but also pragmatic, but which predated the EULAR pSS working group reference atlas.23 Other limitations include the small number of subjects and the multiplicity of statistical comparisons, for which we did not adjust our nominal significance levels. Although the sonographers in this study were experienced in SGUS, ultrasound machines were not standardised between centres, and some domains, especially the definition domain, can be difficult to assess. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability was not studied and could have impacted our findings; further standardisation of SGUS in PSS is urgently required. Arguably, however, the ability to distinguish treatment arms despite such standardisation may increase the relevance of our findings.
There is good reason to believe that rituximab monotherapy may stimulate new autoimmune B cells through elevation in BLyS levels24 and may be inefficient at depleting tissue B cells.25 The fact that we observed a difference in TUS between study arms despite these limitations encourages further research on B cell depletion therapy in PSS, including use of combination therapies,26 and on SGUS as an imaging biomarker.
Footnotes
Handling editor: Tore K Kvien
Contributors: BAF drafted the manuscript and CCE performed the statistical analyses. The content of this publication was determined by the authors. All authors contributed to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Funding: This study was funded by Arthritis Research UK (18810). Rituximab was provided free of charge by Hoffman La Roche.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health.
Competing interests: BAF and SJB have received support from the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre. BAF paid instructor/consultant for Novartis, Roche, BMS, Virtualscopics. W-FN is consultant for Pfizer, UCB, MedImmune, GSK, Takeda and Sanofi. MB is consultant for GSK, Amgen/MedImmune and UCB. SJB is consultant for Cellgene, Glenmark, GSK, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Takeda, UCB.
Ethics approval: Leeds West Ethics Committee (ref. 10/H1307/99).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Correction notice: This article has been corrected since it published Online First. The affiliation for Anwar Tappuni has been corrected.
Presented at: An abstract of this work was previously presented at the 2017 American College of Rheumatology Annual Congress.
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Supplementary Materials
annrheumdis-2017-212268supp001.docx (17.7KB, docx)