Skip to main content
Journal of Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine logoLink to Journal of Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
. 2015 Dec 17;22(2):278–283. doi: 10.1177/2156587215621460

Listeriosis Phytotherapy

A Review Study on the Effectiveness of Iranian Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Listeriosis

Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei 1, Kourosh Saki 2, Mahmoud Bahmani 3, Sobhan Ghafourian 4, Nourkhoda Sadeghifard 4, Morovat Taherikalani 5,
PMCID: PMC5871172  PMID: 26682768

Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes can be found in many processed foods, raw milk, dairy products, meat and meat products such as sausages, beef and fish products, seafoods, eggs, fruits, and vegetables such as radish and cabbage. This article is a review study on the Iranian medicinal plants applied for treatment of listeriosis. Information of this review article was obtained by searching various key words such as Listeria monocytogenes, medicinal plants, plant extracts and essential oils among scientific articles published in databases of Google scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran. Thyme, German chamomile, great chamomile, yarrow, onion, oregano, nutmeg, sage, sagebrush, hyssop, rosemary, St John’s wort, safflower, ajowan, cumin, peppermint, shallot, anise, and parsnip are known antilisteriosis medicinal plants. Bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidants and monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids are the main ingredients of antilisteriosis medicinal plants.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, medicinal plants, Iran


Listeria monocytogenes is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and facultative anaerobic bacterium. Infections caused by this bacterium occur after consumption of contaminated water and food, and its symptoms are similar to flu, septicemia, and meningitis, especially in infants, pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.1

Listeria monocytogenes can be found in many processed foods, raw milk, dairy products, meat, and meat products such as sausages, beef and fish products, seafood, eggs, and in fruits and vegetables, such as radish, cabbage, and so on.2

Listeria monocytogenes grows in fish oil, smoked salmon, crab meat, cooked shrimp kept at −4°C, and canned lobster meat kept at 10°C.3 Food transmission is usually the main cause of sporadic and epidemic listeriosis in human. Recently, high rate of mortality and deaths of about 400 people in the United States due to listeriosis has become a matter of concern for food industries and regulatory organizations.4

Antimicrobial agents are chemical or natural compounds that are able to destroy or inhibit the growth of microscopic organisms.5 Several agents with animal, plant, or microbial sources play important protective role against microorganisms. The most important antimicrobial activity of compounds can be attributed to the antimicrobial enzymes (lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin), antimicrobial peptides (natural phenols), catechin hydroquinone, esters of fatty acids, phenolic antioxidants, antibiotics, and metals (Cu).6,7 Medicinal plants play important roles in the treatment and prevention of diseases and improvement of population health in the communities.812 Public interest in the use of herbal-based medications and natural products have been increasing especially in the recent years.1316 Main reasons for this general approach are more side effects of chemical drugs and the environmental pollutions that threaten the earth.

Medicinal herbs as the effective and inexpensive sources of different drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of diseases, such as diabetes,1719 liver disorders,20,21 hyperlipidemia and related diseases,2226 skin disorders,27,28 pain,2932 parasitic and bacterial diseases,3340 respiratory diseases,41 anxiety, stress, and neurological diseases,4244 and gastrointestinal diseases.45,46

Methods and Materials

Information of this review article was obtained by searching various keywords such as Listeria monocytogenes, medicinal plant, plant extracts, and essential oils among scientific articles published in databases such as Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Magiran of which only publications in English and Persian languages published between 1976 and March 2015 were searched. Overall, 45 articles were retrieved, out of which 14 articles were excluded for being irrelevant to research purposes.

Results

Effective medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

List of Native Iranian Medicinal Plants Against Listeria monocytogenes.

No. Scientific Name Family Name Common Name Result
1 Zataria multiflora Boiss Lamiaceae Thyme Thymus vulgaris has antimicrobial effects on Listeria monocytogenes alone with MIC and MBC, 9.5 and 19 µg/mL, respectively. Combination of essential oil and nisin reduced the amount of MIC and MBC to 1.2 and 2.4 µg/mL, respectively.47
2 Zataria multiflora Boiss Lamiaceae Thyme Nisin at both concentration of 500 and 1000 IU/g could not reduce Listeria monocytogenes count (Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1163) to below the permissible limit for healthy people. Inhibitory activity of nisin against the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was reduced with time. While a combination of nisin and thyme oil at a concentration of 0.8% and 1.2% decreased number of bacteria below the permissible limit during 12 days.48
3 Matricaria chamomilla L
Tanacetum parthenium L
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
German chamomile
Great chamomile
MIC of German chamomile and great chamomile oils obtained in the range of 0.22-4 and 0.09-1 mg/mL, respectively. Differential inhibitory index of these plants essential oils demonstrated synergistic activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus and increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium.49
4 Achillea eriophora DC Compositae Yarrow Yarrows essential oil MIC against Gram-positive bacteria was 0.15-0.75 mg/mL and 1.5-3 mg/mL against Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. MIC against Listeria monocytogenes was 0.75 mg/mL.50
5 Allium cepa L. Alliaceae Onion MIC for onion essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes was 125 µg/mL.51
6 Origanum vulgare
Myristica fragrans
Labiatae Myristicaceae Oregano Nutmeg Results showed that antibacterial activity of oregano (with maximum and minimum growth inhibitory concentration = 0.62 µL/mL) was more effective than nutmeg (with minimal growth inhibitory concentration = 1.25 µL/mL and maximum growth inhibitory concentration = 2.5 µL/mL).52
7 Artemisia aucheri
Artemisia sieberi
Hyssopus officinalis L
Asteraceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Sage
Sagebrush
Hyssop
MIC of aqueous extract of sage and sagebrush against Listeria monocytogenes was 80 mg/mL.53
8 Rosmarinus officinalis
Hypericum perforatum
Carthamus tinctorius
Lamiaceae Hypericaceae Asteraceae Rosemary St John’s wort (Hardhay) Safflower The pants has been shown to be effective against bacteria in various doses and it had anti listeriosisn in In-Vitro condition54
9 Carum copticum Umbelliferae Ajowan Ajowan essential oil has showed bacteriostatic effect at 0.15% and bactericidal effect at 0.3% concentration against Listeria monocytogenes in white fish extract. Adding 4% salt to white fish extract increased antibacterial activity of ajowan essential oil significantly. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the white fish extract reduced significantly in these concentrations (0.15% and 0.3%) compared with control.55
10 Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Cumin Count of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese samples containing 0.02% cumin essential oil showed 1 log reduction after 30 days and goes to zero after that. Presence of 0.04% essential oils caused bacterial reduction up to 1 log after 15 days, that goes to zero and was not isolated after that, while in control samples (cheese without essential oil) bacteria were isolated during all periods.56
11 Mentha spicata Lamiaceae Spearmint MICs of peppermint essential oil and nisin were determined to be 160 and 320 µL/mL, respectively.57
12 Ziziphora clinopodioides Lamiaceae Thymus vulgaris MIC of Thymus vulgaris for growth of Listeria monocytogenes was 1 µL/mL.58
13 Allium ascalonicum Pimpinella anisum Alliaceae Apiaceae Shallot Anise Results showed that shallot essential oil has highest antibacterial power against Listeria monocytogenes. Essential oil of anise showed good antibacterial effects on Listeria monocytogenes.59
14 Parstinaca sativa Daucus carota Apiaceae Apiaceae Parsnip Carrot Berberis volgaris has been shown to be effective against bacteria in various doses, however, Daucus carota on some doses. The activity of Parstinaca sativa, but not Daucus carota, was changed after 1 hour of keeping in refrigerator. Both types of carrots had significant inhibitory effects on Listeria monocytogenes but effect of parsnip was far more than carrots.60

Abbreviations: MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; PTCC, Persian type culture collection.

Discussion

Recently antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been studied.54,61 Chemical compositions of native medicinal plants in Iran that have positive antibacterial effects on Listeria monocytogenes have been reviewed in this study.

Carvacrol and thymol are the most prominent phenolic compounds with different levels in various parts of the thyme plant, including leaves, flowers, and roots. Thyme also contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and bitter substances.54

German chamomile flowers extract contain flavonoids and coumarin. Kamazolen presence in chamomile gives blue color to its essential oil. Because of the existence of flavonoids, flowers of chamomile have a moisturizing and fragrance effect and for this reason are widely used in cosmetic industry.55,56 Camphor is the main chemical components of great chamomile essential oil.57

Onion, because it contains flavonoids and alkyl-cysteine sulfoxide, has an important role in human health and nutrition. Alkyl-cysteine sulfoxide is the main precursor of onion flavoring materials.58

Nutmeg essential oil contains borneol, geraniol, linalool, terpineol, eugenol, myristicin, and safrol.59 Different parts of Artemisia aucheri plant comprise flavonoids, santonian, lipids, and bitter compounds.60 Combinations of saffron Croatia, Christian, and crocin are picrocrocin.62 Rosemary is a rich source of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial effects against positive and negative bacteria.63

Thymol, carvacrol, α- and β-pinene, parasimon compounds have been reported in ajowan essential oil.64 Sabinene, flavonoids, polysaccharides, coumarin, cuminaldehyde, pinene, and terpinene are noted as the main components of the ajowan plant.65

Chemical composition of the peppermint essential oil contains carvone, limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, menthol, menthone, and isomenthone.6668

Allium genus plants such as shallot, garlic, and onions are rich in flavonols and organosulfur components.69,70

Thymus vulgaris (Ziziphora tenuior) essential oil is composed of oxygen-containing monoterpene, pulegone, isomenthone, 1,8-cineole, and isopiperitone.71

Review of the obtained results of this study showed that bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidants and monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids are the main ingredients of antilisteriosis medicinal plants. Derivation of these compounds and complementary pharmacological studies can demonstrate their use as impressive drugs against Listeria monocytogenes and other pathogen bacteria. The mechanism by which these plants act against Listeria is still not clear; however, phenolic components of plants have been attributed to their antimicrobial activities. If this is true, other plants having these compounds7282 should also possess antibacterial activity and beneficial effect against this pathogen, which will be worth examining. Due to the to be increased of prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the bacterial diseases in Iran,8386 identification of effective medicinal plants is necessary for finding natural active pharmaceutical ingredients for production of herbal antibiotics against the bacterial diseases. Should also possess antibacterial activity and beneficial effect against this pathogen, which will be worth examining.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all people who helped in this study.

Footnotes

Author Contributions: All the authors wrote the first draft of the manuscript equally. MRK revised and edited the last version.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical Approval: Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors.

References

  • 1. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th ed Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2003. [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Gandhi M, Chikindas ML. Listeria: a foodborne pathogen that knows how to survive. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;113:1–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Ben Embarek PK. Presence, detection, and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in seafoods. Int J Food Microbiol. 1994;23:17–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Hitchins AD. Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in foods In: Jackson GJ, Merker RI, Bandler R, eds. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm071400.htm. Accessed November 27, 2015.
  • 5. Anonymous. Antomicrobial agent. http://www.answers.com/topic/antimicrobialagent. 2009.
  • 6. Appendini P, Hotchkiss JH. Review of antimicrobial food packaging. Innov Food Sci Emerging Technol. 2002;3:113–126. [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Embuscado ME, Huber KC. Edible Films and Coatings for Food Applications. Springer, New York, NY: Springer; 2009:295–314. [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Bahmani M, Mirhoseini M, Shirzad H, Sedighi M, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A Review on promising natural agents effective on hyperlipidemia. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20:228–238. doi:10.1177/2156587214568457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Bahmani M, Forouzan SH, Fazeli-Moghadam E, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Adineh A, Saberianpour SH. Oak (Quercus branti): an overview. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:634–639. [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Parsaei P, Karimi M, Asadi SY, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Bioactive components and preventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on post-laparotomy intra-abdominal adhesion in rats. Int J Surg. 2013;11:811–815. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.08.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Rabiei Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Heidarian E, Saghaei E, Mokhtari S. Effects of Zizyphus jujube extract on memory and learning impairment induced by bilateral electric lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in rat. Neurochem Res. 2014;39:353–360. doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1232-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Bahmani M, Saki K, Golshahi H, et al. Ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of camomille. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:640–645. [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K, et al. Identification of medical plants acting on reproductive system disorders: an ethnobotanical study in Urmia, northwest of Iran. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:493–502. [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Delfan B, Kazemeini HR, Bahmani M. Identifying effective medicinal plants for cold in Lorestan Province, west of Iran. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20:173–179. doi:10.1177/2156587214568458 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Delfan B, Bahmani M, Hassanzadazar H, et al. Ethnobotany study of effective medicinal plants on gastric problems in Lorestan province, west of Iran. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:483–492. [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Bahmani M, Eftekhari Z, Jelodari Z, et al. Effect of Iranian herbal medicines in dysmenorrhea phytotherapy. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:519–526. [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Kafash-Farkhad N, Asadi-Samani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. Life Sci J. 2013;10:360–367. [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):S348–S354. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Mirhoseini M, Baradaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants, diabetes mellitus and urgent needs. J Herb Med Pharmacol. 2013;2:53–54. [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Taghikhani A, Afrough H, Ansari-Samani R, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Assessing the toxic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on rat’s liver. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014;115:121–124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Heidarian E, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Protective effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against lead toxicity in rat. Pharm Biol. 2013;51:1104–1109. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.777931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shahinfard N, Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Gharipour M, Darvishzadeh-Boroujeni P. Effects of Ferulago angulata extract on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:680856 doi:10.1155/2014/680856. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Asgary S, Sahebkar A, Afshani M, Keshvari M, Haghjooyjavanmard Sh, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytother Res. 2014;28:193–199. doi:10.1002/ptr.4977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Mirhosseini M, Baradaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Anethum graveolens and hyperlipidemia: a randomized clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19:758–761. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Mohammadifard N, Sarrafzadegan N, et al. Potato consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian population. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63:913–920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Asgary S, Kelishadi R, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Najafi S, Najafi M, Sahebkar A. Investigation of the lipid-modifying and anti-inflammatory effects of Cornus mas L. supplementation on dyslipidemic children and adolescents. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34:1729–1735. doi:10.1007/s00246-013-0693-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Delfan B, Bahmani M, Eftekhari Z, Jelodari M, Saki K, Mohammadi T. Effective herbs on the wound and skin disorders: a ethnobotanical study in Lorestan province, west of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 2):938–942. [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Asadi SY, Parsaei P, Karimi M, et al. Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on healing process of surgical wounds in rat. Int J Surg. 2013;11:332–337. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.02.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Delfan B, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Delfan M, Saki K. A review study on ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in relief of toothache in Lorestan Province, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 2):879–884. [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Bahmani M, Shirzad HA, Majlesi M, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A review study on analgesic applications of Iranian medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):43–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Rabiei Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Mokhtari S, Alibabaei Z, Shahrani M. The effect of pretreatment with different doses of Lavandula officinalis ethanolic extract on memory, learning and nociception. Biomed Aging Pathol. 2014;4:71–76. [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Delfan B, Bahmani M, Hassanzadazar H, Saki K, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Identification of medicinal plants affecting on headaches and migraines in Lorestan Province, West of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):376–379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Karamati SA, Hassanzadazar H, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Herbal and chemical drugs effective on malaria. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 2):599–601. [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Hassanzadazar H, Saki K, Karamati SA, Delfan B. A review on most important herbal and synthetic antihelmintic drugs. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):29–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Bahmani M, Saki K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Karamati SA, Eftekhari Z, Jelodari M. The most common herbal medicines affecting Sarcomastigophora branches: a review study. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):14–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Bahmani M, Karamati SA, Hassanzadazar H, et al. Ethnobotanic study of medicinal plants in Urmia city: identification and traditional using of antiparasites plants. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 2):906–910. [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Bahmani M, Banihabib E, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Gholami-Ahangaran M. Comparison of disinfection activities of nicotine with copper sulphate in water containing Limnatis nilotica . Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2015;21: 9–11. [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Bahmani M, Farkhondeh T, Sadighara P. The anti-parasitic effects of Nicotina tabacum on leeches. Comp Clin Pathol. 2012;21:357–359. [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Bahmani M, Karamati SA, Banihabib EK, Saki K. Comparison of effect of nicotine and levamisole and ivermectin on mortality of leech. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 1):477–480. [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Bahmani M, Saki K, Gholami-Ahangaran M, Parsaei P, Mohsenzadegan A, Zia-Jahromi N. Evaluating the anti-leech activity of methanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. Comparing with ivermectin, mebendasole, praziquantel, rafoxanide, febantel and albendasole. Mid East J Sci Res. 2012;12:260–263. [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Asadbeigi M, Mohammadi T, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K, Bahmani M, Delfan B. Traditional effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders: an ethnobotanical study in the Urmia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):364–368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Delfan B, Bahmani M, Hassanzadazar H, Saki K, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Identification of medicinal plants affecting on headaches and migraines in Lorestan Province, West of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):376–379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Saki K, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The effect of most important medicinal plants on two important psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(suppl 1):34–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Saki K, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, et al. The most common native medicinal plants used for psychiatric and neurological disorders in Urmia city, northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(suppl 2):895–901. [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Hosseini-Asl K., Rafieian-Kopaei M. Can patients with active duodenal ulcer fast Ramadan? Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2471–2472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Identification of medicinal plants of Urmia for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2014;24:468–480. [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Rabiei S, Hosseini H, Rezaei M, Mousavi T. Inhibitory effects of Ajowan essential oil on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Rutilus frissi kutum broth medium and fillet. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2013;8:72–80 [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Fazlara A, Sadeghi E, Rostami Soleimani P. Study on the antibacterial effects of Cuminum cyminum essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes in Iranian white cheese. Iran J Food Sci Technol. 2012;9(35):35–44. [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Mousavai MH, Mahmoudi R, Davoudi S, Shaveisi N. Antimicrobial effect of mint and niacin as synthetic form on Listeria monocytogenesis . Med Plant J. 2013;12:104–116. [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Soltaninejad Sh, Setaei Mokhtari T, Rahbarian P. Antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extract of Zizifora cliniopiodis on some pathogenic bacteria. Microb Biotechnol Islamic Azad Univ. 2010;2(5):1–6. [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Hsani A, Mahmoudi R, Zare P, Hasany A. Biochemical properties and antimicrobial effects of Allium ascalonicum and Pimpinella anisum essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes in white brined cheese. J Food Technol Res. 2011;21:318–328. [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Haghi Sayedjavadi N, Volasi N, Gamshidian M, Akhtari L. Comparison of Parcatica sativa and Daucus carota on Listeria monocytogenes . Shahid Beheshti Univ Med J. 2009;14:9–14. [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Tepe B, Donmez E, Unlu M, Candan F, Daferera D, Vardar-Unlu G. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chem.2004;84:519–525. [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential application in foods—a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94:223–253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Salamon I. Effect of the internal and external factors on yield and qualitative-quantitative characteristics of chamomile essential oil. J Sci Ind Res. 2007;99:132–139. [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Franze C, Hoelzel J, Voemel A. Preliminary morphological and chemical characterization of some population and varieties of Matricaria chamomila L. Acta Hortic. 2011;2:379–385. [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Tiuman TS, Ueda-Nakamura T, Garcia Cortez DA, et al. Antileshmanial activity of parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Tanacetum parthenium . J Antimicrob Agent Chemother. 2005;49:176–182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Griffiths G, Trueman L, Crowther T, Thomas B, Smith B. Onions—a global benefit to health. Phytother Res. 2002;16:603–615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Tainter DR, Grenis AT. Spices and Seasoning. 2nd edition New York, NY. Wiley; 2001. [Google Scholar]
  • 60. Dinani NJ, Asgary A, Madani H, Naderi G, Mahzoni P. Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of Artemisia aucheri in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2010;23:321–325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. Rafieian-Kopaie M, Nasri H, Alizadeh F, Ataebi B, Baradaran A. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and Malaria falciparum infection: a rare association. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42:529–533. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Abolhasani A, Bathaie SZ, Yavari I, Moosavimovahedi AA, Ghaffari M. Separation and purification of some components of Iranian saffron. Asian J Chem. 2005;17:727–729. [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Tavassoli S, Mousavi SM, Emam-Djomeh Z, Razavi SH. Comparative study of the antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and methanolic extract. Mid East J Sci Res. 2011;9:467–471. [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Aktug SE, Karapikar M. Inhibition of food borne pathogens by thymol, eugenol, menthol and ethanol. Int J Food Microbiol. 1987;4:161–166. [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Demirci F, Guven K, Demirci B, Dadandi MY, Baser KH. Antibacterial activity of two Phlomis essential oils against food pathogens. Food Control. 2008;19:1159–1164. [Google Scholar]
  • 66. Younis YMH, Beshir SM. Carvone-rich essential oils from Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. schimperi Briq. and Mentha spicata L. grown in Sudan. J Essential Oil Res. 2004;16:539–541. [Google Scholar]
  • 67. Zeinali H, Arzani A, Razmjoo R, Rezaee MB. Evaluation of oil compositions of Iranian Mints (Mentha ssp.). J Essential Oil Res. 2005;17:156–159. [Google Scholar]
  • 68. Shir-Mohammad H. Generic and Herbal Medicines of Iran. 2nd ed Tehran, Iran: Arjomand Press; 2001. [Google Scholar]
  • 69. Fattorusso E, Iorizzi M, Lanzotti V, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Chemical composition of shallot (Allium ascalonicum Hort.). J Agr Food Chem 2002; 50 (20): 5686 -5690. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. Mubarak AM, Kulatilleke CP. Sulfur constituents of need seed volatiles: a revision. J Phytochem. 1990;29:3351–3352. [Google Scholar]
  • 71. Salehi P, Mirjalili MH, Hadian J, Nejad Ebrahimi S, Yousef Zadi M. Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp bungeana (JUZ.). Rech. F, from Iran Z. Naturforsch. 2006;61:677–680. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Rafieian S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Silybum marianum: beyond hepatoprotection. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20:292–301. doi:10.1177/2156587215571116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73. Sharafati R, Sharafati F, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Biological characterization of Iranian walnut (Juglans regia) leaves. Turk J Biol. 2011;35:635–639. [Google Scholar]
  • 74. Nasri H, Baradaran A, Ardalan MR, Mardani S, Momeni A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Bright renoprotective properties of metformin: beyond blood glucose regulatory effects. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2013;7:423–428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. Bahmani M, Saki K, Asadbeygi M, et al. The effects of nutritional and medicinal mastic herb (Pistacia atlantica). J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:646–653. [Google Scholar]
  • 76. Nasri H, Nematbakhsh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Ethanolic extract of garlic for attenuation of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2013;7:376–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77. Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Protective effects of herbal antioxidants on diabetic kidney disease. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19:82–83. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78. Ghaed F, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Baradaran A, Nasri H. Ameliorative effects of metformin on renal histologic and biochemical alterations of gentamicin-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17:621–625. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79. Rafieian-Kopaei M, Nasri H. The ameliorative effect of Zingiber officinale in diabetic nephropathy. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(5):e11324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80. Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Protective effects of herbal antioxidants on diabetic kidney disease. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19:82–83. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81. Baradaran A, Nasri H, Nematbakhsh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Antioxidant activity and preventive effect of aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Clin Ter. 2014;165:7–11. doi:10.7471/CT.2014.1653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82. Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants and antioxidants: why they are not always beneficial? Iran J Public Health. 2014;43:255–257. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83. Taherikalani M, Etemadi G, Geliani KN, Fatollahzadeh B, Soroush S, Feizabadi MM. Emergence of multi and pan-drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii carrying blaOXA-type -carbapenemase genes among burn patients in Tehran, Iran. Saudi Med J. 2008;29(4):623–624. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84. Pakzad I, Ghafourian S, Taherikalani M, Sadeghifard N, Abtahi H, Rahbar M, Mansory Jamshidi N. qnr Prevalence in Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and None-ESBLs Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Central of Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2011;14(5):458–464. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85. Shahsavan S, Emaneini M, Noorazar Khoshgnab B, Khoramian B, Asadollahi P, Aligholi M, Jabalameli F, Eslampour MA, Taherikalani M. A high prevalence of mupirocin and macrolide resistance determinant among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burnt patients. Burns. 2012;38(3):378–382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86. Haghi-Ashteiani M, Sadeghifard N, Abedini M, Soroush S, Taheri-Kalani M. Etiology and antibacterial resistance of bacterial urinary tract infections in Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2007;45(2):153–157. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine are provided here courtesy of SAGE Publications

RESOURCES