Table 2.
Association between quintiles of iron intake (haem, non-haem and total) and components of metabolic syndrome in ISA-Capital. São Paulo, Brazil, 2008.
| Models | Quintiles of Iron Intake by Class, Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Hypertension or Hypertensive Drug Therapy for Hypertension | ||||||
| Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.90–2.96) | 1.27 (0.60–2.71) | 1.55 (0.74–3.23) | 1.51 (0.78–2.93) | 0.345 |
| Model adjusted a | 1.00 | 1.72 (0.77–3.82) | 1.39 (0.60–3.21) | 2.14 (0.97–4.72) | 1.59 (0.73–3.49) | 0.183 |
| Non-Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.51–1.77) | 0.78 (0.39–1.57) | 0.99 (0.51–1.93) | 0.54 (0.24–1.26) | 0.226 |
| Model adjusted b | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.33–1.63) | 0.65 (0.28–1.51) | 0.78 (0.34–1.81) | 0.40 (0.15–1.10) | 0.135 |
| Total Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 1.14 (0.55–2.39) | 0.66 (0.31–1.39) | 0.79 (0.37–1.68) | 0.279 |
| Model adjusted c | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.43–1.66) | 0.93 (0.40–2.16) | 0.51 (0.21–1.29) | 0.57 (0.24–1.39) | 0.154 |
| Hyperglycaemia or Therapy for Elevated Glucose | ||||||
| Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.69–3.22) | 1.94 (0.76–4.99) | 0.61 (0.23–1.59) | 1.84 (0.75–4.54) | 0.660 |
| Model adjusted a | 1.00 | 1.56 (0.56–4.34) | 2.53 (0.98–6.57) | 0.66 (0.18–2.33) | 1.65 (0.63–4.33) | 0.746 |
| Non-Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 2.87 (0.96–8.57) | 1.78 (0.56–5.63) | 2.86 (1.19–6.89) | 2.87 (0.99–8.36) | 0.070 |
| Model adjusted b | 1.00 | 3.21 (1.11–9.27) | 1.93 (0.60–6.26) | 2.92 (1.10–7.72) | 2.56 (0.83–7.93) | 0.183 |
| Total Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 3.64 (1.27–10.44) | 1.89 (0.64–5.57) | 1.86 (0.76–4.50) | 4.59 (1.71–12.29) | 0.036 |
| Model adjusted c | 1.00 | 3.50 (1.28–9.61) | 1.75 (0.56–5.43) | 1.49 (0.54–4.11) | 3.98 (1.21–13.12) | 0.131 |
| Elevated Triglycerides or Therapy for Elevated Triglycerides | ||||||
| Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 2.04 (0.92–4.52) | 1.46 (0.81–2.63) | 1.42 (0.70–2.90) | 2.73 (1.25–5.96) | 0.060 |
| Model adjusted a | 1.00 | 2.75 (1.13–6.73) | 1.87 (0.95–3.66) | 1.64 (0.77–3.50) | 2.51 (1.06–5.91) | 0.139 |
| Non-Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.77–2.81) | 1.54 (0.79–3.01) | 1.17 (0.63–2.15) | 1.16 (0.52–2.58) | 0.852 |
| Model adjusted b | 1.00 | 1.51 (0.71–3.18) | 1.78 (0.85–3.72) | 0.94 (0.44–2.03) | 0.88 (0.31–2.47) | 0.554 |
| Total Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.51–2.43) | 1.70 (0.88–3.27) | 1.03 (0.54–2.00) | 1.19 (0.55–2.56) | 0.700 |
| Model adjusted c | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.54–2.76) | 1.95 (1.00–3.86) | 0.97 (0.43–2.18) | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) | 0.821 |
| Reduced HDL-c (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) | ||||||
| Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.64–2.52) | 0.88 (0.42–1.85) | 0.81 (0.33–1.95) | 1.70 (0.82–3.50) | 0.506 |
| Model adjusted a | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.56–2.66) | 1.15 (0.46–2.87) | 1.06 (0.41–2.78) | 2.09 (0.88–4.94) | 0.189 |
| Non-Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.30–1.66) | 0.73 (0.38–1.39) | 0.89 (0.42–1.89) | 1.26 (0.65–2.47) | 0.477 |
| Model adjusted b | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.30–1.54) | 0.67 (0.37–1.21) | 0.87 (0.36–2.2) | 1.16 (0.53–2.55) | 0.641 |
| Total Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.55 (0.25–1.19) | 0.68 (0.37–1.27) | 0.65 (0.32–1.33) | 1.21 (0.61–2.41) | 0.604 |
| Model adjusted c | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.24–1.06) | 0.58 (0.31–1.09) | 0.57 (0.25–1.32) | 1.16 (0.51–2.63) | 0.746 |
| Increased Waist Circumference | ||||||
| Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.72 (0.62–4.79) | 0.99 (0.50–1.98) | 0.85 (0.35–2.07) | 1.14 (0.50–2.61) | 0.650 |
| Model adjusted d | 1.00 | 1.61 (0.56–4.62) | 1.18 (0.55–2.53) | 0.95 (0.36–2.48) | 0.99 (0.39–2.54) | 0.644 |
| Non-Haem Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.51 (0.67–3.41) | 1.04 (0.56–1.93) | 1.39 (0.79–2.45) | 1.29 (0.56–2.97) | 0.555 |
| Model adjusted e | 1.00 | 1.38 (0.48–3.93) | 1.03 (0.43–2.49) | 1.39 (0.68–2.83) | 1.23 (0.47–3.20) | 0.659 |
| Total Iron | ||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.42 (0.62–3.24) | 0.94 (0.49–1.78) | 1.31 (0.71–2.40) | 1.42 (0.63–3.20) | 0.426 |
| Model adjusted f | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.38–2.49) | 0.72 (0.30–1.73) | 1.25 (0.58–2.71) | 1.00 (0.39–2.56) | 0.837 |
a Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, vitamin C and nonhaem iron intakes. b Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, fibre, vitamin C and haem iron intakes. c Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, fibre, vitamin C intakes. d Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, vitamin C and non-haem iron intakes. e Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, fibre, vitamin C and haem iron intakes. f Adjusted for physical activity, gender, alcohol consumption, household per capita income, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, smoking status, race, total energy intake, misreporting, saturated fat, fibre and vitamin C intakes.