Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants included in the study and according to tertiles of CAC.
| Variable 1 | All n = 373 |
1st Tertile n = 124 |
2nd Tertile n = 125 |
3rd Tertile n = 124 |
p 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAC score (min, max) | (0, 44) | (45, 513) | (514, 10,357) | ||
| Age, years | 68 (60, 77) | 62 (52, 73) | 69 (59, 77) | 73 (65, 78) | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 232 (62.2) | 66 (53.2) | 75 (60.0) | 91 (73.4) | 0.004 |
| White race, n (%) | 225 (60.3) | 60 (48.4) | 77 (61.6) | 88 (71.0) | 0.001 |
| Former/current tobacco use, n (%) | 212 (56.8) | 59 (47.6) | 72 (57.6) | 81 (65.3) | 0.02 |
| Former/current alcohol use, n (%) | 248 (66.5) | 76 (61.3) | 78 (62.4) | 94 (75.8) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 341 (91.4) | 107 (86.3) | 117 (93.6) | 117 (94.4) | 0.05 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 207 (55.5) | 55 (44.4) | 69 (55.2) | 83 (66.9) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 123 (33.0) | 23 (18.5) | 35 (28.0) | 65 (52.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29 (26, 32) | 29 (25, 32) | 29 (26, 33) | 28 (26, 31) | 0.46 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 37.5 ± 14.8 | 37.7 ± 15.3 | 38.2 ± 14.4 | 36.7 ± 14.7 | 0.72 |
| Albuminuria, mg/g creatinine | 92 (16, 667) | 130 (16, 736) | 88 (17, 730) | 70 (16, 549) | 0.81 |
| FGF23, RU/mL | 95 (70, 130) | 91 (67, 123) | 92 (76, 126) | 106 (69, 139) | 0.23 |
| PTH, pg/mL | 94 (65, 143) | 88 (65, 145) | 103 (66, 151) | 94 (64, 139) | 0.91 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL | 25 ± 11 | 26 ± 10 | 24 ± 9 | 26 ± 12 | 0.57 |
| Serum phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 0.46 |
| Serum total calcium, mg/dL | 9.6 (9.2, 9.9) | 9.6 (9.3, 9.9) | 9.5 (9.2, 9.9) | 9.6 (9.2, 9.9) | 0.88 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 0.55 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 6.2 (5.8, 7.1) | 6.0 (5.7, 6.5) | 6.2 (5.9, 7.2) | 6.4 (5.9, 7.7) | 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 89 (70, 112) | 92 (72, 115) | 94 (75, 122) | 80 (63, 100) | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 140 (99, 193) | 137 (99, 182) | 147 (102, 191) | 139 (94, 202) | 0.60 |
| SBP, mmHg | 140 ± 24 | 137 ± 24 | 143 ± 23 | 141 ± 24 | 0.17 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75 (69, 84) | 76 (71, 85) | 76 (69, 85) | 72 (64, 83) | 0.01 |
| Calcium carbonate use, n (%) | 28 (7.5) | 11 (8.9) | 8 (6.4) | 9 (7.3) | 0.72 |
| Vitamin D use, n (%) | 92 (24.7) | 35 (28.2) | 27 (21.6) | 30 (24.2) | 0.41 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents use, n (%) | 92 (24.7) | 23 (18.5) | 36 (28.8) | 33 (26.6) | 0.14 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 82 (22.0) | 19 (15.3) | 31 (24.8) | 32 (25.8) | 0.12 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 221 (59.2) | 63 (50.8) | 72 (57.6) | 86 (69.4) | 0.03 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, n (%) | 340 (91.2) | 110 (88.7) | 112 (89.6) | 118 (95.2) | 0.15 |
| VKA use, n (%) | 32 (8.6) | 10 (8.1) | 9 (7.2) | 13 (10.5) | 0.71 |
| Follow some diet, n (%) | 211 (56.6) | 70 (56.5) | 69 (55.2) | 72 (58.1) | 0.90 |
BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcification; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SBP, systolic blood pressure, VKA, vitamin K antagonists. 1 number (percentage), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). 2 p-trend for comparison between tertiles of CAC.