The Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome: The Experience at an Emergency General Hospital

Abstract

Objective

We aimed to elucidate clinical characteristics, contemporary practice and outcomes of patients with takotsubo syndrome who were hospitalized in an emergency general hospital with angiography capabilities.

Methods

This retrospective study included a total of 42 consecutive patients who were admitted between January 2010 and August 2014.

Results

The study population included 11 men (26%) and 31 women (74%) [median age 76 years (interquartile range, 66-83)]. Physical stress and emotional stress were identified as triggers in 28 (67%) patients and 5 (12%) patients, respectively. Electrocardiographic changes were observed in 41 (98%) patients, with ST-segment elevation being the most common (71%) finding. In-hospital complications occurred in 24 (57%) patients, and acute pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic shock was seen in 21 (50%) patients. Five patients died during hospitalization (in-hospital mortality: 12%).

Conclusion

Takotsubo syndrome was associated with significant morbidity and mortality among elderly patients who were treated at an emergency general hospital. Physicians and surgeons in all departments should be aware of the condition, especially in acutely ill subjects.

Introduction

Takotsubo syndrome is an acute disorder characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, which most commonly affects the apex. It is often preceded by an emotional or physical trigger. Postmenopausal women are preferentially affected, and the clinical presentation, electrocardiographic findings, and biomarker profiles often resemble those of acute coronary syndrome (1-3). Recent studies have reported life-threatening complications including left ventricular free wall rupture, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, thrombosis and cardiogenic shock, and the in-hospital or long-term outcomes are not necessarily as benign as previously reported (3, 4). In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the contemporary practice and outcomes of takotsubo syndrome in patients who were hospitalized in our hospital, which is a general hospital with angiography capabilities that is located in Kitakyushu city. Kitakyushu city is an industrial city with a population of approximately 972,000; individuals of ≥65 years of age account for 29% of the total resident population, while those of ≥75 years of age account for 14%. It is considered to be among the most aging metropolises in Japan.

Materials and Methods

A total of 42 consecutive patients with takotsubo syndrome who were admitted to Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kyushu Hospital between January 2010 and August 2014 were retrospectively studied. The diagnosis of takotsubo syndrome was based - in principle - on the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology diagnostic criteria for takotsubo syndrome (1). These include: 1) transient regional wall motion abnormalities of left ventricle frequently proceeded by a stressful trigger (emotional or physical); 2) left ventricular contraction abnormality extending beyond the geographic territory of a single coronary artery; 3) the absence of obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery stenosis when coronary angiography is performed; 4) new and reversible electrocardiographic abnormalities; 5) elevated serum natriuretic peptide (BNP or NT-proBNP); 6) positive (but a relatively small elevation) for cardiac troponin; and 7) recovery of the ventricular systolic function on cardiac imaging at follow-up (3-6 months). In-hospital medical treatment and cardiac catheterization were provided at the discretion of physicians-in-charge. The data are shown as the median [interquartile range (IQR)] for continuous variables, and the number (percentage) for categorical data. The Mann-Whitney U test and Fischer's exact test were used as appropriate. All of the statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 7 software program (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA).

Results

Table 1 summarizes the clinical characteristics of the studied patients. Eleven (26%) patients were men and 31 (74%) women. The age of the patients ranged from 10 months to 91 years [median age 76 years (IQR, 66-83)]. Coronary angiography was performed in 33 patients (79%). In the remaining nine patients, the diagnosis was made based on the echocardiographic findings of a left ventricular apical ballooning-like dilation in the acute phase and the late normalization of the left ventricular function. ST-segment elevation was the most common electrocardiographic finding and was seen at presentation in 30 (71%) patients. ST-segment depression, negative T wave and long QT (QTc >0.44 s) occurred in 13 (31%), 12 (29%) and 32 (76%) patients, respectively. Chest pain (48%) and shortness of breath (31%) were the most common symptoms on presentation. Seven patients had no symptoms and the occurrence of takotsubo syndrome was initially suggested by electrocardiography. Table 2 shows the possible triggers in the 42 patients. Physical stress and emotional stress were recognized in 28 patients (67%) and in 5 patients (12%), respectively. Medical illnesses were common and showed wide variation; they included respiratory, gastrointestinal, gynecological, neurological, endocrinological, ophthalmological and orthopedic disorders (Table 2). Nine patients were initially admitted to departments other than cardiology. The median peak serum creatine kinase concentration during hospitalization was 224 (IQR, 183-368) mg/dL. In-hospital complications occurred in 24 (57%) patients, and acute pulmonary congestion and cardiogenic shock were seen in 9 (21%) and 14 (33%) patients, respectively (Table 3).

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics.

Age, years	76 [66, 83]
Female gender	31 (74%)
SBP, mmHg	112 [90, 144]
HR, bpm	88 [76, 106]
Hypertension	24 (57%)
Diabetes	8 (19%)
Dyslipidemia	11 (26%)
Current smoker	8 (19%)
Mental disorder	3 (7%)
Malignant neoplasms	2 (5%)
Elevated troponin and/or CK-MB at the onset	30 (71%)
Electrocardiogram
ST elevation	30 (71%)
ST depression	13 (31%)
Negative T wave	12 (29%)
long QT (QTc>0.44 sec)	32 (76%)
normal	1 (2%)
LVEF at diagnosis	0.42 ± 0.16
Atypical wall motion abnormalities	3 (7%)
Symptom at presentation
Chest pain	20 (48%)
SOB	13 (31%)
No complaints	7 (17%)
others	2 (5%)

Data are shown as number (percentage) of patients, median [interquartile range] or mean±SD.

HR: heart rate, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, SBP: systolic blood pressure, SOB: shortness of breath

Table 2.

Possible Triggers.

Physical stress	28 (67%)
Respiratory disorders	9 (21%)
Bacterial pneumoniae	7 (17%)
Interstitial pneumonia	1 (2%)
Neuromuscular respiratory failure	1 (2%)
Abdominal/Gynecological disorders	5 (12%)
Cholangitis	2 (5%)
Superior mesenteric artery embolism	2 (5%)
Torsion of ovarian tumor pedicle	1 (2%)
Constipation	1 (2%)
Central nervous system disorders	2 (5%)
Cerebral hemorrhage	1 (2%)
Norovirus encephalitis	1 (2%)
Endocrinological /Metabolic disorders	2 (5%)
Diabetic ketoacidosis	1 (2%)
Renal failure	1 (2%)
Others	3 (7%)
Deep vein thrombosis	1 (2%)
Anaphylactic shock induced by chemotherapy	1 (2%)
Fever of unknown origin	1 (2%)
Surgery/Invasive procedures	2 (5%)
Excision of a left atrial myxoma	1 (2%)
Bronchoscope	1 (2%)
Orthopedical disorders/Trauma	4 (10%)
Bone fractures	2 (5%)
Crush syndrome	1 (2%)
Eyeball rupture	1 (2%)
Emotional stress	5 (12%)
Unknown	9 (21%)

Data are shown as number (percentage) of patients.

Table 3.

Managements and In-hospital Outcomes.

Complications	24 (57%)
Acute pulmonary congestion	9 (21%)
Cardiogenic shock	14 (33%)
Acute pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic shock	21 (50%)
Atrial fibrillation	4 (10%)
NSVT	1 (2%)
VF	1 (2%)
CAVB	1 (2%)
Sinus arrest	1 (2%)
Managements
Catecholamine use	12 (29%)
IABP	2 (5%)
PCPS	1 (2%)
Temporary pacemaker	2 (5%)
Ventilation with endotracheal intubation	9 (21%)
NIPPV	2 (5%)
In hospital death	5 (12%)
Cardiogenic shock	3 (7%)
Cardiac rupture	1 (2%)
Pneumoniae	1 (2%)

Data are shown as number (percentage) of patients.

CAVB: complete atrioventricular block, IABP: intra-aortic balloon pumping, NIPPV: non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, PCPS: percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, VF: ventricular fibrillation

Catecholamines were administered to 12 (29%) patients, while mechanical circulatory support by intra-aortic balloon pumping or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was necessary in 3 (7%) patients. Respiratory support using a ventilator with endotracheal intubation and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were required in 9 (21%) and 2 (5%) patients, respectively.

Five patients died during hospitalization (in-hospital mortality, 12%; cardiogenic shock, n=3; left ventricular free-wall rupture, n=1; non-cardiovascular comorbidity, n=1). The age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate at the onset of symptoms, the prevalence of cardiac risk factors, the prevalence of physical and emotional triggers, the concentration of peak serum creatine kinase level, left ventricular ejection fraction at the diagnosis and the prevalence of complications did not differ between the survivors and the non-survivors to a statistically significant extent (Table 4). In addition, the above-mentioned clinical variables and outcomes did not differ between patients with an emotional or unknown trigger and those with a physical trigger.

Table 4.

Comparisons of Clinical Characteristics, Complications and Managements between Hospital Survivors and Non-survivors.

	Survivors (n=37)	Non-Survivors (n=5)	p value
Age	76 [66, 82]	75 [74, 84]	0.48
Female gender	27 (73%)	4 (80%)	>0.99
Hypertension	22 (59%)	2 (40%)	0.64
Diabetes	6 (16%)	2 (40%)	0.24
Dyslipidemia	11 (30%)	0 (0%)	0.30
Smoke	7 (19%)	1 (20%)	>0.99
Mental disorder	2 (5%)	1 (20%)	0.32
Carcinoma	2 (5%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
Biomarker positive at the onset	26 (70%)	4 (80%)	>0.99
ST elevation (≥ 1 mm)	25 (68%)	5 (100%)	0.30
Negative T wave	12 (32%)	0 (0%)	0.30
long QT (QTc>0.44)	29 (78%)	3 (60%)	0.58
Within normal range	1 (3%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
LVEF at diagnosis, %	41±15	45±23	0.49
Atypical LV wall motion	3 (8%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
Symptom at presentation
Chest pain	17 (46%)	3 (60%)	0.66
SOB	11 (30%)	2 (40%)	0.64
No complaints	7 (19%)	0 (0%)	0.57
others	2 (5%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
Complications	19 (51%)	5 (100%)	0.06
Acute pulmonary congestion	9 (24%)	0 (0%)	0.57
Cardiogenic shock	9 (24%)	3 (60%)	0.13
Acute pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic shock	18 (49%)	3 (60%)	>0.99
Atrial fibrillation	4 (11%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
NSVT	1 (3%)	0 (0%)	>0.99
VF	0 (0%)	1 (20%)	0.12
Managements
Catecholamine use	9 (24%)	3 (60%)	0.13
IABP	1 (3%)	1 (20%)	0.23
PCPS	0 (0%)	1 (20%)	0.12
Temporary pacemaker	1 (3%)	1 (20%)	0.23
Ventilation with endotracheal intubation	7 (19%)	2 (40%)	0.29
NIPPV	1 (3%)	1 (20%)	0.23

Data are shown as number (percentage) of patients, median[interquartile range] or mean±SD.

IABP: intra-aortic balloon pumping, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, NIPPV: non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, PCPS: percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, SOB: shortness of breath, VF: ventricular fibrillation

Discussion

In the present study, we summarized the clinical features and short-term outcomes of 42 patients with takotsubo syndrome who were diagnosed at an emergency general hospital located in an aging metropolis of Japan. In comparison to previous reports, our study revealed several unique features. First, our patients were older in comparison to the patients in previous reports. The median age was 76 years old and a quarter of the study population was over 83 years of age. In contrast, the mean or median age of the patients enrolled in the previous studies was <70 years (2, 3, 5-8). Second, the rate of in-hospital mortality among our patients was relatively high. Previous studies described takotsubo syndrome as a benign disorder (in-hospital mortality, ≤1%) (6, 9); however a recent study using data from a large patient registry demonstrated that takotsubo syndrome was associated with several life-threatening complications and that the in-hospital mortality rate was 4.1% (3). Moreover, Citro et al. reported that the outcome of elderly (>75 years) patients presenting takotsubo syndrome was poor, with acute heart failure occurring in 22.9% of the patients and an in-hospital mortality rate of 6.3% (vs. 1.5% in patients of <75 years of age) (7). In our study, acute pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic shock occurred in 50% of the patients and the in-hospital mortality rate was 12%. The high mortality rate in the present study was most likely due to the advanced age of the patients and the presence of concomitant morbidities that occur in association with aging. Third, the major triggers that caused takotsubo syndrome in our patients were physical stresses related to a wide variety of medical illnesses. The prevalence of physical and emotional triggers varied considerably among previous reports (3, 6, 10). The high rate of patients with a physical trigger in the present study may be related to the serious background of the patients admitted to our hospital, which is designated as an emergency medical and critical care center.

Perspectives

A wide variety of medical and surgical disorders are managed in general hospitals, and our analysis suggests that takotsubo syndrome can occur in any critically ill patient. Chest symptoms are the most common symptom in these patients and new or presumed new electrocardiographic changes can provide an additional diagnostic clue. Healthcare professionals in all departments should not overlook the possibility of this lethal yet treatable condition.

Conclusion

Takotsubo syndrome was associated with significant morbidity and mortality in a cohort of elderly patients who were admitted to an emergency hospital. Physicians and surgeons in all departments should be aware of the condition, especially in acutely ill subjects.

The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).