Table 1.
Effect of overexpression of stress responsive genes on resistance to genotoxic agents in vitro.
| Gene (Gene ID *; Origin If Different) | Cells | Agents | R * | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genes involved in DNA damage recognition and repair | ||||
| RPA3 (6119) | Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CNE2, HK1) | X-ray | ↑ | [75] |
| XPA (7507) | SV-40 transformed primary human cells | UV | ↑ | [76] |
| APN1 (853746; yeast) coding homolog of mammalian APE1 | Chinese hamster (CHO-9) | MMS | ↑ | [77] |
| H2O2 | ↑ | [77] | ||
| APE1 (328) | Chinese hamster (CHO) | dioxolane cytidine | ↑ | [67] |
| Mammalian cells | γ-ray | 0 | [67,78] | |
| alkylating agents | 0 | [67,68,78] | ||
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | H2O2 | 0 | [67] | |
| mitomycin C, porfiromycin, daunorubicin and aziridinyl benzoquinone (drugs that are activated by reduction) | ↓ | [68] | ||
| Chinese hamster XRCC1-deficient (CHO) | alkylating agents | ↓ | [79] | |
| Chimeric MGMT (4255) + APE1 (328) | Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) | alkylating agents | ↑ | [80] |
| Ku70 (2547) | Human renal carcinoma 786-O | γ-ray | ↑ | [81] |
| Ku70 (2547; human) + Ku80 (34930; human) | Rat cell lines Rat-1 and R708 | X-ray | ↓ | [82] |
| DNA-PK (5591) | Human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 | adriamycin | ↑ | [83] |
| Rad51 (5888) | Mammalian cells | γ-ray | ↑ | [84,85] |
| Chinese hamster (V79) | etoposide, hydroxyurea, thymidine | ↑ | [86] | |
| Mouse hybridoma cells | mitomycin C | ↑ | [85] | |
| Prpf19 (27339) | Human umbilical vein/vascular endothelium cells (HUVECs) | bleomycin, DL-buthionine-sulfoximine | ↑ | [11] |
| ALC1 (9557) | Human osteosarcoma U2OS cells | phleomycin | ↓ | [87] |
| Lig III (3980) | Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa S3) | MNNG | ↑ | [88] |
| DNA pol β (5423) | Chinese hamster (CHO) | cisplatin, melphalan, mechlorethamine | ↑↓ | [57] |
| Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) | MMS | ↑0↓ | [60] | |
| Tag (947137; E. coli) coding methyladenine DNA glycosylase I | Chinese hamster (V79) | MMS, MNU, EMS | ↑ | [89,90] |
| MNU, ENU | 0 | [90] | ||
| Murine fibroblast (NIH3T3) and murine H1 melanoma cells (B78) | MNU, MNNG, DMS, temozolomlde | 0 | [91] | |
| AlkA (947371; E. coli) coding methyladenine DNA glycosylase II | Chinese hamster (V79 and Irs1) | DMS, EMS, MMS | ↑ | [92] |
| MPG (4350) | Chinese hamster (V79 and Irs1) | DMS, EMS, MMS | ↑ | [92] |
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | MMS | ↓ | [93] | |
| bis-chloroethylnitrosourea, melphalan | 0 | [94] | ||
| DMS, EMS, MMS | 0 | [95] | ||
| MMS, MNNG | ↓ | [66] | ||
| Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) | temozolomide | ↓ | [96,97] | |
| FPG (946765; E. coli) coding homolog of mammalian OGG1 | Chinese hamster (CHO and V79) | γ-ray | ↑ | [98] |
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | aziridine | ↑ | [99] | |
| dOGG1 (31806) | Drosophila S2 cells | paraquat, H2O2 | ↓ | [100] |
| S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine | ↑ | [100] | ||
| OGG1 (4968; human) | Chinese hamster (AA8 and AS52) | potassium bromate or [R]-1-[(10-chloro-4-oxo-3-phenyl-4H-benzo[a]quinolizine-1-yl)-carbonyl]-2-pyrrolidinemethanol plus light | ↑ | [101] |
| ERCC1 (2067; human) | Chinese hamster (AA8) | melphalan, cisplatin | ↓ | [102] |
| UV | 0 | [102] | ||
| NTH (947122; E.coli) | Chinese hamster (XRS7) | γ-ray | 0 | [103] |
| H2O2 | ↑ | [103] | ||
| bleomycin | ↓ | [103] | ||
| Ogt (945853; E. coli) | Mammalian cells | alkylating agents | ↑ | [104,105,106] |
| Ada (946710; E. coli) and its truncated and modified versions | Mammalian cells | alkylating agents | ↑ | [104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117] |
| Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts | dibromoalkanes | ↓ | [105] | |
| Chinese hamster (V79) | MMS, HN2 | 0 | [114] | |
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | UV, ENU | 0 | [112] | |
| MGMT (4255) and its modified versions | Mammalian cells | alkylating agents | ↑ | [112,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125] |
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | UV, ENU | 0 | [112] | |
| alkB (946708; E. coli) | Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) | MMS, DMS | ↑ | [126] |
| Genes involved in detoxification and efflux of free radicals and xenobiotics | ||||
| SOD1 (6647) | Human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) | γ-ray | 0 | [127] |
| Human primary lung fibroblasts (HPLF) | γ-ray | ↑ | [128] | |
| Astrocytes of mice | xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine, menadione | ↑ | [129] | |
| Brain neurons of mice | S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, spermine-NONOate, diethylamine-NONOate | ↑ | [130] | |
| H2O2 | 0 | [130] | ||
| menadione | ↓ | [130] | ||
| Normal human keratinocytes | UV | 0 | [131] | |
| Human glioma cells (U118-9) | γ-ray | ↑ | [132] | |
| SOD2 (6648) | Human lung adenocarcinoma | cisplatin | ↑ | [133] |
| Human cells | γ-ray | ↑ | [127,128,134,135] | |
| Human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) | paraquat | ↑ | [127] | |
| Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HLE) | X-ray | ↑ | [136] | |
| Human gastric carcinoma cells | doxorubicin | ↑ | [37] | |
| ALDH3A1 (218) | Human adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) | 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, γ-ray, H2O2 | ↑ | [137] |
| CAT (847) | Normal human keratinocytes | UV | ↑ | [131] |
| Mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) | benzo(a)pyrene | ↑ | [138] | |
| TRX (41737) | Drosophila S2 Cells | H2O2 | ↑ | [139] |
| MTII (17750) | Chinese hamster ovary cells (K1-2) | Cadmium chloride, MNU, MNNG | ↑ | [140] |
| γ-ray, bleomycin, MMS, N-hydroxyethyl-N-hloroethylnitrosourea | 0 | [140] | ||
| Mouse C127 | cisplatin, melphalan, chlorambucil | ↑ | [141] | |
| 5-fluorouracil, vincristine | 0 | [141] | ||
| Mouse β-cell | streptozotocin | ↑ | [129] | |
| MTI (17748) | Mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) | tert-butyl hydroperoxide | ↑ | [142] |
| Chinese hamster (V79) | Amsacrine, menadione, arsenite, TPA | ↑ | [143] | |
| Zn(II) | ↑ | [144] | ||
| alkylating agents | 0 | [144] | ||
| Genes involved in control of proliferation and cell cycle | ||||
| CCND1 (595) | Human adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) | γ-ray | ↓ | [145] |
| p21 (1026) | Glioma cells (T-98G, U-251MG with mutant p53 allele and U-87MG with wild-type p53). Medulloblastoma cells MED-3. | γ-ray | ↑ | [146] |
| Genes involved in regulation of apoptosis | ||||
| BCL2 (596) | Mice thymocytes | Ionizing radiation (not specified) | ↑ | [147] |
| Rat 6 fibroblast (R6) | UV | ↑ | [148] | |
| Human bladder cancer cells BIU87 | adriamycin | ↑ | [149] | |
| Mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) | γ-ray | ↑ | [150] | |
| Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) | γ-ray | ↑ | [150] | |
| Human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H1299) | Ionizing radiation (not specified) | ↓ | [151] | |
| Genes with other function | ||||
| USP22 (23326) | Human lung carcinoma cells (A549) | cisplatin | ↑ | [152] |
| IGF1R (3480) | Mammalian cells | γ-ray | ↑ | [153,154,155,156,157] |
| Sirt1 (23411) | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SK-Hep1) | doxorubicin | ↑ | [158] |
| Human skin fibroblasts (HS27) | UV | ↑ | [159] | |
| Human endometrial carcinoma cells (HHUA) | cisplatin | ↑ | [160] | |
| Human gastric cancer cells (SGC7901) | adriamycin, cisplatin, fluorouracil | ↑ | [161] | |
| Normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HCA2) | Endonuclease induced DBS | 0 | [162] | |
| Sirt2 (22933) | Normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HCA2) | Endonuclease induced DBS | 0 | [162] |
| NAMPT (10135) | Human prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP) | H2O2 | ↑ | [163] |
| VASH1 (22846) | Human umbilical vein/vascular endothelium cells (HUVECs) | H2O2 | ↑ | [164] |
| Sirt6 (51548) | Normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HCA2) | Endonuclease induced DBS, paraquat, neocarzinostatin | ↑ | [162] |
| Sirt7 (51547) | Mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) | doxorubicin | ↑ | [165] |
| Normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HCA2) | Endonuclease induced DBS | ↑ | [162] | |
| BRCC3 (79184) | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE2) | X-ray | ↑ | [166] |
| Bmi1 (12151) | Mice hematopoietic stem cells | γ-ray | 0 | [167] |
| STAT1 (6772) | Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCC-61) | X-ray | ↑ | [45] |
| SLC25A11 (67863) | Mouse motoneuron-like cells (NSC34) | H2O2, ethacrynic acid, sodium nitroprusside | ↑ | [168] |
| ICAM-3 (3385) | Human lung carcinoma cells (H1299) | γ-ray | ↑ | [40] |
| AKR1C3 (8644) | Human prostate cells (DU145) | 6 MV photons | ↑ | [169] |
| Pin1 (5300) | Cervix epidermoid carcinoma (Me180) | cisplatin | ↑ | [170] |
| PVT1 (5820) | Human cancer cell lines | cisplatin | ↑ | [171,172] |
| WRAP53 (55135) | Human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) | γ-ray | ↑ | [173] |
| TRF2 (7014) | Human fibroblasts (MRC-5) | H2O2 | ↑ | [174] |
| Normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HCA2) | Endonuclease induced DBS | ↑ | [175] | |
| MYC (4609) | Normal human foreskin fibroblasts | γ-ray | ↓ | [176] |
| TEIF (57410) | Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) | H2O2 | ↑ | [177] |
| PARP1 (142) | Rat ovarian tumor cells (O-342) | γ-ray, MNNG | ↓ | [178] |
| cisplatin | 0 | [178] | ||
| Chinese hamster (C060) | γ-ray | ↓ | [179] | |
| Chinese hamster (CHO) | UV, MMS | ↑ | [180] | |
| HOTAIR (100124700) | Human ovarian carcinoma cells (2780) | cisplatin | ↑ | [181] |
| RPS3 (42761; Drosophila) | Human bone marrow cells from Fanconi anemia patients | mitomycin C | ↑ | [182] |
| Drosophila S2 cells | paraquat, H2O2 | ↓ | [100] | |
| S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine | ↑ | [100] | ||
| RPS3 (6188) | Human skin fibroblasts | UV | ↑ | [183] |
| CAIII (54232; rat) | Mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) | H2O2 | ↑ | [184] |
| constitutively active PI3K p110 (170911) | Rat embryo fibroblasts (MR4) and human papilloma cells (RT4) | γ-ray | ↑ | [26] |
| p53 (7157) | Multidrug resistant human osteosarcoma cells (U-2OSR2 and KHOSR2) | taxol, cisplatin, doxorubicin | ↓ | [185] |
| Human non–small cell lung cancer (A549, H1299) and colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 p53+/+, HCT116 p53−/−) | bleomycin | ↓ | [186] | |
| Human non–small cell lung cancer (A549; H1299; H358) | cisplatin, paclitaxel | ↓ | [187] | |
| Human colon cancer cells (HT29) | γ-ray | ↓ 0 | [188] | |
| SMAR1 (54971) | Human adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) | Irradiation by 89SrCl2 | ↓ | [189] |
Gene ID *—EntrezGene ID for the organism from which the cDNA originated. When listed experiments performed in different species the human EntrezGene ID are specified. R *—resistance estimated based on survival, growth inhibition, DNA damage and mutagenesis andpoints. MNU—N-methyl-N-nitrosourea; ENU—N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea; MMS—methylmethanesulphonate; EMS—ethylmethanesulfonate; MNNG—N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; DMS—dimethylsulfate.