Table 2.
Comparison of Geriatric Conditions Among Older Homeless Adults in Oakland, CA (N = 350), by Living Environment
| Geriatric conditions, No. (%) | Total (n = 350) | Unsheltered (n = 162) | Multiple location users (n = 88) | Cohabiters (n = 57) | Recently homeless (n = 43) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADL impairmentb,c | 136 (38.9) | 64 (29.5) | 36 (40.9) | 25 (43.9) | 11 (25.6) | .26 |
| IADL impairmentb,d | 173 (49.4) | 85 (52.5) | 48 (54.6) | 23 (40.4) | 17 (39.5) | .17 |
| Mobility impairmente | 94 (26.9) | 42 (25.9) | 25 (28.4) | 18 (31.6) | 9 (20.9) | .66 |
| One or more falls in past 6 monthsf | 118 (33.7) | 55 (34.0) | 35 (39.8) | 17 (29.8) | 11 (25.6) | .38 |
| Cognitive impairmentg | 90 (25.8) | 46 (28.6) | 25 (28.4) | 11 (19.3) | 8 (18.6) | .48 |
| Visual impairmenth | 150 (45.1) | 82 (53.3)i | 30 (35.7) | 23 (42.6) | 15 (36.6) | .04 |
| Hearing impairmentj | 124 (35.6) | 60 (37.3) | 29 (33.0) | 22 (39.3) | 13 (30.2) | .72 |
| Urinary incontinencek | 167 (48.0) | 75 (46.6) | 45 (51.7) | 30 (52.6) | 17 (39.5) | .50 |
| Depressionl | 133 (38.3) | 61 (38.1) | 33 (37.9) | 23 (40.4) | 16 (37.2) | .82 |
aType 3 Wald chi square P value for effect of the housing group variable.
bADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.
cADL impairment defined as self-reported difficulty performing one or more ADLs.
dIADL impairment defined as self-reported difficulty performing one or more IADLs.
eMobility impairment defined as self-reported difficulty walking across a room.
fFalls were self-reported.
gCognitive impairment defined as a Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score below the 7th percentile (i.e., 1.5 standard deviations below the demographically-adjusted cohort mean).
hVisual impairment defined as a corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 on a Snellen chart.
iThe standardized residuals for the 4 living environment groups were 2.80 for unsheltered, −1.99 for multiple location users, −0.40 for cohabiters, and −1.16 for recently homeless.
jHearing impairment defined as self-reported difficulty hearing.
kUrinary incontinence assessed using the three Incontinence Questions.
lSymptoms of major depression defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale score of >16 (range, 0–60; higher scores indicate more problems).