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. 2016 Feb 17;57(4):757–766. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw011

Table 2.

Comparison of Geriatric Conditions Among Older Homeless Adults in Oakland, CA (N = 350), by Living Environment

Geriatric conditions, No. (%) Total (n = 350) Unsheltered (n = 162) Multiple location users (n = 88) Cohabiters (n = 57) Recently homeless (n = 43) p valuea
ADL impairmentb,c 136 (38.9) 64 (29.5) 36 (40.9) 25 (43.9) 11 (25.6) .26
IADL impairmentb,d 173 (49.4) 85 (52.5) 48 (54.6) 23 (40.4) 17 (39.5) .17
Mobility impairmente 94 (26.9) 42 (25.9) 25 (28.4) 18 (31.6) 9 (20.9) .66
One or more falls in past 6 monthsf 118 (33.7) 55 (34.0) 35 (39.8) 17 (29.8) 11 (25.6) .38
Cognitive impairmentg 90 (25.8) 46 (28.6) 25 (28.4) 11 (19.3) 8 (18.6) .48
Visual impairmenth 150 (45.1) 82 (53.3)i 30 (35.7) 23 (42.6) 15 (36.6) .04
Hearing impairmentj 124 (35.6) 60 (37.3) 29 (33.0) 22 (39.3) 13 (30.2) .72
Urinary incontinencek 167 (48.0) 75 (46.6) 45 (51.7) 30 (52.6) 17 (39.5) .50
Depressionl 133 (38.3) 61 (38.1) 33 (37.9) 23 (40.4) 16 (37.2) .82

aType 3 Wald chi square P value for effect of the housing group variable.

bADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.

cADL impairment defined as self-reported difficulty performing one or more ADLs.

dIADL impairment defined as self-reported difficulty performing one or more IADLs.

eMobility impairment defined as self-reported difficulty walking across a room.

fFalls were self-reported.

gCognitive impairment defined as a Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score below the 7th percentile (i.e., 1.5 standard deviations below the demographically-adjusted cohort mean).

hVisual impairment defined as a corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 on a Snellen chart.

iThe standardized residuals for the 4 living environment groups were 2.80 for unsheltered, −1.99 for multiple location users, −0.40 for cohabiters, and −1.16 for recently homeless.

jHearing impairment defined as self-reported difficulty hearing.

kUrinary incontinence assessed using the three Incontinence Questions.

lSymptoms of major depression defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale score of >16 (range, 0–60; higher scores indicate more problems).