Abstract
Introduction
Both B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are well established procedures when diagnosing traumatic splenic ruptures (TSR). To date, there are no data about CEUS patterns in spontaneous splenic ruptures (SSR). It remains unknown whether TSR and SSR differ with respect to clinical characteristics, B-mode and CEUS characteristics.
Patients and Methods
Between 12/2003 and 2/2010, n=33 SSRs and n=29 TSRs were diagnosed in a tertiary referral center. All patients were examined with B-mode and CEUS, and clinical data and the outcome were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
Patients with SSR were significantly older than patients with TSR (62 years vs. 44 years; p=0.01). The 4-week mortality was significantly higher in SSR than in TSR (36% vs. 0%; p=0.001). No differences between the grading of TSR and SSR could be shown in B-mode or in CEUS. Notably, CEUS was significantly superior to B-mode with respect to the grading of splenic ruptures (p=0.01). Therefore, therapeutic management was influenced by CEUS.
Conclusion
There are differences between SSR and TSR, especially concerning clinical data (age, course of disease and mortality). Regarding the sonographic pattern, SSR and TSR show identical grading. When splenic rupture is suspected, CEUS should always be performed to identify patients at risk who require interventional procedures.
Key words: CEUS, splenic rupture, spleen, rupture
Introduction
The clinical picture of traumatic splenic rupture (TSR) on computed tomography, B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has already been investigated and well described in several studies 1 . Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) occurs much less frequently. SSR is defined as a spontaneous rupture of a diseased spleen, mostly due to splenomegaly. Therefore, we hypothesized that SSR may present with a different clinical and sonographic pattern and may have a different prognosis compared to TSR. The etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, B-mode appearance, treatment and clinical course have only been sporadically described for SSR 2 3 4 . Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there is no description of CEUS patterns of SSR in the literature. In this 7-year retrospective study from a university ultrasound center, TSR and SSR were analyzed and compared regarding the clinical picture, sonographic appearance and grading, both in B-mode and CEUS. Moreover, the clinical course and potential therapeutic implications were investigated for both conditions.
Patients and methods
Between 12/2003 and 2/2010, n=62 consecutive patients with sonographic diagnosis of splenic rupture by B- mode and CEUS in an interdisciplinary ultrasound center were included in this retrospective study. CEUS investigations were performed according EFSUMB guidelines 5 . CEUS was performed with an ACUSON SEQUOIA 512 (Siemens) ultrasound machine which uses contrast-specific software with a low mechanical index. 2.4 ml of second-generation contrast media (SonoVue, Bracco) was administered, followed by 5–10 ml of saline. The splenic parenchymal lesions detected in grayscale imaging were continuously observed over a period of 1–5 min during CEUS. Video clips of CEUS were recorded. CEUS images of the clips were then analyzed.
The following grading system was used 2 6 7 :
Grade 1: perisplenic blood (‘‘sentinel clot’’) without subcapsular splenic hematoma and without intraparenchymal bleeding;
Grade 2: subcapsular hematoma: diameter<3 cm, or intraparenchymal bleeding/laceration: diameter<3 cm with sonomorphologically intact splenic capsule, or;
Grade 3: subcapsular hematoma: diameter>3 cm, intraparenchymal bleeding/laceration: diameter>3 cm with sonomorphologically intact splenic capsule, or moderate free intra-abdominal pool of blood;
Grade 4: fragmentation of the spleen with the capsule torn apart, or lack of evidence of intraparenchymal blood flow in most parts of the spleen, or detection of arterial flow signal in liquid areas within the splenic parenchyma by CEUS (intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysm), or a high amount of free intra-abdominal pool of blood.
The following data were collected: 1. type of splenic rupture (SSR, TSR), 2. demographic data (age, sex), 3. clinical data (underlying diseases, indication for US investigation (US as primary diagnostic procedure, follow-up investigation after primary CT diagnosis), therapy (conservative follow-up, interventional radiology, surgery), mortality after 4 weeks of diagnosis of splenic laceration), 4. B-mode US data (splenic size, grading of splenic rupture), 5. value of CEUS data regarding grading, diagnosis and therapy in comparison to B-mode US.
The Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. For all tests, a significance level of p≤0.05 was chosen.
Results
Ruptures were spontaneous in n=33 patients (53.2%) and traumatic in n=29 patients (46.8%). Underlying diseases and causes are shown in Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.
Underlying diseases in n=33 patients with spontaneous splenic rupture a ; cause of trauma in. n=29 patients with traumatic splenic rupture b .
N=21 patients (33.9%) were female and n=41 patients (66.1%) were male. Patients ranged in age between 12 and 89 years (median: 53.5 years). Patients with SSR were older than patients with TSR (p=0.01).
Mortality was significantly higher in patients with SSR than in patients with TSR (p<0.001).
Further results were compared between both subgroups and are shown in Table 1 .
Table 1 Summary of clinical and sonographic results of n=62 patients with splenic rupture compared between subgroups of spontaneous and traumatic splenic rupture (SR) and with p-values.
| All patients | Spontaneous SR | Traumatic SR | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical data | n=62 (100%) | n=33 | n=29 | |
| Age (average) | 53.5 years | 61.8 years | 44 years | 0.01 |
| Indication for US investigation: Follow-up after primary CT diagnosis | 43.5% | 30.3% | 58,6% | n.s. |
| Indication for US investigation: incidental | 24.2% | 36.4% | 10,3% | 0,02 |
| Interventional therapy (surgery or interventional radiology) | 41.3% | 45.5% | 34,4% | n.s. |
| Follow-up (alive 4 weeks after diagnosis) | 80.6% | 63..6% | 100% | <0.001 |
| Imaging data | ||||
| Splenomegaly | 71% | 78.7% | 62% | 0.17 |
| Value of CEUS data | ||||
| Grade 4 (high-grade rupture) in B-mode US | 6.5% | 6.1% | 6.9% | n.s. |
| Grade 4 (high-grade rupture) in CEUS | 29% | 33.3% | 24.1% | n.s. |
| Value of CEUS for higher grading | 69.4% | 66.7% | 72.4% | n.s |
| Value of CEUS for diagnosis | 58.1% | 51.5% | 65.5% | n.s. |
| Value of CEUS for therapy | 14.5% | 15.2% | 13.8% | n.s. |
Comparison of B-mode and CEUS grading in all patients (n=62) with splenic rupture showed no differences between both subgroups regarding variable grade 4 rupture (p=0.576).
The result of B-mode and CEUS grading of all n=62 patients with SR showed higher grading for grade 4 laceration in CEUS (p=0.005) than in B-mode US. Nonspecific findings or impossible grading was seen more often in B-mode US than in CEUS (p<0.001) ( Fig. 2 3 4 ).
Fig. 2.
a,b : 18-year-old patient in car accident. Diagnosis: traumatic splenic rupture (TSR) B-mode: no grading a CEUS: parenchymal hematoma, grade 2 b Value of CEUS: higher grading Value of CEUS for diagnosis: setting of diagnosis Value of CEUS for therapy: no value Therapy: conservative treatment.
Fig. 3.
a,b : 24-year-old patient with angiosarcoma. Diagnosis: spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) B-mode: subcapsular hematoma, grade 3 a CEUS: parenchymal hematoma, splenic metastasis, active bleeding, grade 4 b Value of CEUS: higher grading Value of CEUS for diagnosis: advanced information regarding diagnosis Value of CEUS for therapy: yes Therapy: urgent splenectomy.
Fig. 4.
a-c : 40-year-old patient with acute leukemia Diagnosis: spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) B-mode: nonspecific findings, grade 2 a CEUS: infarction, NTISP, grade 4 b Value of CEUS: higher grading Value of CEUS for diagnosis: setting of diagnosis Value of CEUS for therapy: yes Therapy: interventional radiologic embolization c .
Causes of high-grade SR (grade 4) detected by B-mode were nonspecific findings with high amounts of free intraabdominal blood (n=2), subcapsular hematoma with high amounts of free intraabdominal blood (n=1), and large intraparenchymal hematoma (n=1). Causes of high-grade SR (grade 4) detected by CEUS were intrasplenic pseudoaneurysm (ISP) (n=9; 14.5%) with spontaneous ISP in n=5 and traumatic ISP in n=4 patients, active bleeding (n=3; 4.8%), one patient with simultaneous traumatic ISP, lack of evidence of intraparenchymal blood flow in most parts of the spleen (n=7, two patients with large amount of free fluid).
In n=9 patients (14.5%) CEUS had an impact on therapy. Additional data are shown in Table 2 .
Table 2 Diagnosis, grading, and therapy of n=9 splenic ruptures with value of CEUS regarding therapy.
| No. | Clinical diagnosis | B-mode US diagnosis | Grade B-mode | CEUS diagnosis | Grade CEUS | Therapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SSR, acute pancreatitis | Nonspecific findings, SH, FF | 4 | SH, PH, FF, active bleeding | 4 | Splenectomy |
| 2 | SSR, acute leukemia | Nonspecific findings | 2 | NTISP within infarction | 4 | Interventional radiology |
| 3 | TSR, trauma | Nonspecific findings | 2 | TISP | 4 | Splenectomy |
| 4 | SSR, acute leukemia | Nonspecific findings | 2 | NTISP within infarction | 4 | urgent splenectomy |
| 5 | SSR, malignant lymphoma | Nonspecific findings, FF | 4 | NTISP within infarction, FF, active bleeding | 4 | Urgent splenectomy |
| 6 | TSR, motor bike accident | Nonspecific findings | 2 | TISP | 4 | Conservative treatment |
| 7 | SSR, angiosarcoma | SH,FF | 3 | SH, FF, metastases active bleeding | 4 | Splenectomy |
| 8 | TSR, motor bike accident | Nonspecific findings | 3 | TISP within infarction | 4 | Delayed splenectomy |
| 9 | SSR, endocarditis | Infarction | 2 | NTISP within infarction | 4 | Interventional radiology |
(SSR=spontaneous splenic rupture, TRS=traumatic splenic rupture, subcapsular hematoma (SH), parenchymal hematoma (PH), free abdominal fluid (FF), non-traumatic intrasplenic pseudoaneurysm (NTISP), traumatic intrasplenic pseudoaneurysm (TISP))
Discussion
TSR occurs in 40–50% of all patients with blunt abdominal trauma 8 . The clinical picture as well as the value of diagnostic imaging techniques, such as CT, B-mode US and CEUS, have been extensively described in large series 9 10 11 12 13 . In contrast to TSR, spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a rare disease and is usually diagnosed in non-surgical departments mostly by ultrasound. Only a few series of the ultrasound patterns of SSR have been reported 6 14 . In contrast to TSR, patients with SSR always show an underlying, mostly malignant disease with pathological infiltration or vascularization of an enlarged spleen. The aim of our study was to analyze whether SSR and TSR differ regarding patterns of laceration, grading of rupture, therapeutic management and prognosis.
Significant differences could be found in age, underlying diseases, and most importantly survival. Accordingly, patients with TSR were younger, had fewer occurrences of splenomegaly or a malignant underlying disease, and had no mortality during the first four weeks. In patients with SSR, the increased mortality within the first 4 weeks after diagnosis of the splenic injury is certainly determined by the underlying diseases. This is supported by the fact that no significant differences between traumatic and spontaneous splenic ruptures could be determined regarding the sonographic grading in B-mode US as well as CEUS. Thus, spontaneous splenic rupture caused by a malignant disease may indicate a poor prognosis for these patients. In addition, no differences could be found between SSR and TSR regarding the frequency of various therapeutic procedures such as splenectomy, interventional radiology and conservative management.
As expected, it could be confirmed that CEUS is highly superior to conventional sonography in terms of diagnostic accuracy and the grading of splenic injuries in both subgroups. The frequent occurrence of intrasplenic pseudoaneurysm is worth mentioning and confirmed previous results in the literature 14 . Additionally, CEUS findings had an influence on therapeutic management.
Summary: Patients with spontaneous splenic rupture were older, had more occurrences of splenomegaly, and had a significantly higher mortality within 4 weeks compared to patients with spontaneous splenic rupture. Both subgroups of splenic rupture presented a similar B-mode, CEUS and grading pattern and needed similar therapeutic procedures. As expected, CEUS is generally superior to B-mode US in terms of diagnostic accuracy and correct grading of splenic ruptures. In both subgroups CEUS had an influence on therapeutic management mainly due to the diagnosis of intrasplenic pseudoaneurysm, and in rare cases due to the detection of active bleeding. Based on our findings, we strongly recommend CEUS in all patients with suspected splenic rupture independent of the underlying cause.
This study has several limitations:
This monocentric study was performed in a university hospital with a high number of hematological and oncological patients. Thus, the examined group of patients represents a selection.
Patients with multiple traumas are commonly not examined by ultrasound. Therefore, the examined group of patients represents a selection.
Ultrasound is known to be associated with high interobserver variability. In this study the findings were obtained by only one examiner with DEGUM degree III.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest C. Görg received funding from Bracco Imaging. Bracco Imaging supported CEUS workshops at the University Hospital Marburg and Göttingen. The abstract of the study was presented as a poster to the “Ultraschall 3-Ländertreffen”, Leipzig 2017.
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