Abstract
Introduction
Dual therapy (PegIFN and ribavirin) (DT) was the standard of care in patients infected with HCV genotype 4 (HCV-4) until 2014. Nowadays, new treatment options are available including interferon (IFN)-based and other IFN-free regimens.
Aim
To assess the efficacy (SVR24) and safety of DT and the selected predictor factors of SVR in HCV-4 infected patients.
Material and methods
One hundred and twelve patients (62 men) of median age 23 years were treated with DT for 48/72 weeks (107/5) in the years 2006–2014. Most of them were treatment naïve (80.4%) and with fibrosis F ≤ 2 (83.1%). To select a subset of independent predictors of SVR Logistic Regression Analysis was applied.
Results
SVR24 was achieved in 46/112 (41.1%) patients. The mean viral load was 5.55 log10 IU/ml. Lack of therapy experience increases the odds of achieving SVR (OR = 4.17; 1.04–16.67), whereas more advanced fibrosis and higher baseline viral load tend to decrease the probability of SVR (OR = 0.05; 0.01–0.52 and OR = 0.44; 0.17–1.13, respectively). In contrast, the weight loss is associated with higher probability of virological response (OR = 4.31; 1.37–13.60). Two hundred and seventy-nine adverse events (AEs) were reported in 96 individuals. The rates and types of AEs were similar in patients treated with PegIFN-α2a/RBV and PegIFN-α2b/RBV. Overall, 3 (2.7%) patients discontinued therapy prematurely because of serious AEs.
Conclusions
SVR24 was low. Loss of weight was a new positive predictive factor of SVR found in our study. Most of the AEs were typical of those previously reported for DT.
Keywords: pegylated interferon, HCV genotype 4, sustained virological response
Introduction
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that 2.35% of the world population is chronically infected with HCV [1]. Hepatitis C virus prevalence across Europe ranges between 0.4% and 3.5%, with wide geographical variation [2, 3]. Poland belongs to the countries with medium prevalence of HCV infection; approximately 1.9% of the population is infected [4]. HCV genotype 4 (HCV-4) is most frequent in the Middle East, and North and sub-Saharan Africa [5]. In Europe, HCV-4 prevalence ranges from 1% (Turkey, Hungary, Sweden) to above 10% (Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Greece, Montenegro, Albania) [2, 6]. In Poland, HCV-4 is recognised in 4.9% of HCV-infected patients [4]. Dual therapy (DT) with pegylated interferon α (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) had been the standard of care in chronic HCV-4 until the beginning of 2014 [7]. Nowadays, new treatment options are available, some of them interferon (IFN)-based and other IFN-free regimens [8, 9]. New studies show that the IFN-containing composition has high efficacy and low rate of relapse, even in patients with advanced fibrosis [10]. Moreover, in children DT remains the only possible treatment option.
Aim
The aim of our retrospective study was to assess the efficacy, i.e. sustained virological response at post-treatment week 24 (SVR24) and safety of DT in HCV-4-infected patients. The secondary objective was to assess a selection of predictive factors of SVR24.
Material and methods
Patients
One hundred and thirty-two consecutive patients with confirmed chronic HCV-4 infection started DT at the two liver centres between January 2006 and December 2014. One hundred and twelve patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the analysis. The group included 50 women and 62 men aged 18–80 years, who underwent therapy with PegIFN-α2a + RBV (54 patients) or PegIFN-α2b + RBV (58 patients). The inclusion criteria were presence of chronic HCV infection defined as detectable levels of HCV RNA in serum together with positive anti-HCV antibodies for more than 6 months and typical changes for chronic hepatitis C in liver biopsy performed within 2 years before the start of DT. The fibrosis stage was assessed by percutaneous liver biopsy in Metavir score. Patients with other hepatic diseases (e.g. active HBV infection, Wilson’s disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis), HIV coinfection, decompensated cirrhosis, and other known contraindications to DT were excluded. PegIFN and RBV type was prescribed at the discretion of the doctor. Patients received PegIFN-α2a (Pegasys®, Roche, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany) 180 μg subcutaneously once weekly and RBV (Copegus®, Roche, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany) orally twice daily, adjusted to patients’ weight (1000 mg for < 75 kg, 1200 mg for ≥ 75 kg). PegIFN-α2b (PegIntron®, MSD, Herdfordshire, GB) was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 1.5 μg/kg once a week, and RBV (Rebetol®, MSD, Herdfordshire, GB) was given orally twice daily at a dose adjusted to patients’ weight (800 mg for < 65 kg, 1000 mg for 65–85 kg, 1200 mg for > 85 kg). The planned treatment duration was 48 or 72 weeks. Futility rules were defined in compliance with the international and local guidelines valid in a given treatment period [6, 7, 11]. Safety was assessed through the monitoring of patient-reported adverse events (AEs) and by clinical and laboratory test results. This study was retrospective and conducted with respect to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. Analysis of medical records of patients was used to collect the study data. All patient data were de-identified.
Methods
Biochemical laboratory tests (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, haemoglobin level, platelet and leukocyte counts, TSH) and HCV RNA levels were determined in all patients at baseline, treatment weeks 4, 12, 24, 48, or 72, and 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Quantitative PCR assays were used to measure HCV RNA: Roche COBAS TaqMan v.2.0 (lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 15 IU/ml) or Abbott RealTime System (LLOQ of 12 IU/ml). HCV genotype was determined using INNO-LiPA HCV assay (Immunogenetics®, Belgium) or Linear Array HCV Genotyping Test (LA HCV GT) reagents from Roche. Anti-HCV antibodies were analysed using Elisa Murex HCV v.4.0 assay.
Statistical analysis
The summary statistics for normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as median with range for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies. Differences between continuous normally distributed variables were analysed by the t test or by the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed variables. Differences for categorical variables were assessed using the χ2 or Fisher exact test for independence. Logistic Regression Analysis was used to find the independent predictors of SVR24. Variables significant at the 0.2 level in the univariable models were considered for inclusion into the multivariable model. The backward elimination feature selection procedure was applied for selection of the most significant subset of predictor variables. The results were considered as statistically significant when the p-value was lower than 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed with the use of R-software, version 3.0.3.
Results
Baseline patients’ characteristics
One hundred and twelve patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were further analysed (Figure 1). Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics are presented in Table I. The median age of patients was 23 years and the majority were men (55.4%). Also, the vast majority (80.4%) were treatment naïve. Risk factor analysis confirmed nosocomial and health-care-associated transmissions as the major routes of transmission (49.1%). The mean viral load was 5.55 log10 IU/ml. Forty-one (36.6%) patients had increased ALT activity. Mild fibrosis (F0-F2) was present in 93 subjects, and 3/15 patients with advanced fibrosis (F3–F4) had compensated liver cirrhosis. The most common reasons for premature discontinuation was lack of efficacy (49 patients), serious AEs (3 patients), or withdrawal of consent (2 patients).
Figure 1.
Flow chart of study enrolment and disposition of patients
Table I.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients
| Parameter | Dual therapy (N = 112)n (%) | Parameter | Dual therapy (N = 112)n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: female | 50 (44.6) | ALT activity [U/l] | 49 (13–498)* |
| Age [years]: | 23 (18–80)* | Hb level (12–18 g/dl) | 14.5 (1.5)** |
| ≤ 39 | 79 (70.5) | Platelet count (140–440 × 109/l) | 218 (63.6)** |
| > 39 | 33 (29.5) | Leukocyte count (4–10 × 109/l) | 5.96 (1.53)** |
| Route of transmission: | Liver fibrosis (METAVIR score): | ||
| Nosocomial and health-care associated transmission | 55 (49.1) | F0–F1 | 60 (53.6) |
| IVDU | 2 (1.8) | F2 | 33 (29.5) |
| Blood transfusion before 1993 | 9 (8) | F3 | 12 (10.7) |
| Perinatal transmission | 2 (1.8) | F4 | 3 (2.7) |
| Non-medical procedure | 1 (0.9) | Unknown | 4 (3.6) |
| Occupational exposure | 2 (1.8) | Treatment – naïve | 90 (80.4) |
| Household contact | 2 (1.8) | Treatment – experienced | 22 (19.6) |
| Unknown | 39 (34.8) | Planned treatment duration: | |
| Type of PegIFN-α: | 48 weeks | 107 (95.5) | |
| PegIFN-α2a | 54 (48.2) | 72 weeks | 5 (4.5) |
| PegIFN-α2b | 58 (51.8) | Premature PR discontinued | 54 (48.2) |
| HCV RNA level (log10 IU/ml): | 5.55 (0.65)** | ||
| ≤ 5.3 log10 (2 × 105 IU/ml) | 35 (31.2) | ||
| > 5.3 log10 (2 × 105 IU/ml) | 77 (68.7) |
Median (range)
mean (SD)
IVDU – intravenous drug use, PegIFN-α – pegylated interferon α, ALT – alanine aminotransferase, Hb – haemoglobin, PR – pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
Factors associated with sustained virological response
Overall, SVR24 was achieved in 46/112 (41.1%) patients treated for 48 or 72 weeks. Gender, baseline ALT activity, and PegIFN type did not demonstrate any association with the applied DT response, while younger age (≤ 39 years) (p = 0.001), lower pretreatment viral load (≤ 2 × 105 IU/ml) (p = 0.024), less advanced fibrosis (F ≤ 2) (p = 0.004), platelet count > 140 × 109/l (p = 0.044), and haemoglobin level within the normal range (p = 0.040) were associated with good response to DT. SVR rate was significantly higher in treatment-naïve patients than in those treatment-experienced (47.8% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.004). Additionally, loss of weight, defined as > 10% loss of baseline weight over the first 24 weeks of treatment, was associated with higher SVR rate (p = 0.038) (Table II). To select a subset of independent predictors Logistic Regression Analysis was applied (Table III). Lack of therapy experience increases the odds of achieving SVR (OR = 4.17; 1.04–16.67), whereas more advanced fibrosis and higher baseline viral load tend to decrease the probability of SVR (OR = 0.05; 0.01–0.52 and OR = 0.44; 0.17–1.13, respectively). In contrast, the weight loss is associated with higher probability of virological response (OR = 4.31; 1.37–13.60).
Table II.
Factors associated with sustained virological response
| Factors | SVR = no (N = 66)n (%) | SVR = yes (N = 46)n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: | 0.689 | ||
| Female | 31 (62.0) | 19 (38.0) | |
| Male | 35 (56.5) | 27 (43.5) | |
| Age [years]: | 25 (18–73)* | 21 (18–80)* | 0.007 |
| ≤ 39 | 39 (49.4) | 40 (50.6) | |
| > 39 | 27 (81.8) | 6 (18.2) | 0.001 |
| Fibrosis: | |||
| F ≤ 2 | 51 (54.8) | 42 (45.2) | |
| F > 2 | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0.004 |
| Type of PegIFN-α: | |||
| PegIFN-α2a | 34 (63.0) | 20 (37.0) | |
| PegIFN-α2b | 32 (55.2) | 26 (44.8) | 0.518 |
| Reduction of PegIFN-α: | |||
| No | 45 (58.4) | 32 (41.6) | |
| Yes | 21 (60.0) | 14 (40.0) | 1 |
| Reduction of PegIFN-α due to thrombocytopenia: | |||
| No | 57 (55.9) | 45 (44.1) | |
| Yes | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0.045 |
| Reduction of PegIFN-α due to neutropaenia: | |||
| No | 57 (58.2) | 41 (41.8) | |
| Yes | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | 0.885 |
| Reduction of RBV: | |||
| No | 45 (56.2) | 35 (43.8) | |
| Yes | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | 0.485 |
| Treatment – experience: | |||
| No | 47 (52.2) | 43 (47.8) | |
| Yes | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 0.004 |
| HCV RNA [IU/l]: | |||
| ≤ 2 × 105 | 15 (42.9) | 20 (57.1) | |
| > 2 × 105 | 51 (66.2) | 26 (33.8) | 0.024 |
| ALT activity: | |||
| > ULN** | 46 (64.8) | 25 (35.2) | |
| Normal value | 20 (48.8) | 21 (51.2) | 0.113 |
| Hb: | |||
| < LLN*** | 7 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| Normal value | 59 (56.2) | 46 (43.8) | 0.040 |
| Platelet: | |||
| < LLN# | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | |
| Normal value | 56 (55.4) | 45 (44.6) | 0.044 |
| Leukocyte: | |||
| < LLN& | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Normal value | 59 (57.3) | 44 (42.7) | 0.304 |
| ILS: | |||
| No | 37 (63.8) | 21 (36.2) | |
| Yes | 29 (53.7) | 25 (46.3) | 0.338 |
| Loss of body weight: | |||
| No | 56 (64.4) | 31 (35.6) | |
| Yes | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | 0.038 |
SVR – sustained virological response
median (range), PegIFN-α – pegylated interferon α, RBV – ribavirin
– upper limit of normal (ALT ≥ 33 U/l for female and ≥ 41 U/l for male), Hb – haemoglobin
– low limit of normal (Hb equal to 12 g/dl for female and 14 g/dl for male)
for platelets 140 × 109/l
for leukocyte 4 × 109/l; ILS – influenza-like symptoms.
Table III.
Predictive factors of SVR24 identified by Simple and Multiple Logistic Regression
| Parameter | Unadjusted OR (CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≤ 39 vs. > 39 years | 4.54 (1.82–14.29) | 0.002 | ||
| Liver fibrosis > 2 vs. ≤ 2 | 0.17 (0.03–0.67) | 0.026 | 0.05 (0.01–0.52) | 0.012 |
| ALT activity: ULN* vs. normal | 0.52 (0.24–1.13) | 0.099 | ||
| Haemoglobin level < LLN vs. > LLN** | 0.09 (0.0–1.86) | 0.118 | ||
| Platelet count < 140 × 109/l vs. > 140 × 109/l | 0.1 (0.01–0.78) | 0.029 | ||
| PegIFN dose reduction due to thrombocytopaenia | 0.14 (0.02–1.15) | 0.068 | ||
| Naïve vs. TE | 5.88 (1.82–25.0) | 0.006 | 4.17 (1.09–16.67) | 0.037 |
| HCV RNA level > 2 × 105 vs. ≤ 2 × 105 IU/ml | 0.38 (0.17–0.87) | 0.022 | 0.44 (0.17–1.13) | 0.089 |
| Loss of body weight | 2.71 (1.09–6.75) | 0.032 | 4.31 (1.37–13.60) | 0.013 |
ALT – alanine aminotransferase, ULN* – upper limit of normal (ALT activity ≥ 33 U/l for women and ≥ 41 U/l for men), LLN** – lower limit of normal for haemoglobin of 12 and 14 g/dl for women and men, respectively; TE – treatment – experienced, OR (CI) – odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.
Safety of treatment
Among 112 patients assigned to the therapy, 279 adverse events were reported in 96 individuals: 43 of 54 (79.6%) in the group treated with PegIFN-α2a + RBV, and 53 of 58 (91.4%) in the group treated with PegIFN-α2b + RBV. Overall, 3 (2.7%) patients discontinued therapy prematurely because of serious AEs: thrombocytopaenia with bleeding, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and increased ALT activity > 10× above the upper limit of normal. Most AEs were typical of those previously reported for DT. As shown in Table IV, the rates and types of them were similar in patients treated with both types of PegIFN. Influenza-like symptoms, fatigue, and loss of body weight were the most common AEs. Initiation of antidepressant treatment in 17 patients with depression helped them to continue with the therapy. Interferon-induced thyroiditis occurred in 11 patients, of whom 5 had hypothyroidism, 4 had hyperthyroidism, and 2 had destructive thyroiditis. Infections were observed in 14 patients. Most of them were bacterial respiratory tract infections (8 patients), urinary tract infections (4 patients), or a gastrointestinal tract disorder (acute appendicitis in 1 patient). Fever blister was recognised in one case. The most common laboratory abnormalities were anaemia and a decrease in absolute neutrophil counts < 750 cells/mm3. One patient with haemoglobin level < 7.5 g/dl needed blood transfusion.
Table IV.
Adverse events reported during therapy with PegIFN-α2a + RBV or PegIFN-α2b + RBV for 48 or 72 weeks
| Adverse events | All patients(N = 112)n (%) | Patients treated with PegIFN-α2a + RBV(N = 54)n (%) | Patients treated with PegIFN-α2b + RBV(N = 58)n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any SAE | 5 | 3 (5.5) | 2 (3.4) | |
| SAE leading to discontinuation | 3 | 2 (3.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.608 |
| Clinical AE: | ||||
| Fatigue | 33 (29.5) | 15 (27.8) | 18 (31) | 0.836 |
| ILS | 55 (49.1) | 22 (40.7) | 33 (56.9) | 0.094 |
| Depression | 17 (15.2) | 8 (14.8) | 9 (15.5) | 1 |
| Insomnia, anxiety, or irritability | 25 (22.3) | 10 (18.5) | 15 (25.9) | 0.374 |
| Rash, pruritus | 10 (8.9) | 7 (13) | 3 (5.2) | 0.192 |
| Loss of hair | 12 (10.7) | 4 (7.4) | 8 (13.8) | 0.364 |
| Loss of weight | 25 (22.3) | 9 (16.7) | 16 (27.6) | 0.181 |
| Cough | 2 (1.8) | 2 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 0.230 |
| Infections: | 14 (12.5) | 6 (11.1) | 8 (13.8) | 0.561 |
| Bacterial | 13 (11.6) | 6 (11.1) | 7 (12.1) | 0.763 |
| Viral | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 |
| Oligomenorrhoea | 3 (2.7) | 2 (3.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.608 |
| IIT | 11 (9.8) | 5 (9.3) | 6 (10.3) | 1 |
| Anorexia | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.482 |
| Laboratory AE: | ||||
| ALT activity > 10 × ULN | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 |
| Anaemia (Hb 10–8.5 g/dl) | 32 (28.6) | 16 (29.6) | 16 (27.6) | 0.837 |
| ANC < 750 cells/mm3 | 29 (25.9) | 13 (24.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.829 |
| Platelet count < 50 × 109/l | 9 (8.0) | 6 (11.1) | 3 (5.2) | 0.309 |
| RBV dose reduction due to anaemia | 32 (28.6) | 16 (29.6) | 16 (27.6) | 0.837 |
| PegIFN dose reduction: | 41 (36.6) | 22 (40.7) | 19 (32.7) | 0.316 |
| Due to ANC < 750/mm3 | 29 (25.9) | 13 (24.1) | 16 (27.6) | 0.829 |
| Due to anaemia | 3 (2.7) | 3 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0.109 |
| Due to platelet count < 50 × 109/l | 10 (8.9) | 7 (13) | 3 (5.2) | 0.309 |
SAE – serious adverse event, AE – adverse event, PegIFN-α2a – pegylated interferon α2a, PegIFN-α2b – pegylated interferon α2b, ILS – influenza-like symptoms (fever, myalgia, arthralgia), IIT – interferon-induced thyroiditis, ALT – alanine aminotransferase, ULN – upper limit of normal, Hb – haemoglobin, ANC – absolute neutrophil counts, RBV – ribavirin.
Discussion
HCV-4 infection is not common among native residents of Europe, especially in its northern region. Higher HCV-4 prevalence may be noted in western but mainly southern European countries, where it is mostly recognised in intravenous drug (IVD) users, HCV/HIV-coinfected patients, immigrants from endemic countries, and returning expatriate communities who lived in Africa [2, 12, 13]. The prevalence of HCV-4 as well as response to DT in Central and Eastern Europe are poorly documented. HCV-4 infection does not occur in the Czech Republic and Russia, is very low in Hungary (1.7%), medium in Austria (5.2%), and for Romania, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, and Ukraine there is no data available [2, 14]. In Poland, HCV-4 is recognised in 4.9%, 24.0%, and 4.8% of HCV-monoinfected, HCV/HIV-coinfected, and HCV/HBV-coinfected individuals, respectively [4]. Our data confirm this, as well: 18 out of 20 patients withdrawn from the analysis were HIV-coinfected while only two carried also HBV. The analysed group consisted mostly of young individuals where the most common mode of transmission was nosocomial and health-care associated contact, mainly in childhood. This stands in opposition to the studies from other countries where median age of patients was higher (45 years in France, 44 years in Greece, 39 years in Spain), and the predominant route of HCV transmission was IVD abuse [12, 13, 15–18]. In our group, a low percentage of patients with advanced fibrosis (F3–F4), recognised only in 13.4% of the treated individuals, is particularly striking. The proportion of patients with advanced fibrosis was higher in Spanish (21%), French (24.2%), and Greek patients (58.4%) [12, 13, 15]. Two prospective studies from Austria SVR24 achieved 50% and 43.5% of patients treated with PegIFN-α2a + RBV for 48 or 72 weeks, respectively [19]. The limitation was the small HCV-4-infected patient groups. In the French group presented by Roulot et al., 40.3% of patients achieved SVR24 [12]. Papastergiou et al. received a similar result in Greek patients (43.6%) [13]. By contrast, in a Spanish study 52.7% of treated patients achieved SVR24 [17]. Here, the response rate was lower, and only 41.1% of patients had SVR24. Interestingly, except for Spaniards, there is a similar SVR24 rate in the majority of European groups, regardless of their country of origin. In the multivariable analysis, we found the following factors to be independently associated with SVR: less advanced fibrosis, lower pretreatment viral load, lack of previous treatment experience, and loss of weight. There is no unequivocal consensus on positive predictors of SVR in HCV-4-infected patients. According to the available results of European studies, the most commonly listed is absence of advanced liver fibrosis and lack of previous history of HCV treatment [12, 13, 18]. Our results confirm this as well. As determined in the studied population, an additional predictive factor of SVR not analysed in the available literature was loss of body weight. Weight loss during therapy without a concurrent RBV dose reduction may result in blood RBV concentration increase. It was demonstrated that in patients receiving RBV at a dose > 10.6 mg/kg, regardless of viral genotype or its load, the response rate was significantly higher than in patients receiving RBV at a dose ≤ 10.6 mg/kg. Patients receiving RBV at a dose > 13.2 mg/kg achieved the highest SVR. Probably we observed the same effect in the studied population.
Conclusions
This is the first study presenting the DT results in Polish adult patients infected with HCV-4. While we are aware that the era of interferon-based regimens has already passed and they are no longer the main focus of scientists and physicians supervising treatments in HCV-infected patients, we still consider identification of a homogenous group of HCV-infected patients from Europe and its detailed characteristics to be an important contribution to the general knowledge on the infection epidemiology on the European continent. Also, we demonstrate differences in the demographic characteristics and severity of the condition among Polish patients and those of other European countries. The SVR rate achieved in HCV-4-infected patients in our study was low. The following factors were demonstrated to be independently associated with SVR: less advanced fibrosis, lower pretreatment viral load, lack of previous treatment experience, and body weight loss.
Conflict of interest
Dorota Kozielewicz: speaking and teaching: Roche, Gilead, BMS, AbbVie. Grzegorz Madej: speaking and teaching: Roche, AbbVie. Anna Grabińska and Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz do not have any disclosures to report.
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