The cost of asthma medicines

SUMMARY

Most adults and adolescents with asthma require a preventer inhaler. In Australia these patients are often prescribed a combination inhaler containing a corticosteroid and a long-acting beta₂ agonist.

These combination inhalers increase the cost of treatment for patients and for government and may not provide extra benefit. Many patients can control their asthma using an inhaled corticosteroid alone for prevention of symptoms and flare-ups.

Most of the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids are obtained at low doses. To achieve these benefits it is important to check that the patient is using their inhaler correctly and regularly.

Shared decision making includes discussing the options for treatment. Offering a more affordable preventer regimen could aid adherence and lead to improved outcomes.

Introduction

Australian guidelines recommend that most adults and adolescents with asthma should be taking a preventer inhaler. This is to minimise symptoms, prevent a decline in lung function, and to reduce the risk of exacerbations and asthma-related death.1 For the majority of patients, most of these benefits can be achieved with low-dose inhaled corticosteroids (e.g. beclometasone 200 micrograms/day, budesonide 400 micrograms/day, ciclesonide 160 micrograms/day or fluticasone propionate 200 micrograms/day). However, in Australia, most patients are prescribed inhaled corticosteroids in combination with long-acting beta₂ agonists,2,3 often at moderate or high doses.2 This is common practice, despite these combination products not being subsidised by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for the initial treatment of asthma.

Adherence is higher with combination inhalers than it is with inhaled corticosteroids alone. However, Australian data show that less than 20% of patients are being dispensed enough of either of these types of preventer inhaler to be taking their treatment regularly.2

Cost considerations

Out-of-pocket cost is a major factor contributing to poor adherence to treatment,4 including in Australia5 where most medicines are subsidised by the PBS. Patients may not necessarily be comfortable telling a doctor their concerns about prescription costs, but pharmacists frequently see cost-related decisions being made at the point of purchase. This is particularly the case for asthma, since short-acting reliever inhalers, such as salbutamol, are cheaper than inhaled corticosteroids and have a rapid effect. However, reliance on reliever inhalers, especially without a preventer, increases the risks of severe asthma exacerbations.6

Many clinicians are not aware that the average cost for patients with most low-dose corticosteroid-only preventers is substantially lower than treatment with a combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta₂ agonist. There are several options for prescribing low-dose preventers for adults that give the lowest average monthly out-of-pocket cost for the patient. Consider the dose, the frequency of administration and the number of actuations (single metered doses) in each inhaler (see Table). When averaged over a year, the cost of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid can be strikingly low, as little as 15–30% of the out-of-pocket cost of any combination inhaler.

Table. Minimising the costs of asthma therapy .

Drug	Formulation (micrograms per actuation)	Maximum price to patient per script		Total actuations per script	Regimen to achieve low total inhaled corticosteroid dose* (actuations)	Number of months supply from one script	Maximum cost to patient per month (30 days)
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid-only treatment
		General	Concession				General	Concession
Budesonide (dry powder inhaler)	400	$39.50	$6.40	200	1 once daily	6.7	$5.93	$0.96
Ciclesonide (pressurised metered-dose inhaler)	160	$39.50	$6.40	120	1 once daily	4.0	$9.88	$1.60
Beclometasone (pressurised metered-dose inhaler)	100	$39.09	$6.40	200	2 once daily (or 1 twice daily)	3.3	$11.73	$1.94
Fluticasone (dry powder inhaler)	100	$24.16	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1.0	$24.16	$6.40

Drug	Formulation (micrograms per actuation)	Maximum price to patient per script		Total actuations per script	Regimen to achieve low total inhaled corticosteroid dose* (actuations)	Number of months supply from one script	Maximum cost to patient per month (30 days)
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2 agonist combination treatment
		General	Concession				General	Concession
Budesonide/formoterol (eformoterol) (dry powder inhaler)	100/6	$39.50	$6.40	120	2 twice daily	1	$39.50	$6.40
Budesonide/formoterol (eformoterol) (dry powder inhaler)	200/6	$39.50	$6.40	120	2 once daily (or 1 twice daily)	2	$19.75	$3.20
Fluticasone propionate/formoterol (eformoterol) (pressurised metered-dose inhaler)	50/5	$39.50	$6.40	120	2 twice daily	1	$39.50	$6.40
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (dry powder inhaler)	100/50	$39.50	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1	$39.50	$6.40

Drug	Formulation (micrograms per actuation)	Maximum price to patient per script		Total actuations per script	Regimen to achieve low total inhaled corticosteroid dose* (actuations)	Number of months supply from one script	Maximum cost to patient per month (30 days)
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2 agonist treatment in separate inhalers †
		General	Concession				General	Concession
Ciclesonide (pressurised metered-dose inhaler)	160	$39.50	$6.40	120	1 once daily	4.0	-	-
• with formoterol (eformoterol) (dry powder inhaler) OR	6	$33.24	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1.0	Total $43.12	Total $8.00
• with salmeterol (dry powder inhaler)	50	$39.50	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1.0	Total $49.38	Total $8.00
Beclometasone (pressurised metered-dose inhaler)	100	$39.09	$6.40	200	2 once daily (or 1 twice daily)	3.3	-	-
• with formoterol (eformoterol) (dry powder inhaler) OR	6	$33.24	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1.0	Total $44.97	Total $8.34
• with salmeterol (dry powder inhaler)	50	$39.50	$6.40	60	1 twice daily	1.0	Total $51.23	Total $8.34

* The low total daily inhaled corticosteroid dose is based on the Australian Asthma Handbook table of inhaled corticosteroid doses for adults – www.asthmahandbook.org.au/table/show/22. For each drug, this column shows how to prescribe a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid regimen with the lowest patient copayment. These regimens are based on the recommended number of actuations and dosing frequency in the approved product information. The calculations were based on 2018 costs and copayments, available from www.pbs.gov.au.

† Separate inhalers should only be prescribed if a suitable combination inhaler is not available, and the clinician is certain that the patient will continue to take the inhaled corticosteroid regularly, and the patient can use the two different inhaler devices correctly.

Inhaled corticosteroids are very effective – low dose and affordable cost do not mean low benefit

For most patients, 80–90% of the benefit of inhaled corticosteroids is obtained with low doses, if taken regularly and correctly. For example, in a large community study, the risk of dying of asthma was lower for patients who were dispensed four or more low-dose corticosteroid inhalers per year compared with those who received none.7 In a large randomised controlled trial, the risk of serious exacerbations (emergency department visits, hospitalisations, death) was also halved and symptoms were significantly reduced with regular use of budesonide 400 micrograms/day, even in patients with symptoms as infrequent as once a week or less.8

Using a preventer inhaler correctly reduces treatment costs

Patients can save costs by using their inhaler correctly. If their inhaler technique is incorrect, the drug is being wasted, as it does not reach the airways. This is the case for such a high proportion of patients (up to 80%) that inhaler technique can be assumed to be incorrect until proven otherwise. Health professionals need to know the correct technique for the type of inhaler being prescribed, and watch the patient using it. Clear step-by-step videos are available online (www.nationalasthma.org.au/health-professionals/how-to-videos, www.nps.org.au/medical-info/consumer-info/inhaler-devices-for-respiratory-medicines).

Book a review visit if treatment has been started or changed

Patients usually start to feel the benefit from inhaled corticosteroids quite quickly, within 1–2 weeks, and they continue to improve for up to 18 months. If their asthma symptoms are still not controlled after 2–3 months, check adherence and inhaler technique before considering stepping up treatment to a combination of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta₂ agonist.

Combining a corticosteroid with a long-acting beta₂ agonist reduces exacerbations on average by 20%. These can be reduced further if low-dose budesonide/formoterol (eformoterol) is prescribed as ‘maintenance and reliever therapy’, that is as both the patient’s regular maintenance inhaler (usually twice daily) and as their reliever inhaler (instead of salbutamol). However, contrary to expectations, adding a long-acting beta₂ agonist has surprisingly little effect on the use of reliever inhalers.9 After asthma has been well-controlled for 2–3 months, treatment can be gradually stepped down to find the patient’s minimum effective dose.

Shared decision making improves asthma outcomes

Shared decision making, either when treatment is first discussed or at a review visit, improves adherence and asthma outcomes.10 As clinicians, we need to be aware of the contribution out-of-pocket costs have to patients’ day-to-day adherence, and to know the cost implications of what we prescribe. For some patients, offering a more affordable option may make the difference between their choosing to take a regular preventer inhaler, and ‘making do’ with a reliever alone, with the attendant risk of worse outcomes. Given the difference in cost, many patients may be interested in trying an inhaled corticosteroid-only inhaler first, rather than a combination inhaler, if the likely benefit and its time course are explained.