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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 19.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2017 Mar 29;543(7647):637–646. doi: 10.1038/nature21701

Figure 3. Experiments quantifying effects on π-stacking interactions.

Figure 3

a, Substituent effects on π-stacking interactions detected using molecular torsion balance 3.1 (shown unfolded and folded); Δ Go = –RTlnKeq. b, Transition-state interaction energies (Δ GTS) of rings 2 and 3 during conversion of pyridine of 3.2 (left) to methyl pyridinium (right) using methyl iodide (MeI).