Abstract
Introduction
High pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) candidates is a risk factor of right ventricle failure after the procedure. However, the increase of PVR may be a consequence of the life-threatening deterioration of the left ventricle function. The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) seems to be the best solution, but it is reimbursed only in active OHT candidates.
Aim
We performed a retrospective analysis of MCS effectiveness in maintaining PVR at values accepted for OHT.
Material and methods
Starting from the year 2008 we identified 6 patients (all males, 42.8 ±17 years old) with dilated (n = 3), ischemic (n = 2), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (n = 1) in whom MCS – pulsatile left ventricle assist device (LVAD, n = 4), continuous flow LVAD (n = 1), and pulsatile biventricular assist device (BIVAD, n = 1) – was used at a time when PVR was unacceptable for OHT, and the reversibility test with nitroprusside was negative. After an average time of support of 261 ±129 days they were all transplanted.
Results
Right heart catheterization (RHC) results before MCS implantation were as follows: pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure (PAPs/d/m) 60 ±20/28 ±7/40 ±11 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 21 ±7 mm Hg, transpulmonary gradient (TPG) 19 ±7 mm Hg, cardiac output (CO) 3.6 ±0.8 l/min, PVR 5.7 ±2.1 Wood units (WU). Right heart catheterization results during MCS therapy were as follows: PAPs/d/s 27 ±11/12 ±4/17 ±6 mm Hg, PCWP 10 ±4 mm Hg, TPG 7 ±4 mm Hg, CO 5.1 ±0.7 l/min, PVR 1.4 ±0.6 WU. None of the patients experienced right ventricle failure after OHT with only one early loss due to multiorgan failure.
Conclusions
Mechanical circulatory support is an effective method of pulmonary hypertension treatment for patients disqualified for OHT due to high PVR.
Keywords: heart transplant candidacy, mechanical circulatory support
Streszczenie
Wstęp
Duże wartości naczyniowego oporu płucnego (PVR) u pacjentów kwalifikowanych do ortotopowego przeszczepienia serca (OHT) niosą ze sobą wysokie ryzyko wystąpienia niewydolności prawokomorowej przeszczepionego serca. Wzrost PVR może jednak wynikać z progresji niewydolności serca do stopnia bezpośrednio zagrażającego życiu pacjenta. Rozwiązaniem, które umożliwia zarówno utrzymanie pacjenta przy życiu, jak i obniżenie PVR do stopnia pozwalającego na wykonanie OHT, jest zastosowanie mechanicznego wspomagania krążenia (MCS). Jest ono jednak refundowane jedynie jako leczenie pomostowe do OHT.
Cel
Retrospektywna ocena materiału własnego, której celem było ustalenie prawdopodobieństwa zakwalifikowania do OHT pacjenta po zastosowaniu MCS.
Materiał i metody
Od 2008 r. zidentyfikowano 6 pacjentów (mężczyźni w wieku 42,8 ±17 lat) z kardiomiopatią rozstrzeniową (n = 3), uszkodzeniem niedokrwiennym (n = 2) i kardiomiopatią restrykcyjną (n = 1). Mechaniczne wspomaganie krążenia zastosowano u pacjentów z ciężką niewydolnością serca, u których ze względu na duże wartości PVR bez zadowalających cech odwracalności niemożliwe było wykonanie OHT.
Wyniki
W pomiarach ciśnień i oporów płucnych przed zastosowaniem MCS uzyskano następujące wyniki: ciśnienia w tętnicy płucnej – skurczowe, rozkurczowe i średnie (PAs/PAd/PAs) 60 ±20/28 ±7/40 ±11 mm Hg, ciśnienie zaklinowania (PCW) 21 ±7 mm Hg, gradient przezpłucny (TPG) 19 ±7 mm Hg, minutowy rzut serca (CO) 3,6 ±0,8 l/min, PVR 5,7 ±2,1 j. Wooda. Próby odwracalności przeprowadzone z nitroprusydkiem sodu u żadnego z pacjentów nie doprowadziły do obniżenia PVR < 2,5 j. Wooda bez spadku ciśnienia skurczowego w aorcie < 85 mm Hg. U 5 pacjentów zastosowano wspomaganie lewokomorowe, z czego u 4 zewnętrzną pompą pulsacyjną typu POLVAD, a u 1 pacjenta pompą wszczepialną typu Heart Mate II. U 1 pacjenta zastosowano wspomaganie obukomorowe zewnętrznymi pompami pulsacyjnymi typu POLVAD. Czas wspomagania wyniósł 261 ±129 dni. U wszystkich pacjentów w trakcie stosowania MCS wykazano obniżenie się PVR < 2,5 j. Wooda bez konieczności prowadzenia prób odwracalności: PAs/PAd/PAs 27 ±11/12 ±4/17 ±6 mm Hg, PCW 10 ±4 mm Hg, TPG 7 ±4 mm Hg, CO 5,1 ±0,7 l/min, PVR 1,4 ±0,6 j. Wooda. U wszystkich pacjentów wykonano OHT, w 1 przypadku nastąpiło wczesne niepowodzenie w przebiegu zespołu niewydolności wielonarządowej.
Wniosek
Zastosowanie MCS jest skuteczną metodą obniżenia PVR u pacjentów wykluczonych wcześniej z OHT z powodu nadciśnienia płucnego.
Introduction
Fifty percent of patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) are bridged to this procedure with mechanical circulatory support (MCS), which proves that MCS is becoming the standard of treatment for end-stage heart failure patients unable to wait any longer for a suitable heart donor [1]. The growing role of MCS as a bridge to transplantation was recognized by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), with its class I guideline in the current statement covering options for chronic and acute heart failure therapy [2]. However, the use of MCS in patients with contraindications for OHT seems to be more weakly justified from the scientific point of view, and there is very little support from the national organization responsible for the reimbursement to pay for this costly procedure in such a setting.
Pulmonary hypertension with high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a very often diagnosed contraindication for OHT. It is a direct consequence of the left ventricle failure characterized with high diastolic pressure obstructing the collection of blood from the pulmonary vessels. The occurrence of this situation grows with the increasing time of waiting for OHT, and with the progression of the heart failure, which creates the situation where the patient who needs the donor heart the most desperately is at the highest risk of being disqualified for the procedure [3]. Fortunately, it is not a contraindication to use MCS therapy, but how high is the level of the certainty that this treatment is able to compromise PVR in order to perform OHT with acceptable risk of early right ventricle failure?
Aim
To address this question we performed a retrospective analysis of all patients in whom MCS was introduced at the time when PVR was unacceptable to perform OHT, but thanks to this therapy they were accepted for transplantation and eventually underwent the procedure.
Material and methods
Starting with the year 2008 we identified all patients in whom MCS was introduced at a time when pulmonary hypertension assessed using a Swan-Ganz catheter during right heart catheterization (RHC) was presumed unacceptable for transplantation: PVR was over 3.0 Wood units (WU), and in the reversibility test performed using sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerine there was no drop of PVR < 2.5 WU, or it was observed along with a decrease of systolic pressure in the aorta below 85 mm Hg in the direct invasive measurement. In patients with multiple RHC results only the one preceding MCS implantation was taken into consideration. Additionally, we accepted only the patients with RHC performed during MCS therapy in whom we eventually performed OHT.
With these entry criteria we enrolled 6 patients: all males, average age 42.8 ±17 years. Etiology of the heart failure was dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 3), ischemic heart disease (n = 2), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (n = 1). They were treated with the following types of MCS: pulsatile left ventricle assist device (LVAD, n = 4), continuous flow LVAD (n = 1), and pulsatile biventricular assist device (BIVAD, n = 1).
Results
The results of RHC before and during MCS therapy are presented as an average and a standard deviation in Figure 1, and as a range and a median in Figure 2. Only the results of the basic PVR measurement, and not the reversibility test performed before MCS placement, are presented graphically.
Fig. 1.
The results of RHC before and during MCS therapy presented as an average and a standard deviation
Fig. 2.
The results of RHC before and during MCS therapy presented as a range and a median
Pulmonary vascular resistance did not reach 2.5 WU in any of the RHC performed at the time of MCS; therefore reversible tests were not performed.
All patients successfully underwent OHT after 127–437 days of MCS support (median: 252.0, average: 260.7 ±129.4 days). The only early loss occurred in the 6th week after the procedure and was due to multiorgan failure. In all other patients at least 1-year follow-up is completed. None of the patients suffered from the significant right failure requiring more than standard pharmacological management.
Discussion
With the series of cases described above we were able to demonstrate that MCS is not only a safety bridge therapy in heart failure patients awaiting a suitable heart donor, but it is an effective way of pulmonary hypertension treatment in order to achieve PVR acceptable for OHT candidates. To make this conclusion unambiguous we decided to include only those patients in whom OHT was eventually performed, considering transplantation as the ultimate clinical verification of the proper qualification for this procedure. However, it should be underlined that we confirmed the expected PVR drop in all MCS patients in whom RHC was performed, while they recovered until MCS cessation, continued therapy awaiting OHT, or unfortunately died on MCS. Similarly to the enrolled individuals, none of these additional patients required a reversibility test during PVR assessment on MCS therapy. Finally, none of the patients matching enrollment criteria was excluded from the study. The natural limitation that was the consequence of this approach was a small number of patients participating in the study.
Left ventricle assist device support is a potent method of left ventricle unloading that is not available for pharmacological means, with the additional ability to mitigate a mitral regurgitation with the hemodynamic effect that is very close to the valve repair procedure [4, 5]. In fact, the group of patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension falling into the criteria of OHT should be strongly considered as MCS candidates due to the lack of an effective alternative method of treatment. The legal problem is that the majority of national agencies responsible for MCS reimbursement do not recognize this category of patients, despite being identified in guidelines of both the ESC and ISHLT as individuals bridged to candidacy. While the acceptance to finance MCS treatment is limited worldwide to the bridge to transplantation scenario, it is expected that all MCS candidates will be placed on the official heart transplant waiting list [2, 5]. With the results of this study we want to raise the argument that it is acceptable to qualify MCS candidates for OHT if high PVR is the only contraindication to the surgery.
Although our experience is still very limited in numbers, our conclusion can be supported not only with the explicit results, but also with the univocal tone of all available publications worldwide considering MCS a successful method of bridging to transplantation even in patients with so-called fixed pulmonary hypertension [6–11]. The majority of these reports documented the result of treatment with continuous flow implantable LVADs, which is becoming the predominant method of MCS use. However, the support from pulsatile pumps is described as equally successful in a number of patients with compromised PVR, even if less impressive in numeric results achieved during RHC [12].
Disclosure
Authors report no conflict of interest.
Biography
References
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