Adult-onset Generalized Dystonia as the Main Manifestation of MEGDEL Syndrome

Abstract

Background

MEGDEL syndrome (3-MethylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome) is a severe neurometabolic disease with infantile onset.

Phenomenology Shown

Progressive and marked dystonia over a 6-year period in an adult male with MEGDEL syndrome.

Educational Value

Generalized dystonia may be the main manifestation of a milder form of MEGDEL syndrome, which begins during adulthood.

A 31-year-old male with a history of mild psychomotor delay was referred for generalized dystonia with chorea-like movements (Video 1). At 24 years old, he had a few episodes of subacute encephalopathy triggered by fever and then developed cervical dystonia. Dystonia gradually worsened to become generalized dystonia. He also developed progressive lower limb spasticity and hyperkinetic dysarthria. There was no sign of cerebellar dysfunction or parkinsonism.

Video 1. MEDGEL Syndrome in Adulthood Revealed by Generalized Dystonia and Spasticity. 2010: cervical dystonia, mild lower limb spasticity, dysarthria. 2012: generalized dystonia, worsening of lower limb spasticity. 2016: worsening of generalized dystonia, spasticity and dysarthria.

Download video file ^{(20.1MB, mp4)}

Because symptoms began and worsened after fever episodes, an inborn error of energy metabolism was suspected. However, investigations of intermediary metabolism (plasma ammonia, lactate, amino acids, acylcarnitines, phytanic acid, pristanic acid, and urine organic acids) were normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral shrunken striata, suggestive of Leigh syndrome (Figure 1). Electromyography showed severe axonal neuropathy and a visual evoked potential revealed a bilateral optic neuropathy. Audiograms were normal. Mitochondrial investigations on the patient’s muscle biopsy (immunohistochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activities, quantity, size, and sequencing of the entire mitochondrial DNA) were normal. Nonetheless, a gene panel dedicated to mitochondrial diseases identified compound heterozygous variants in SERAC1. The first variant (c.1347-1350dupATCT, p.Val451fs) had already been reported in MEGDEL syndrome (3-MethylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome). The second variant (c.1598C>T, p.Pro533Leu) was predicted to be pathogenic by three in silico prediction software programs (SIFT, Polyphen-2, and GVGD). The parents’ blood DNA was not available for testing. A control of urine organic acids showed mild 3-methylglutaconic aciduria.

Figure 1. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Basal ganglia with hyperintense signal (arrows) on axial T2-weighted image (A), corresponding to hypointense signal and atrophy (arrows) on axial T1-weighted image (B).

MEGDEL syndrome is a rare disorder caused by bi-allelic mutations in SERAC1, which encodes a protein of the mitochondrial membrane.¹ Typically, the phenotype is one of major motor (dystonia and spasticity) and intellectual disability that starts early in life and is associated with deafness; most patients never learn to speak or walk.² 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria is a cardinal biological marker of the disease and the MRI pattern evolves from the pathognomonic “putaminal eyes” to shrinking and atrophy of the basal ganglia over the disease course.³

Our observation illustrates that adult-onset generalized dystonia can be the main manifestation in milder atypical forms of MEGDEL syndrome. Brain abnormalities suggested by MRI could be a good clue to the diagnosis whereas the 3-methylglutaconic aciduria level may fluctuate and can be transiently undetectable.