Skip to main content
Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann logoLink to Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann
. 1989 Jun;80(6):493–498. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1989.tb01664.x

Coordinate Control of S Phase Onset and Thymidine Kinase Expression

Glenn B Knight 1, Jean M Gudas 1, Arthur B Pardee †,
PMCID: PMC5917798  PMID: 2503467

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (416.8 KB).

REFERENCES

  • 1. ) Baserga , R. “ The Biology of Cell Reproduction ” ( 1985. ). Harvard University Press; , Cambridge , Mass ). [Google Scholar]
  • 2. ) Pardee , A. B.Molecules involved in proliferation of normal and cancer cells: Presidential address . Cancer Res. , 47 , 1488 – 1491 ( 1987. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. ) Goustin , A. S. , Leof , E. B. , Shipley , G. D. and Moses , H. L.Growth factors and cancer . Cancer Res. , 46 , 1015 – 1029 ( 1986. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. ) Rozengurt , E.Early signals in the mitogenic response . Science , 234 , 161 – 166 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. ) Hatakeyama , M. and Taniguchi , T.Dysregulation of growth factor‐receptor system in cellular transformation . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 79 , 885 – 901 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. ) Stiles , C. D. , Isberg , R. R. , Pledger , W. J. , Antoniades , H. N. and Scher , C. D.Control of the Balb/c‐3T3 cell cycle by nutrients and serum factors: analysis using platelet‐derived growth factor and platelet‐poor plasma . J. Cell. Physiol. , 99 , 395 – 405 ( 1979. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. ) Pledger , W. J. , Stiles , C. D. , Antoniades , H. N. and Scher , C. D.An ordered sequence of events is required before Balb/c‐3T3 cells become committed to DNA synthesis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 75 , 2839 – 2843 ( 1978. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. ) Campisi , J. and Pardee , A. B.Post‐transcriptional control of the onset of DNA synthesis by an insulin‐like growth factor . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 4 , 1807 – 1814 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. ) Cochran , B. H. , Reffel , A. C. and Stiles , C. D.Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet‐derived growth factor . Cell , 33 , 939 – 949 ( 1983. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. ) Hirschhorn , R. R. , Aller , R. , Yuan , Z‐A. , Gibson , C. W. and Baserga , R.Cell‐cycle‐specific cDNAs from mammalian cells temperature sensitive for growth . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81 , 6004 – 6008 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. ) Almendral , J. M. , Sommer , D. , Macdonald‐Bravo , H. , Burckhardt , J. , Perera , J. and Bravo , R.Complexity of the early genetic response to growth factors in mouse fibro‐blasts . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 8 , 2140 – 2148 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. ) Ryder , K. , Lau , L. F. and Nathans , D.A gene activated by growth factors is related to the oncogene v-jun. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 85 , 1487 – 1491 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. ) Greenberg , M. E. and Ziff , E. B.Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c‐fos proto‐oncogene . Nature , 311 , 433 – 438 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. ) Müller , R. , Bravo , R. , Burckhardt , J. and Curran , T.Induction of c‐fos gene and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c‐myc . Nature , 312 , 716 – 720 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. ) Kruijer , W. , Cooper , J. A. , Hunter , T. and Verma , I. M.PDGF induces rapid but transient expression of the c‐fos gene . Nature , 312 , 711 – 716 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. ) Yang , H. C. and Pardee , A. B.Insulin‐like growth factor I regulation of transcription and replicating enzyme induction necessary for DNA synthesis . J. Cell. Physiol. , 127 , 410 – 416 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. ) Leof , E. B. , Van Wyk , J. J. , O'Keefe , E. J. and Pledger , W. J.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is required only during the traverse of early G1 in PDGF stimulated density‐arrested BALB/c‐3T3 cells . Exp. Celt Res. , 147 , 202 – 208 ( 1983. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. ) Pardee , A. B.A restriction point for control of normal animal cell proliferation . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 71 , 1286 – 1290 ( 1974. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. ) Rossow , P. W. , Riddle , V. G. H. and Pardee , A. B.Synthesis of labile serum dependent protein in early G1 controls animal cell growth . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76 , 4446 – 4450 ( 1979. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. ) Croy , R. G. and Pardee , A. B.Enhanced synthesis and stabilization of Mr 68,000 protein in transformed BALB/c‐3T3 cells: candidate for restriction point control of cell growth . Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA , 80 , 4699 – 703 ( 1983. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. ) Yanishevsky , R. M. and Stein , G. H.Regulation of the cell cycle in eucaryotic cells . Int. Rev. Cytol. , 69 , 223 – 259 ( 1981. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. ) Rao , P. N. , Sunkara , P. S. and Wilson , B. A.Regulation of DNA synthesis: age‐dependent cooperation among G1 cells upon fusion . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 74 , 2869 – 2873 ( 1977. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. ) Jazwinski , S. M. , Wang , J. L. and Edelman , G. M.Initiation of replication in chromosomal DNA induced by extracts from proliferating cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 73 , 2231 – 2235 ( 1976. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. ) Gurdon , J. B.On the origin and persistence of a cytoplasmic state inducing nuclear DNA synthesis in frogs' eggs . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 58 , 545 – 552 ( 1967. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. ) Roberts , J. M. and ĎUrso , G.An origin unwinding activity regulates initiation of DNA replication during mammalian cell cycle . Science , 241 , 1486 – 1489 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. ) Kornberg , A.DNA replication . J. Biol. Chem. , 263 , 1 – 4 ( 1988. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. ) Coppock , D. L. and Pardee , A. B.Regulation of thymidine kinase activity in the cell cycle by a labile protein . J, Cell Physiol. , 124 , 269 – 274 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. ) Yusa , T. , Yamaguchi , Y. , Ohwada , H. , Hayashi , Y. , Kuroiwa , N. , Morita , T. , Asanagi , M. , Moriyama , Y. and Fujimura , S.Activity of the cytosolic isozyme of thymidine kinase in human primary lung tumors with reference to malignancy . Cancer Res. , 48 , 5001 – 5006 ( 1988. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. ) Lai , M‐H. T. and Weber , G.Increased concentration of thymidine kinase in rat hepatomas . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 111 , 280 – 287 ( 1983. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. ) Claycomb , W. C.DNA synthesis and DNA enzymes in terminally differentiating cardiac muscle cells . Exp. Cell Res. , 118 , 111 – 114 ( 1979. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. ) Merrill , G. F. , Harland , R. M. , Groudine , M. and McKnight , S. L.Genetic and physical analysis of the chicken tk gene . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 4 , 1769 – 1776 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. ) Sherley , J. L. and Kelly , T. J.Human cytosolic thymidine kinase . J. Biol Chem. , 263 , 375 – 382 ( 1988. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. ) Sherley , J. L. and Kelly , T. J.Regulation of human thymidine kinase during the cell cycle . J. Biol. Chem. , 263 , 8350 – 8358 ( 1988. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. ) Perucho , M. , Hanahan , D. , Lipsich , L. and Wigler , M.Isolation of the chicken thymidine kinase gene by plasmid rescue . Nature , 285 , 207 – 210 ( 1980. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. ) Merrill , G. F. , Hauschka , S. D. and McKnight , S. L.tk Enzyme expression in differentiating muscle cells is regulated through an internal segment of the cellular tk gene . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 4 , 1777 – 1784 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. ) Lewis , J. A.Structure and expression of the Chinese hamster thymidine kinase gene . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 6 , 1988 – 2010 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37. ) Lin , P. F. , Lieberman , H. F. , Yey , D‐B. , Xu , T. , Zhau , S‐Y. and Ruddle , F. H.Molecular cloning and structural analysis of murine thymidine kinase genomic and cDNA sequences . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 5 , 3149 – 3156 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. ) Hofbauer , R. , Mullner , E. , Seiser , C. and Wintersberger , E.Cell cycle regulated synthesis of stable mouse thymidine kinase mRNA is mediated by a sequence within the cDNA . Nucleic Acids Res. , 15 , 741 – 752 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. ) Murphy , A. J. M. and Efstratiadis , A.Cloning vectors for expression of cDNA libraries in mammalian cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 84 , 8277 – 8281 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. ) Bradshaw , H. D. , Jr. and Deininger , P. L.Human thymidine kinase gene: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA expressible in mammalian cells . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 4 , 2316 – 2320 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. ) Flemington , E. , Bradshaw , H. D. , Jr. , Traina‐Dorge , V. , Slagel , V. and Deininger , P. L.Sequence, structure and promoter characterization of the human thymidine kinase gene . Gene , 52 , 267 – 277 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. ) Kwoh , T. J. and Engler , J. A.The nucleotide sequence of the chicken thymidine kinase gene and the relationship of its predicted polypeptide to that of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase . Nucleic Acids Res. , 12 , 3959 – 3971 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. ) Darnell , J. E. , Jr.Variety in the level of gene control in eucaryotic cells . Nature , 297 , 365 – 371 ( 1982. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. ) Dynan , W. S. and Tjian , R.Control of eucaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence‐specific DNA‐binding proteins . Nature , 316 , 774 – 778 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. ) Maniatis , T. , Goodbourn , S. and Fischer , J. A.Regulation of inducible and tissue‐specific gene expression . Science , 236 , 1237 – 1245 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. ) Johnson , L. F. , Rao , L. G. and Muench , A. G.Regulation of thymidine kinase enzyme level in serum stimulated mouse 3T6 fibroblasts . Exp. Cell Res. , 138 , 79 – 85 ( 1982. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. ) Stuart , P. , Ito , M. , Stewart , C. and Conrad , S. E.Induction of cellular thymidine kinase occurs at the mRNA level . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 5 , 1490 – 1497 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. ) Stewart , C. J. , Ito , M. and Conrad , S. E.Evidence for transcriptional and post‐transcriptional control of the cellular thymidine kinase gene . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 7 , 1156 – 1163 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. ) Coppock , D. L. , and Pardee , A. B.Control of thymidine kinase mRNA during the cell cycle . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 7 , 2925 – 2932 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. ) Ptashne , M.How eucaryotic transcriptional activators work . Nature , 335 , 683 – 689 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. ) Fried , M. and Crothers , D. M.Equilibria and kinetics of Lac repressor operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Nucleic Acids Res. , 9 , 6505 – 6525 ( 1981. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52. ) Garner , M. M. and Revzin , A.A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the E. coli lactose operon regulatory system . Nucleic Acids Res. , 9 , 3047 – 3060 ( 1981. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. ) Knight , G. B. , Gudas , J. M. , and Pardee , A. B.Cell‐cycle‐specific interaction of nuclear DNA‐binding proteins with a CCAAT sequence from the human thymidine kinase gene . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 84 , 8350 – 8354 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. ) Kreidberg , J. A. and Kelly , T. J.Genetic analysis of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 6 , 2903 – 2909 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. ) Sen , R. and Baltimore , D.Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences . Cell , 46 , 705 – 716 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56. ) Weinberger , J. , Baltimore , D. and Sharp , P. A.Distinct factors bind to apparently homologous sequences in the immunoglobulin heavy‐chain enhancer . Nature , 322 , 846 – 848 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57. ) Staudt , L. M , Singh , H. , Sen , R. , Wirth , T. , Sharp , P. A. and Baltimore , D. A.lymphoid‐specific protein binding to the octamer motif of immunoglobulin genes . Nature , 323 , 640 – 643 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. ) Cohen , R. B. , Sheffery , M. and Kim , C. G.Partial purification of a nuclear protein that binds to the CCAAT box of the mouse αl‐globin gene . Mol Cell. Biol. , 6 , 821 – 832 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. ) Jones , K. A. , Kadonaga , J. T. , Rosenfeld , P. J. , Kelly , T. J. and Tjian , R.A cellular DNA‐binding protein that activates eucaryotic transcription and DNA replication . Cell , 48 , 79 – 89 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60. ) Landshulz , W. H. , Johnson , P. F. , Adashi , E. Y. , Graves , B. J. and McKnight , S. L.Isolation of a recombinant copy of the gene encoding C/EBP . Genes Dev. , 2 , 786 – 800 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. ) Dorn , A. , Bollekens , J. , Staub , A. , Benoist , C. and Mathis , D.A multiplicity of CCAAT box‐binding proteins . Cell , 50 , 863 – 872 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. ) Chodosh , L. A. , Baldwin , A. S. , Carthew , R. W. and Sharp , P.A. Human CCAAT‐binding proteins have heterologous subunits . Cell , 53 , 11 – 24 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. ) Raymundjean , M. , Cereghini , S. and Yaniv , M.Several distinct “CCAAT” box binding proteins coexist in eucaryotic cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 85 , 757 – 761 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. ) Travali , S. , Lipson , K. E. , Jaskulski , D. , Lauret , E. and Baserga , R.Role of the promoter in the regulation of the thymidine kinase gene . Mol, Cell. Biol. , 8 , 1551 – 1557 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. ) Kim , Y. K , Wells , S. , Lau , Y‐F. C. and Lee , A. S.Sequences contained within the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene can direct cell‐cycle regulation of heterologous fusion genes . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 85 , 5894 – 5898 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66. ) Arcot , S. S. , Flemington , E. K. and Deininger , P. L.The human thymidine kinase promoter: deletion analysis and specific protein binding . J. Biol. Chem. , 264 , 2343 – 2349 ( 1989. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67. ) Lieberman , H. B. , Lin , P‐K , Yeh , D‐B. and Ruddle , F. H.Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate murine thymidine kinase gene expression in serum‐stimulated cells . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 8 , 5280 – 5291 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68. ) Groudine , M , and Casmir , C.Post‐transcriptional regulation of the chicken thymidine kinase gene . Nucleic Acids Res. , 12 , 1427 – 1446 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69. ) Lewis , J. A. and Matkovich , D. A.Genetic determinants of growth phase‐dependent and adenovirus 5‐responsive expression of the Chinese hamster thymidine kinase gene are contained within thymidine kinase mRNA sequences . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 6 , 2262 – 2266 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. ) Merrill , G. F. and Tufaro , F. D.Structural and functional analysis of an alternatively spliced chicken TK messenger RNA . Nucleic Acids Res. , 14 , 6281 – 6297 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71. ) Lüscher , B. and Schümperli , D.RNA 3′ processing regulates histone mRNA levels in a mammalian cell cycle mutant: a processing factor becomes limiting in G1 arrested cells . EMBO J. , 6 , 1721 – 1726 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. ) Green , M. R.Pre‐mRNA splicing . Anna. Rev. Genet. , 20 , 671 – 708 ( 1986. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73. ) Gudas , J. M. , Knight , G. B. and Pardee , A. B.Nuclear posttranscriptional processing of thymidine kinase mRNA at the onset of DNA synthesis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 85 , 4705 – 709 ( 1988. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74. ) Hatzoglou , M. , Sekeris , C. E. and Hanson , R. W.Processing of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) RNA in vivo . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 82 , 4346 – 350 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. ) Tsai , M‐J. , Ting , A. C. , Nordstrom , J. L. , Zimmer , W. and O'Malley , B. W.Processing of high molecular weight ovalbumin and ovomucoid precursor RNAs to messenger RNA . Cell , 22 , 219 – 230 ( 1980. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES