Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone on protein malnutrition and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expressions in chronic nephrotic syndrome. Eighty patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome were admitted to our hospital. The patients were included in the study period from January 2015 to December 2016 and were divided into two groups (40 cases in each group) according to the random number method. All the patients enrolled received symptomatic and supportive treatment. The observation group was injected subcutaneously with recombinant human growth hormone, while the control group was treated with Shenyankangfu tablets. The recovery time of the clinical symptoms, change in serum protein, caloric intake and protein metabolism after intervention were compared between the two groups. Changes in serum cystatin C, IGF-1 and IL-2 before intervention, and at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention were detected, and the adverse reactions in the two groups were observed during the treatment. After intervention, the improvement time of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edema and hyperlipidemia in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). The expression of transferrin, pre-albumin, albumin and total protein in the observation group was significantly superior increased compared to those in the observation group prior to intervention and the control group after intervention (P<0.05). In addition the caloric intake, protein intake and urea nitrogen survival rate in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the observation group prior to intervention and the control group after intervention (P<0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of serum cystatin C, IGF-1 and IL-2 in the observation group were markedly obviously lower than those in the control group during the same period (P<0.05). The total proportion of allergy, systemic pruritus, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension and abdominal pain in the observation group was obviously lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the traditional Chinese medicine Shenyankangfu tablets applied in the control group, the recombinant human growth hormone used for patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome can improve the clinical symptoms more quickly, regulate the protein metabolism and reduce the inflammatory response in the body, which also has fewer adverse reactions and higher safety.
Keywords: recombinant human growth hormone, nephrotic syndrome, protein malnutrition, insulin-like growth factor-1, interleukin-2
Introduction
Nephrotic syndrome is the most clinically common kidney-related disease at present, posing a serious threat to physical health (1). In its pathogenesis, immune dysfunction is the main pathogenic and initiative factors (2). At the same time, patients are often accompanied with malnutrition due to the loss of a large number of plasma proteins (3).
In the treatment of this disease, symptomatic and supportive treatment is dominant and nutritional support is strengthened for patients, as well as infection prevention, reduction of body aseptic inflammation and anti-immunosuppression (4). Recombinant human growth hormone is mainly secreted by the pituitary gland, which belongs to the common water-soluble protein in the body with the effects of promoting growth, development and metabolism of the body (5). In addition, it can strengthen the body's immune regulation function, and its therapeutic value in chronic nephrotic syndrome has been confirmed by the basic research (6).
In this study, the effects of recombinant human growth hormone on nutritional status and inflammatory factors, in patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome were investigated. The results showed that, chronic nephrotic syndrome can improve the clinical symptoms more rapidly, regulate the protein metabolism and reduce the inflammatory response in the body, which also has fewer adverse reactions and higher safety.
Materials and methods
General materials
Eighty patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome were admitted to our hospital, and were included in the study, from January 2015 to December 2016. All the patients were informed before enrollment and signed the informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zhumadian Central Hospital (Henan, China). Patients were aged 18–60 years and received education in junior high school and above. Those who were treated with glucocorticoid and/or immunosuppressor within 30 days before enrollment, complicated with mental illness, inflammation or cardiopulmonary insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, systemic infection, immune system diseases due to other causes, malignant tumors, unclear pathogenesis or drug allergy or who refused to be enrolled were excluded. According to the random number method, the patients were divided into two groups (40 cases in each group). The observation group comprised 21 males and 19 females, aged 18–60 years, with an average of 35.3±2.1 years, and onset time of nephrotic syndrome was 1 week to 5 months with an average of 1.5±0.2 months. The control group comprised 23 males and 17 females, aged 18–60 years, with an average of 35.4±2.1 years, and the onset time of nephrotic syndrome was 1 week to 5 months with an average of 1.5±0.3 months. There were no statistically significant differences in the sex, age and onset time of nephrotic syndrome between the two groups (P>0.05).
Methods
The patients enrolled received symptomatic and supportive treatment, such as the application of diuretics, immunosuppressor, anti-inflammatory drugs and cytotoxic drugs. At the same time, patients complicated with infection were treated with antibacterial drugs for the prevention and treatment of infection, and anti-coagulation, regulation of plasma proteins, prevention and delay of renal failure and other treatments were also provided. On this basis, the observation group was injected subcutaneously with recombinant human growth hormone (Swiss Selangor Pharmaceutical Co., batch no. S2015010015) 3 times a week (4 units each time). Continuous treatment for 4 weeks was 1 course of treatment and the 3 courses of treatment constituted 1 treatment cycle. The control group was treated with Shenyankangfu tablets (Tianjin Tongrentang Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; batch no. 201501132) at a dose of 5 tablets (0.48 g/tablets) each time, once in the morning, afternoon and evening. Continuous treatment for 1 month was 1 course of treatment and, the 3 courses of treatment constituted 1 treatment cycle.
Observational indexes
The recovery time of clinical symptoms, change in serum protein, the body's caloric intake and protein metabolism after intervention were compared between the two groups. The changes in serum cystatin C, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) before intervention, and at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention were detected. Adverse reactions in the two groups were observed during the treatment.
Evaluation methods
In clinical symptoms, the improvement of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edema and hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome was observed. The normal level of proteinuria was <3.5 g/day and that of plasma albumin was >30 g/l. In serum lipid parameters, the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein was 2.8–5.17, 0.56–1.7 and 0–3.1 mmol/l, respectively, which was normal. Transferrin, pre-albumin and albumin were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the normal reference values were 2.20–4.0 g/l (220–400 mg/dl), 280–360 mg/l and 35–50 g/l, respectively. The caloric intake was calculated according to the daily diet, combined with Calorie Counter; and the normal concentration of serum cystatin C in serum and plasma was 0.51–1.09 mg/l. IGF-1 was detected using a spectrophotometer spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and its normal reference value was 80–485 µg/l. IL-2 was detected via ELISA and its normal reference value was 0.5–1.5 µg/l.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. A t-test was used for the comparison of means between the two groups, while the Chi-square test was used for comparison of the ratio between the two groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Comparison of recovery time of clinical symptoms after intervention between the two groups
After intervention, the improvement time of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edema and hyperlipidemia in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (t=9.803, 5.979, 21.503 and 17.481, P<0.05) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Comparison of recovery time of clinical symptoms after intervention between the two groups.
Comparison of serum protein changes between the two groups before and after intervention
There were no statistically significant differences in transferrin, pre-albumin, albumin and total protein between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, the expression of transferrin, pre-albumin, albumin and total protein in the observation group was significantly increased compared to that in the observation group before intervention and, the control group after intervention (P<0.05) (Table I).
Table I.
Comparison of serum protein changes between the two groups before and after intervention (g/l, mean ± SD).
| Groups | Transferrin | Pre-albumin | Albumin | Total protein | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | |||||
| Before intervention | 1.52±0.03 | 0.20±0.01 | 32.15±0.09 | 56.89±0.15 | |
| After intervention | 1.98±0.06a,b | 0.26±0.01a,b | 38.98±0.12a,b | 69.53±0.09a,b | |
| Control group | |||||
| Before intervention | 1.53±0.03 | 0.21±0.01 | 32.16±0.09 | 56.90±0.15 | |
| After intervention | 1.73±0.04a | 0.03±0.01a | 34.56±0.07a | 66.33±0.07a | |
P<0.05, compared with that before intervention
P<0.05, compared with the control group.
Comparisons of caloric intake and protein metabolism in the body before and after intervention
There were no statistically significant differences in the caloric intake, protein intake and urea nitrogen survival rate between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, the caloric intake, protein intake and urea nitrogen survival rate in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the observation group before intervention and the control group after intervention (P<0.05) (Table II).
Table II.
Comparisons of caloric intake and protein metabolism in the body before and after intervention (mean ± SD).
| Groups | Caloric intake [kJ/(kg·day)] | Protein intake [g/(kg·day)] | Urea nitrogen survival rate (g/day) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | |||
| Before intervention | 123.5±2.5 | 0.78±0.11 | 12.3±0.05 |
| After intervention | 149.6±3.3a,b | 0.96±0.12a,b | 15.1±0.12a,b |
| Control group | |||
| Before intervention | 124.0±2.5 | 0.79±0.11 | 12.6±0.05 |
| After intervention | 133.5±2.6a | 0.86±0.13a | 13.3.35±0.08a |
P<0.05, compared with that before intervention
P<0.05 compared with the control group.
Changes in serum cystatin C levels in the two groups during the intervention
There was no statistically significant difference in the serum cystatin C level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of serum cystatin C in the observation group were 1.15±0.02, 1.02±0.01 and 0.69±0.01 mg/l, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (1.26±0.03, 1.21±0.02 and 1.10±0.02 mg/l) during the same period (t=19.295, 53.740 and 166.877, P<0.05) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Changes in serum cystatin C levels in the two groups during the intervention. There is no statistically significant difference in the serum cystatin C level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of serum cystatin C in the observation group are obviously lower than those in the control group during the same period (P<0.05).
Changes in the IGF-1 level in the two groups during intervention
There was no statistically significant difference in the IGF-1 level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of IGF-1 in the observation group were 154.2±3.3, 169.6±3.6 and 183.6±4.3 µg/l, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (146.3±3.0, 156.5±3.2 and 169.4±3.4 µg/l) during the same period (t=11.162, 16.856 and 16.254, P<0.05) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Changes in the IGF-1 levels in the two groups during the intervention. There is no statistically significant difference in the IGF-1 level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of IGF-1 in the observation group are obviously lower than those in the control group during the same period (P<0.05).
Changes in the IL-2 level in the two groups during the intervention
There was no statistically significant differences in the IL-2 level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of IL-2 in the observation group were 0.68±0.04, 0.75±0.05 and 0.86±0.06 µg/l, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (0.63±0.03, 0.68±0.06 and 0.73±0.07 µg/l) during the same period (t=6.325, 5.668 and 8.918, P<0.05) (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Changes in IL-2 levels in the two groups during the intervention. There is no statistically significant difference in the IL-2 level between the two groups before intervention (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of IL-2 in the observation group are obviously lower than those in the control group during the same period (P<0.05).
Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups during treatment
The total proportion of allergy, systemic pruritus, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension and abdominal pain in the observation group was obviously lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) (Table III).
Table III.
Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups during treatment [n (%)].
| Variable | Allergy | Systemic pruritus | Nausea and vomiting | Abdominal distension and abdominal pain | Total incidence rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 (10.0%) |
| Control group | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 13 (32.5%) |
| χ2 test | 4.781 | ||||
| P-value | 0.029 |
Discussion
The body of patients with nephrotic syndrome occurs mostly at an accelerated catabolism status, combined with increased protein consumption and loss and malnutrition (7). With the progression of disease, they are accompanied with inflammatory hypoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia (8). Additionally, the body's nutritional metabolism is in a state of disorder, and long-term malnutrition seriously affects the prognosis of patients (9). Previous findings have shown that hypoproteinemia is treated by the infusion of exogenous human albumin for symptomatic support treatment; however, albumin is expensive (10). Additionally, there are certain infusion complications, leading to loss of albumin while the total time of maintaining plasma protein after infusion is short (11). Therefore, it cannot fundamentally correct the hypoproteinemia and malnutrition of the body. Traditional Chinese medicine has also been applied in recent studies (12). However its treatment period was long, taking effect slowly over a short-term period and patient treatment compliance was poor (13). Long-term medication has a negative impact on renal function (14). Therefore, a clinically effective method with rapid effect is needed for nephrotic syndrome at present (15), especially for hypoproteinemia and increased inflammation in the body (16).
In this study, based on conventional treatment, patients with nephrotic syndrome in the observation group were treated with recombinant human growth hormone, while those in the control group were treated with traditional Chinese medicine Shenyankangfu tablets. The comparison of recovery time of clinical symptoms between the two groups after intervention showed that the improvement time of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edema and hyperlipidemia in the observation group after intervention was significantly shorter than that in the control group, indicating that the application of recombinant human growth hormone can improve the clinical symptoms of patients more quickly. In addition, the study on protein metabolism and caloric intake in the body before and after intervention revealed that the transferrin, pre-albumin, albumin and total protein, and caloric intake, protein intake and urea nitrogen survival rate in the observation group after intervention were significantly superior to those in the observation group before intervention and the control group after intervention, suggesting that the application of recombinant human growth hormone in patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome can effectively improve the patient's protein metabolism and maintain the positive nitrogen balance compared with the traditional Chinese medicine Shenyankangfu tablets in the control group. At the same time, the study on changes in serum cystatin C, IGF-1 and IL-2 levels in the two groups during intervention showed that at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after intervention, the levels of serum cystatin C, IGF-1 and IL-2 in the observation group were obviously lower than those in the control group during the same period, indicating that application of the recombinant human growth hormone in patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome has a positive significance effect in improving glomerular filtration and reabsorption and reducing the body's inflammatory response. Finally, it was found in the comparisons of adverse reactions in the two groups during the treatment that the total proportion of allergy, systemic pruritus, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension and abdominal pain in the observation group was obviously lower than that in the control group, suggesting that the intramuscular injection of recombinant human growth hormone has fewer adverse reactions and higher safety.
Recombinant human growth hormone is a kind of protein synthesis-promoting hormone in the body, which can reduce protein catabolism, reduce urea nitrogen excretion and promote the fat metabolism in the body (17), thereby improving the efficiency of protein synthesis. In addition, the recombinant human growth hormone has a certain effect of improving the immune function and reducing the incidence of infection (18). Through the indirect growth-promoting effect and direct anti-insulin function, it is used to improve the body's growth and development, increase the protein synthesis rate, enhance the albumin messenger RNA synthesis in liver (19), improve the amino acid utilization of muscle tissues, and promote the body's anabolism (20).
In conclusion, compared with the traditional Chinese medicine Shenyankangfu tablets applied in the control group, the recombinant human growth hormone used for patients with chronic nephrotic syndrome can improve the clinical symptoms more quickly, regulate the protein metabolism and reduce the inflammatory response in the body, which also has less adverse reactions and higher safety.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
GD was involved in drafting the manuscript and data analysis. DW helped with acquisition of data. HD performed and analyzed ELISA. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhumadian Central Hospital (Zhumadian, China). Written informed consents were signed by the patients and/or guardians.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.