Abstract
Introduction
Menopause results in metabolic changes that contribute to increase risk of cardiovascular diseases: increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL), weight gain are associated with a correspondent increase in incidence of hypertension and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a preparation of isoflavones, calcium vitamin D and inulin in menopausal women.
Material and methods
We performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. A total of 50 patients were randomized to receive either oral preparations of isoflavones (40 mg), calcium (500 mg) vitamin D (300 UI) and inulin (3 g) or placebo (control group). Pre- and post-treatment assessment of quality of life and sexual function were performed through Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI); evaluations of anthropometric indicators, body composition through bioelectrical impedance analyser, lumbar spine and proximal femur T-score and lipid profile were performed.
Results
After 12 months, a significant reduction in MENQOL vasomotor, physical and sexual domain scores (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in all FSFI domain scores (p < 0.05) were observed in treatment group. Laboratory tests showed significant increase in serum levels of HDL (p < 0.05). No significant changes of lumbar spine and femur neck T-score (p > 0.05) were found in the same group.
Conclusions
According to our data analysis, isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin may exert favourable effects on menopausal symptoms and signs.
Keywords: menopause, isoflavones, vitamin D, inulin, lipid metabolism
Introduction
Life expectancy significantly increased during the last century, thus currently women spend nearly one-third of their life in postmenopausal state [1]. The loss of reproductive capacity may induce not only endocrine changes but also a significant variation in body image and self-esteem. In addition, the experience of climacteric symptoms may negatively affect the sense of physical and mental well-being [2-4]. Menopausal symptoms commonly include hot flushes, night sweats, irritability, poor concentration, joint pains, vaginal dryness, urogenital disorders [5-8]. Moreover, menopause results in metabolic changes that contribute to increase risk of cardiovascular diseases: increase in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL), weight gain are associated with a correspondent increase in incidence of hypertension and diabetes [9, 10]. Oestrogens deficiency leads to an accelerated period of bone loss which can result in osteoporosis, contributing to increase the morbidity [11, 12]. Considering the detrimental role of menopausal symptoms, several compounds were already tested to counteract them and ameliorate postmenopausal quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of a preparation of isoflavones, calcium vitamin D and inulin in menopausal women, taking into account clinical (vasomotor disturbances) as well as metabolic (body fat composition, bone depletion, lipid profile) parameters, quality of life and sexual function.
Material and methods
This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was performed at the Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania (Italy) between February 2015 and October 2016. The study design is in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, conforms the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines (http://publicationethics.org/) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the university hospital in which it was performed. Each patient who participated in this study was well informed regarding the procedures that they would undergo and signed a consent form for data collection for research purposes (no remuneration was offered to be included in this study). We enrolled menopausal Italian women who voluntarily accepted to participate in this study and met the following criteria: age between 40 and 60 years, absence of menses for more than 12 months, presence of vasomotor disturbances. We excluded women who in the previous three months received other drugs such as estrogen, estrogen-progestin or other treatments for menopausal symptoms, specific treatment for osteopenia/osteoporosis, treatment with systemic corticosteroids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Other exclusion criteria included any medical condition that could influence the results of the study, such as hyperthyroidism and diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases and other causes of malabsorption, osteoporosis (T-score < –2.5 at the femoral neck or lumbar spine), history of pathologic fractures or presence of metabolic bone diseases such as osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, Paget, or significant spine abnormalities.
Patients were subjected to a preliminary assessment including obstetric and personal anamnesis as well as gynaecological examination and transvaginal ultrasound. A single operator performed both clinical and instrumental diagnostic procedures. At the stage of recruitment we performed measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score of lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), using HOLOGIC Explorer QDR Series. Based on the measured values, we defined normal condition as T-score > –1, osteopenia as –1 > T-score > –2.5, osteoporosis as T-score < –2.5, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria [13]. Furthermore, we performed assessment of quality of life and sexual function through evaluation of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) [14] and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) [15, 16]. Evaluated anthropometric indicators were body mass index (BMI) [17] and waist/hip ratio (WHR), used to evaluate the body fat distribution, considered as gynecoid when WHR < 0.8, and androgenic when WHR > 0.8 [18]. The evaluation of body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analyser (BIA, Biodynamics 450 model). The fat body mass, lean mass and water distribution were calculated starting from body impedance through a build-in software, taking into account personal information, including weight, height, age, sex. Laboratory tests were performed at the laboratory of the Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties of University of Catania. Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides were quantified by colorimetry while LDL was calculated using the formula of Friedewald, whereas total cholesterol was subtracted from the sum of HDL and triglycerides divided by 5. Serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels were measured at baseline to assess the state of vitamin D repletion and to subsequently monitor the vitamin D intake.
After the baseline assessment, patients were randomly assigned in a non-stratified 1 : 1 ratio in two groups: group A received an oral dose of isoflavones (40 mg), calcium (500 mg), vitamin D (300 UI), and inulin (3 g); group B (control) received placebo. A computer-generated randomization schedule (www.randomization.com) was used, with concealed allocation of study drugs in consecutively numbered, sealed boxes. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Any patients taking less than 80% of the allocated dose of study drug was regarded as non-compliant. An independent data safety and monitoring committee evaluated the results of the study.
Follow-up was performed at 3, 6 and 12 months, evaluating the same parameters at the baseline. Any adverse reaction was recorded during each follow-up. Student’s t test was used to compare all clinical, instrumental and laboratory data obtained at baseline with those obtained on each follow-up. Statistical tests were two-tailed, significance level was set at 5%. All the design, analysis, interpretation of data, drafting and revisions followed the CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendation for Interventional Trials) Statements, available through the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) network (http://www.equator-network.org/).
Results
We enrolled 50 menopausal Italian women (see CONSORT 2010 flow diagram in Fig. 1) aged 42 to 57 years (mean age 52.6 ±3.69 years), with an average age at menopause onset of 49.28 ±3.59 and an average of 3.32 ±1.62 years since menopause.
Fig. 1.
CONSORT 2010 flow diagram
Among enrolled women, there weren’t any recent history (at least five years before recruitment) of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy.
Baseline anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data regarding the groups of patients on isoflavones and on placebo were statistically compared and are shown in Table 1. The two groups were observed to be homogeneous for age, parity, menopause and others clinical and instrumental analysed parameters with the exception of physical and sexual domains of MENQOL (higher in group A) and desire, orgasm and pain domains of FSFI (higher in group B), allowing further analysis at follow-up. After 12 months, data were statistically compared with those detected at baseline. In group A, the analysis of MENQOL vasomotor, physical and sexual domains showed a significant reduction of scores (p < 0.05); on the other hand, in group B there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in physical and sexual domains while no significant changes in vasomotor domain (Fig. 2). Moreover, no significant variations in psychosocial domain were observed in both groups. In group A, the analysis of FSFI showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in all domains and total score, while a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in all domains was observed in group B (Fig. 3).
Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics between group A (treated with isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin) and group B (placebo)
| Baseline characteristics | Group A | Group B | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.72 ±4.02 | 52.48 ±3.4 | 8.37 × 10–1 |
| Menopause (years) | 3.32 ±1.38 | 3.32 ±1.86 | 10.00 × 10–1 |
| Age of Menopause (years) | 49.40 ±3.65 | 49.16 ±3.60 | 8.36 × 10–1 |
| Parity (n° of children) | 1.84 ±0.85 | 1.60 ±0.76 | 2.65 × 10–1 |
| N° of vaginal delivery | 1.32 ±1.02 | 1.20 ±0.95 | 6.94 × 10–1 |
| N° of caesarean section | 0.52 ±0.65 | 0.40 ±0.57 | 5.42 × 10–1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.10 ±4.14 | 25.67 ±4.66 | 7.20 × 10–1 |
| WHR | 0.83 ±0.06 | 0.83 ±0.05 | 8.76 × 10–1 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 216.96 ±19.29 | 212 ±21.79 | 4.26 × 10–1 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 60.12 ±7.31 | 60.16 ±7.64 | 9.83 × 10–1 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 136.976 ±22.48 | 132.624 ±21.77 | 4.82 × 10–1 |
| Triglycerides | 88.68 ±7.03 | 89.28 ±7.16 | 4.95 × 10–1 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 44.72 ±5.67 | 44.72 ±6.49 | 10.00 × 10–1 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.164 ±6.95 | 20.32 ±8.28 | 4.13 × 10–1 |
| Total body water (l) | 32.57 ±3.76 | 33.10 ±5.21 | 6.47 × 10–1 |
| Intracellular water (l) | 16.80 ±2.06 | 18.20 ±4.66 | 1.64 × 10–1 |
| Extracellular water (l) | 15.76 ±2.39 | 14.90 ±3.19 | 2.22 × 10–1 |
| 25-OH-vit D (ng/ml) | 30.48 ±5.15 | 31.32 ±5.46 | 5.98 × 10–1 |
| Lumbar spine T-score (DS) | –1.648 ±0.55 | –1.568 ±0.55 | 6.05 × 10–1 |
| Femoral neck T-score (DS) | –0.66 ±0.71 | –0.556 ±0.62 | 6.00 × 10–1 |
| MENQOL domains | Group A | Group B | P |
| Vasomotor | 3.88 ±1.98 | 3.09 ±1.20 | 8.90 × 10–2 |
| Psychosocial | 4.01 ±1.76 | 3.09 ±1.77 | 5.30 × 10–2 |
| Physic | 3.85 ±1.42 | 2.96 ±1.34 | 1.50 × 10–2 |
| Sexual | 5.48 ±1.82 | 4.17 ±2.15 | 2.40 × 10–2 |
| FSFI domains | Group A | Group B | P |
| Desire | 2.90 ±0.81 | 3.50 ±1.08 | 2.40 × 10–2 |
| Arousal | 3.02 ±1.11 | 3.54 ±1.25 | 1.48 × 10–1 |
| Lubrication | 3.20 ±1.08 | 3.85 ±1.34 | 6.00 × 10–2 |
| Orgasm | 2.77 ±1.23 | 3.54 ±1.23 | 4.30 × 10–2 |
| Satisfaction | 3.97 ±1.04 | 4.48 ±1.22 | 1.40 × 10–1 |
| Pain | 2.91 ±0.81 | 3.84 ±1.35 | 5.00 × 10–3 |
| Total score | 18.78 ±5.24 | 22.75 ±6.54 | 2.80 × 10–2 |
FSFI – Female Sexual Function Index, MENQOL – Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, BMI – body mass index, WHR – waist-hip ratio; HDL – high density lipoproteins; LDL – low density lipoproteins
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
Fig. 2.
Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) scores at baseline and at 12-months follow-up
Fig. 3.
Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores at baseline and at 12-months follow-up
Statistical comparison of laboratory test, femur and lumbar T-scores, anthropometrics and body composition data are reported in Table 2. In group A, we observed a significant increase of HDL (p < 0.05), without any significant change (p > 0.05) of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. No significant variations were observed in group B.
Table 2.
Comparison of laboratory tests, femur and lumbar T-scores, anthropometrics and body composition data between baseline and 12-months follow-up in group A (treated with isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin) and group B (placebo)
| Group A | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Baseline | 12-months follow-up | P |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.10 ±4.14 | 26.13 ±4.14 | 6.56 × 10–1 |
| WHR | 0.83 ±0.06 | 0.83 ±0.06 | 3.82 × 10–1 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 44.72 ±5.67 | 44.79 ±5.78 | 5.72 × 10–1 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.16 ±6.95 | 22.17 ±6.96 | 9.51 × 10–1 |
| Total body water (l) | 32.57 ±3.76 | 32.43 ±3.83 | 3.29 × 10–1 |
| Intracellular water (l) | 16.80 ±2.06 | 16.77 ±2.10 | 6.49 × 10–1 |
| Extracellular water (l) | 15.76 ±2.39 | 15.66 ±2.42 | 2.01 × 10–1 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 216.96 ±19.29 | 215.88 ±18.95 | 1.74 × 10–1 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 60.12 ±7.31 | 60.68 ±6.87 | 7.61 × 10–3 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 136.98 ±22.48 | 136.22 ±22.29 | 3.48 × 10–1 |
| 25-OH-vit D (ng/ml) | 30.48 ±5.15 | 32.76 ±5.32 | 3.25 ×10–12 |
| Triglycerides | 99.32 ±14.26 | 94.88 ±15.25 | 5.99 × 10–2 |
| Lumbar spine T-score (DS) | –1.64 ±0.55 | –1.40 ±1.11 | 2.35 × 10–1 |
| Femoral neck T-score (DS) | –0.66 ±0.71 | –0.62 ±0.69 | 5.35 × 10–2 |
| Group B | |||
| Parameters | Baseline | 12-months follow-up | P |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.67 ±4.66 | 25.86 ±4.73 | 3.63 × 10–3 |
| WHR | 0.83 ±0.05 | 0.83 ±0.05 | 5.78 × 10–1 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 44.72 ±6.49 | 44.93 ±6.60 | 9.78 × 10–2 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20.32 ±8.28 | 20.51 ±8.33 | 2.50 × 10–2 |
| Total body water (l) | 33.10 ±5.21 | 33.27 ±5.29 | 1.49 × 10–1 |
| Intracellular water (l) | 18.20 ±4.66 | 18.21 ±4.64 | 7.39 × 10–1 |
| Extracellular water (l) | 14.90 ±3.19 | 15.06 ±3.17 | 9.21 × 10–2 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 212.00 ±21.79 | 213.08 ±21.00 | 5.62 × 10–2 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 60.16 ±7.64 | 60.40 ±7.47 | 2.82 × 10–1 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 132.62 ±21.77 | 133.43 ±22.02 | 1.56 × 10–1 |
| Triglycerides | 89.28 ±7.16 | 96.24 ±10.42 | 9.31 × 10–1 |
| 25-OH-vit D (ng/ml) | 31.32 ±5.46 | 31.36 ±6.22 | 9.40 ×10–1 |
| Lumbar spine T-score (DS) | –1.57 ±0.55 | –1.66 ±0.51 | 7.94 × 10–5 |
| Femoral neck T-score (DS) | –0.56 ±0.62 | –0.63 ±0.55 | 1.29 × 10–2 |
BMI – body mass index, WHR – waist-hip ratio, HDL – high density lipoproteins, LDL – low density lipoproteins
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
25-OH-vitamin serum levels D were measured at the 12 months follow-up in each group. Women on supplements showed a significantly higher serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels compared to baseline values, while no significant changes were observed in women on placebo.
Regarding anthropometric and body composition indicators, we observed a significant increase of BMI and body fat mass in group B, while there were not significant variations in group A. Results of femur and lumbar t-scores values indicated no significant changes in group A (p > 0.05), whereas we observed a significant reduction in group B for both values (p < 0.05).
Throughout gynaecological follow-up, no significant clinical changes were observed. At transvaginal ultrasound, no significant variations were observed in the endometrial thickness average values. However, four patients (two on isoflavones and two on placebo) manifested a discreet vaginal bleeding, associated in three cases with endometrial thickness greater than 4.0 mm. Subsequently, diagnostic hysteroscopy revealed one case of atrophyc endometrium and three case of endometrial polyp.
Finally, regarding the adverse events, in group A 2 patients reported occurrence of flatulence, 3 reported the onset of constipation and 2 nausea; in group B 2 patients reported onset of nausea and 2 constipation.
Discussion
Isoflavones have emerged as interesting compounds as they seem able to improve menopausal symptoms without causing significant side effects [19-21]. Despite a large number of pubslished studies, their role on women’s health still remains debated. This inconsistency may depend, at least in part, by the differences in dosages, type of cohorts and designs among the different studies as well as could be due to different bioavailability between various supplements [22].
Although the published data about this topic are not robust, our results seem to underline that isoflavones together with calcium, vitamin D and inulin improve vasomotor disturbances as well as quality of life and sexual function in menopausal women. Furthermore, this mixture seems to ameliorate lipid profile and body composition toward pre-menopausal homeostatic condition. A meta-analysis of 38 studies confirmed the positive effect of isoflavones on lipid profile, with reduction of LDL and increase of HDL [23]. Furthermore, several observational studies [24, 25] reported that a diet high in soy is correlated with lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat mass. In partial agreement with these previous data, we observed a positive effect on HDL level, but no significant effects on others laboratory parameters and body composition. Finally, we evidenced a preventive effect on bone tissue depletion: according to our data analysis, after 12 months there was a significant reduction of the T-score values in group B, while no significant change was shown in group A. The possibility that soy isoflavones and vitamin D may have a synergistic effect on bone metabolism has been already investigated through cell cultures and animal models, although the machinery behind these effect is still unclear [26-31].
Conclusions
Our data analysis allow us to attest the positive effects of isoflavones together with calcium, vitamin D and inulin on menopausal symptoms, quality of life, sexual function, body composition and metabolic parameters. Nevertheless our results should be considered in the light of several limitations: the described positive effects may depend by just few of the used substances which composed the therapeutic mixture; we are unable to verify whether the positive effects would start from a particular dosage (dose-dependent therapeutic threshold) and/or it is directly related to it (dosage/effects direct proportion); our results are based on a small cohort; study design did not allow a direct post-treatment comparison between group A (treated) and group B (placebo) for the analysed parameters.
In this view, we strongly solicit further studies on larger cohorts and with greater statistical power which may accurately define the therapeutic effect(s) of isoflavones together with calcium, vitamin D and inulin in menopausal women.
Disclosure
Authors report no conflict of interest.
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