Abstract
Background and objective:
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. The Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for non-operable tumors. The Ki67 is a proliferation marker that can be used to predict the therapeutic response to chemotherapy and the patients' prognosis.
Methods:
This retrospective study was carried out on 55 consecutive patients with breast cancer referred to a Training Tertiary Healthcare Center in Kerman, Iran since 2009 to 2014. After diagnostic approval, the tissue samples of patients were examined for estrogen and progesterone receptors, ki67 and HER2-neu markers by using immunohistochemical staining. Then the patients were treated with 6 cycles of Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens by Doxorubicin and Taxans or 4 chemotherapy cycles, containing Anthracycline and Cyclophosphamide and 4 cycles of Paclitaxel. After mastectomy, their samples were reexamined for ki67 again and classified into three groups (low: ki67<15%), medium (Ki67 = 16-30%) and high (Ki67> 30%).
Results:
Before chemotherapy, 54.5% of the patients had high expression of Ki67. But after chemotherapy, 52.7 of the patients had complete therapeutic response showing that the Ki67 level was reduced significantly (P=0.003).
Conclusion:
Before and after Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Ki67 measurements may be used as a predictive marker of therapeutic response.
Key Words: Neoadjuvant Therapy, Ki 67, Breast cancer, Prognosis
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and also in Iran, it is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Iranian women especially in the age group of 49 to 79 years (1, 2). Unfortunately, the age of breast cancer onset in Iranian women is several years earlier than those in other countries resulting in delayed diagnosis (3, 4). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a therapeutic option for inoperable tumors and also in patients who are candidate for breast conserving surgery (5). To choose the best therapeutic option, determination of prognostic factors is crucial. Ki67 is a proliferative marker which may be used to determine not only the chemotherapy regimen but also can predict the therapeutic response to Neoadjuvant therapy (6, 7).
High level of Ki67 is related to low survival rate in breast cancer patients (8) and low levels of this marker can predict better therapeutic response to Neoadjuvant therapy (9, 10). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy causes decline in Ki67 expression in breast cancer specimens (11). So Ki67 level is a prognostic factor to determine the patients' status after chemotherapy in short and long-term follow up (12, 13). Also Ki67 is a predictive factor for pathologic complete response in cancer patients with estrogen receptor-negative and HER2/neu-positive status (6). Post-treatment Ki67 levels provide better prognostic information and high Ki67 levels after the treatment would reveal further treatment requirement after Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (14). Patients with higher level of Ki67 have higher risk of tumor recurrence and death (15, 16).
So far, there is no conducted study to investigate the prognostic value of reduction in Ki67 levels after chemotherapy in Iranian population. However this research can also play an important role to determine how long the treatment should be continued, this study was performed to assess the prognostic significance of decreased ki67index after Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in Kerman between the years of 2009 and 2014.
Materials and methods
This retrospective study was performed on 55 female patients with approved breast cancer relying on core needle biopsy specimen from breast masses. The tissue specimens underwent IHC staining (using DAKO standard method) for ER, PR, HER2/neu and Ki67 markers. Four molecular groups were as follow;
Luminal A: ER positive, Her2/neu negative, low Ki67 (lower than 14%) and high PR levels. This subtype is solely cured with endocrine treatment. But chemotherapy can be applied to patients with several lymph nodes or large tumor bulk.
Luminal B: Her2/neu negative, It is associated with ER positive and either high Ki67 (higher than 14%) or low PR.
Luminal B like: HER2/neu positive, ER positive that show high expression of HER2/neu and any levels of Ki67 or PR.
HER2/neu positive: over expression or high expression of HER2/neu, ER negative and PR
Triple negative: ER, PR and HER2/neu negative (17)
Patients were treated using 6 cycles of Neo adjuvant chemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Taxans, 4 cycles of chemotherapy including Anthracycline and Cyclophosphamide and 4 cycles of Paclitaxel. The patients then underwent the breast mastectomy for two weeks after finishing their chemotherapy regiments. Their tissue specimen after surgery were fixed in formalin and blocked in paraffin, they were also sectioned and then stained with IHC for Ki67 nuclear marker.
Patients who did not underwent mastectomy after chemotherapy or those who received chemotherapy regimen in center were excluded from the present study. Slides of ER, PR, HER2/neu markers and also Ki67 were inspected before and after chemotherapy and scored by a pathologist (Figures 1).
Figure 1.
a) A case of IDC with intermediate Ki 67:15-20% be for neoadjuvant chemotherapy
b) High Ki 67 >30% be for neoadjuvant chemotherapy
c) Low Ki 67 <15 % after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
ER and PR were reported as positive or negative status. Her2/neu marker was reported positive when the 3 plus was used for staining, and negative when it was not stained at all or stained with 1plus. If Her2/neu was stained with 2plus, further confirmation was done using molecular test (CISH method). Ki67 marker was reported by counting the number of stained cells and this number was coordinated to all neoplastic epithelial cells. The patients were divided by using subjective light microscope analysis into three groups with low (lower than 15%), intermediate (16% to 30%) and high Ki67 expression (more than 30%) (18) which is shown in Figures 1-3.
Demographic data, tumor type, the stages and the number of involved lymph nodes were extracted from the patients file. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.0 with independent-sample-T, ANOVA and Tukey tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as a statistically significant.
Results
The most common age group were between 41 and 49 years old (32.1%), followed by 30-39 years old. The most tumor size was 2-5 cm (45.5%) in groups. Also 29.1% of patients had tumor 2 cm or less in size and 25.5% of patients had the tumor larger than 5 cm. Patients were mainly in stage IIIA (40%) and the following stages were IIB (29.1%), IIA (14.5%), IIIC (9.1%), I (5.5%) and finally IIIC (1.8%). Lymph nodes were involved in most patients (76.4%). In addition, 60% of patients were ER positive, 52.7% were PR positive and nearly half of patients were HER2/neu positive. Most patients (92.7%) had ductal carcinoma and the next more frequent tumor types were lobular carcinoma (7.3%).
Among 55 patients, only 29 patients (52%) had complete response to Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and didn’t have any residual tumor after the mastectomy. The association with mean Ki67 level are shown in chart1.
Chart 1.
Mean Ki67 level before and after chemotherapy in various subtypes of breast cancer
The majority of patients (54.5%) had high Ki67 expression, 23.6% of patients had intermediate amount of Ki67 expression and 21.8% of patients had low Ki67 expression. After treatment, among 52.7% of patients with complete
response. Those with a partial response to chemotherapy showed that the most patients (23.6%) had low Ki67 expression, 20% had intermediate Ki67 level and 3.6% had high level of Ki67 that are indicated in chart2.
Chart 2.
Mean Ki67 level changes before and after treatment in patients with partial response to chemotherapy
Table1 Analysis showed that Neoadjuvant chemotherapy causes significant decline in Ki67 expression
Table 1.
Mean Ki67level before and after treatment in Ki67 subgroups
| Ki67 classification | mean Ki67 before treatment(percent) | mean Ki67 after treatment(percent) |
|---|---|---|
| Low Ki67 expression (<15%) | 7.5 | 1.3 |
| Intermediate Ki67 expression (15%<<=29%) | 22.11 | 5 |
| high Ki67 expression(30% =<) | 41.1 | 12.5 |
There was a significant relationship between decline in the amount of Ki67 after chemotherapy and Ki67 level before chemotherapy (P=0.003). There was a significant correlation between reductions in the level of Ki67 after treatment and ER negative and PR status before chemotherapy (P=0.01 and 0.01 respectively). The distribution of mean Ki67 level before and after treatment in various stages of breast cancer are displayed in chart 3.
Chart 3.
The distribution of mean Ki67 level before and after treatment in various stages of breast cancer
There was no significant correlation between Ki67 level before and after treatment with the tumor size and type. ER and PR positive status were more frequent while Ki67 level before and after treatment was higher in group of metastatic lymph nodes than the ones without involved lymph nodes. HER2/neu expression was higher in group without involved lymph nodes in comparison to metastatic group, but none of the above markers showed significant correlation with metastatic or intact lymph node status. Mean Ki67 level after treatment was significantly lower in triple negative group (0) comparing to other groups (0.87) (P=0.0001) (chart4).
Chart 4.
Ki67 before and after treatment in triple negative and Non-triple negative patients
Ki67 level after the treatment was significantly lower than this level before treatment in this group (P value <0.01) (chart5).
Chart 5.
Ki67 before and after treatment in HER2/neu positive patients
Discussion
Fifty-five female patients enrolled in this study (who were diagnosed by core needle biopsy of breast mass), and then underwent Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery. Most frequent size of tumor was between 2 and 5 cm (45.5%) which is in line with the results of Haroon (2013)(16) and Sun (2014) (17). Most participants had ductal carcinoma (90%) and patients had stage IIIA disease (40%) and metastatic lymph nodes (76.4%) which are also consistent with Haroon et al. (17).
Following that, 60% of the patients were ER positive and 51% were PR positive that are completely similar to the study of Mankowitz et al. (14). Most patients (54.5%) had high Ki67 level, however in all groups with low, intermediate and high Ki67 expression, the Ki67 level was lower after treatment. The analysis indicated that chemotherapy causes significant reduction in Ki67 level of expression which is consistent with the results of Avci’s studies (11). In other words, chemotherapy drugs have significant anti-proliferative effect on cancerous cells. Thecell destruction as a result of the effect of Anthracylcine on DNA can decrease the newly divided cancer cells which leads to a decline in number of tumor clones (18-25).
After chemotherapy, the reduction of Ki67 level was significantly correlated with ER and PR negative status before chemotherapy (P value 0.01 and 0.01 respectively). This correlation was confirmed in Sun and Haroon in 2014 and 2013 (16, 17).Also, Sun and his team proved the relationship of Ki67 level after chemotherapy and ER. The significant relationship between Ki67 level before treatment and cancer stage was also observed, which is in line with the results of Inwald’s research (26). In both studies, Ki67 levels were lower in lower stages of breast cancer (Sun et al 2013 and Inwald 2013) (16, 26).
In the present study, no relationship was demonstrated between Ki67 level and the number, metastatic and intact status of involved lymph nodes which is contrary to the results of Sun (16) and Haroon (17).
No significant correlation was showed between Ki67 level and tumor size which is in line with the reports of Bonta (24) and Haroon (17), while in 2014, Sun and his colleagues reported this relationship only in early stages of cancer (16). In the group of metastatic lymph nodes, ER and PR positive status were low, whereas Ki67 level was higher than other groups before and after therapy. But Her2/neu indicated the high level of expression in group with intact lymph nodes comparing to the group of metastatic. All the above relationships were not statistically significant. In the present study, 35% of patients were HER2/neu positive, while in the study of Mirmalek on breast cancer in Iranian population, the reported number for HER2/neu positive status was 58.5% (27).
In the current study, 52.7% of patients had complete response, this rate was reported 18% by Bonnefoi who worked on 1212 cancer patients (28). Triple negative breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis because of a high-invasive biological manner and also the absence of endocrine receptors which are the targets of chemotherapy drugs (Tamoxifen and Trastuzumab), But this group responded to chemotherapy better than other subgroups of breast cancer (25). In this research study, 14% of the patients were triple negative which is similar to Boyle’s study who showed 14-16% of triple negative patients (26).
There was not a significant difference between mean Ki67 level before treatment in triple negative group (28.1%) and other groups (29.5%) which is in contrast with the results of
Hitao Li’s study in 2015. In the present study, Ki67level in triple negative patients (0%) was significantly different from the ones in other groups (0.87%) after treatment. It can be because all patients in the triple negative group responded to chemotherapy completely while Keam found the same results by analyzing 13.3% of patients (25). Therefore, our findings confirm the results of the previous studies.
Conclusion
The results of the present study prove the prognostic significance of decreased ki67 index after Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. The level of Ki67 can provide complementary information beside the molecular subtypes and other markers helping to predict the amount of responses to chemotherapy. Based on the findings of this study, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before mastectomy can help achieve better outcome in cancer patients.
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