Quality of Life with Alopecia Areata versus Androgenetic Alopecia Assessed Using Hair Specific Skindex-29

Dear Editor:

Hair loss influences patient quality of life (QoL) according to diverse factors. Various prior studies aimed to minimize the negative effects of hair loss on patient emotions. It has been known that androgenetic alopecia (AGA) had a significant negative impact on QoL, especially in case of severe disease, extended disease duration, and younger age¹. In other study, degraded QoL was observed especially in female patients <50 years old with moderate to severe disease². Despite many studies on hair loss patients' QoL with consistent outcomes³,⁴, no study has examined the difference between the two diseases.

Since it was first proposed in 1996, Skindex-29 has been widely used to assess the QoL of patients with skin disorders⁵,⁶. Here we used Hair Specific Skindex-29 to identify the negative effects of alopecia areata (AA) and AGA. We ultimately aimed to identify the differences in QoL between two diseases and the factors influencing such differences.

A total of 541 patients (380 AGA and 161 AA) who visited Wonju Severance Christian Hospital between March 2012 and February 2017 were included. All subjects were diagnosed with alopecia by a dermatologist. Patients were divided into subgroups according to their age, sex, onset age, initial or recurrence, and duration of disease, and the Hair Specific Skindex-29 score was compared. Ultimately, we aimed to determine whether Hair Specific Skindex-29 scores differed between AA and AGA. This study was approved by the Insitutional Review Board of Yonsei University Wonju Severance Christian Hopistal (IRB no. CR317014). Informed consent was obtained from all enrolled subjects.

AA patients showed markedly deteriorated QoL in functioning than AGA patients (p=0.013, Fig. 1A), and AGA patients were more likely to report symptomatic QoL depression (p=0.033). When concerning age groups, the functional impairment in AA patients in their 30s was significantly higher (p=0.025, Fig. 2A, B). The QoL of AA and AGA patients did not show any significant difference by sex. AGA patients whose onset age was ≤20s were more likely to experience lower symptomatic QoL. In patients with an onset age of 30s, however, AA patients showed significantly lower QoL as evidenced by function, emotion, and composite scores. The AA patients with a duration ≥5 years showed a lower mean QoL shown by functional and composite scores (Fig. 2C, D). In contrast, AGA patients with a disease duration of 1~5 months were more likely to have lower symptomatic QoL (p=0.018). Patients with mild AGA (M1, C1, V1, and F1 on basic and specific [BASP] classification⁷) had significantly higher symptomatic scores than mild AA (< 30% of the scalp), while the decrease in functioning QoL was prominent in AA (p=0.017 and 0.010, respectively). Compared to moderate AGA with M2, C2, V2, and F2 and moderate AA (30% to 90% of scalp), the functional and composite scores were higher in AA (p=0.003 and 0.028, respectively). Patients with mild AA had higher functioning scores before treatment, and they remained significant after treatment (p=0.028 and 0.036, respectively; Fig. 1B~D). Severe AA (≥90% scalp involvement) and severe AGA with M3, C3, V3, F3, and every U type showed no significant QoL difference before treatment. However, symptom scores of severe AGA were significantly higher than post-treatment AA (p=0.037).

Fig. 1. (A) Comparison of Hair Specific Skindex-29 score between patients with alopecia areata (AA) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA). (B~D) Comparison of Hair Specific Skindex-29 scores before versus after treatment in patients with (B) mild, (C) moderate, or (D) severe AA or AGA. ^*Statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

Fig. 2. Comparison of Hair Specific Skindex-29 scores by (A) subjects' age, (B) onset age, (C) duration of illness, and (D) disease severity between alopecia areata (AA) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA). ^*Statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

According to the result of our study, AA and AGA have a significant negative impact on patient QoL. The functioning score of Hair Specific Skindex-29 was higher in AA, while the symptoms score was significantly higher in AGA. AA with an onset age of 30s showed poor QoL score, while in AGA patients with an onset age ≤20s had a greater QoL impairment. Lower QoL indices were observed when AA duration was prolonged, and the AGA only recently started. It has been consistently observed that QoL is deteriorated by hair loss occurring at ≤30 years of age. This similar result to the QoL studies related to other skin disorders suggests that older patients may have improved coping mechanisms compared to their younger counterparts⁸,⁹.

We objectively identified the negative effects of AA and AGA on patients' QoL. The impact of two diseases is significantly different according to age, onset age, and disease duration, suggesting that a personalized approach to QoL is required. This was a preliminary study with a limitation of having excluded information about factors influencing QoL such as socialization frequency or marital status. Further investigations are needed to determine the effect of these factors on QoL in AA and AGA patients.