Usefulness of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detection of a neuroblastic nodule in a ganglioneuroblastoma: a case report

Abstract

Background

Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular is defined as a composite tumor of biologically distinct clones. The peripheral neuroblastic tumors in this category are characterized by the presence of grossly visible neuroblastoma nodules coexisting with ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed, or with ganglioneuroma. Making a correct diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular is often difficult by biopsy or partial tumor resection, because the neuroblastic nodule could be hidden and not sampled for pathological examination.

Case presentation

We report a case of a Japanese boy aged 3 years, 8 months, with an unresectable abdominal tumor and elevated vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid levels. The initial biopsy was ganglioneuroma. However, after the second biopsy from a hidden neuroblastoma nodule that was clearly highlighted by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, we reached the diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular. Because the nodule demonstrated neuroblastoma, differentiating subtype, with a low mitosis-karyorrhexis index (favorable histology) and nonamplified MYCN, the boy was treated according to the intermediate-risk protocol and is now alive and well 4 years after the diagnosis.

Conclusions

This case illustrates the critical role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting a neuroblastoma nodule in a ganglioneuroblastoma.

Background

Peripheral neuroblastic tumor (pNT), derived from sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest, is one of the most common extracranial solid tumors in children. The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC) distinguishes four categories of pNTs as follows: neuroblastoma (NB; Schwannian stroma-poor); ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed (GNBi; Schwannian stroma-rich); ganglioneuroma (GN; Schwannian stroma-dominant); and ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular (GNBn; composite, Schwannian stroma-dominant/stroma-rich, and stroma-poor) [1, 2]. INPC classifies pNTs into either the favorable or unfavorable histology group, and this classification plays a critical role in patient risk stratification for the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) neuroblastoma clinical trials.

Among these tumor categories, GNBn is defined as a composite tumor of biologically distinct clones. pNTs in this category are characterized by the presence of a grossly visible NB nodule coexisting with GNBi or GN. Making a correct diagnosis of GNBn is often difficult by biopsy or partial tumor resection, because the NB nodule could be hidden and not sampled for pathological examination. Although the nodule is frequently hemorrhagic and/or necrotic, it may not be easily detectable by conventional imaging analyses and ¹²³I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹²³I-MIBG) scintigraphy. However, detecting/sampling the NB nodule for molecular testing and histopathological classification is essential for appropriate clinical management of patients with GNBn.

We report a case of a pediatric patient with a huge and unresectable stage 3 pNT. After the initial biopsy diagnosis of GN, the final diagnosis of GNBn was made on the basis of the result of the second biopsy from the NB nodule, which was clearly identified/located by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Successful clinical management of the patient was accomplished on the basis of the molecular and histopathological characteristics of the NB nodule of this case.

Case presentation

A Japanese boy aged 3 years, 8 months was presented to our institution with marked abdominal distention. CT revealed a huge mass with calcification, measuring 13 cm in diameter, in the median abdominal region. The tumor, encasing bilateral common iliac arteries, was stage 3 according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System [3] (Fig. 1a, b), and it was unresectable. Whole-body ¹²³I-MIBG scintigraphy revealed no metastatic spread. The patient’s urinary catecholamine metabolites were markedly elevated; his vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) level was 48.7 μg/mg creatinine (normal range 4.3–12.1 μg/mg); and his homovanillic acid (HVA) level was 221 μg/mg creatinine (normal range 5.8–18.7 μg/mg).

Fig. 1.

a A coronal computed tomographic image showing a huge abdominal tumor extending from the retroperitoneum to the pelvis. b Axial contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showing heterogeneous enhancement. The tumor shows bilateral encasement by the common iliac artery. c and d Axial fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography showing abnormal accumulation with a maximum standardized uptake value of 4.20 (arrows)

The pathological diagnosis based on the initial biopsy was GN (Fig. 2a). Although the highly elevated urinary VMA/HVA levels prompted us to search for a hidden NB clone, imaging analyses, including contrast-enhanced CT, failed to show any nodular formation. The tumor demonstrated a partial uptake of ¹²³I-MIBG, but the neuroblastic nodule was difficult to locate (Fig. 3). Further examination using FDG PET/CT, however, revealed the nodular lesion of the NB growth with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of 4.20 in the primary tumor mass (Fig. 1c, d).

Fig. 2.

a Histopathological study of the initial biopsy revealing ganglioneuroma (Schwannian stroma-dominant), maturing subtype, and favorable histology (FH). Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) stain, original magnification ×100. b Histopathological study of the second biopsy revealing neuroblastoma (Schwannian stroma-poor), differentiating subtype, low mitosis-karyorrhexis index, and FH. H&E stain, original magnification ×100

Fig. 3.

Whole-body ¹²³iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹²³I-MIBG) scintigraphy at diagnosis showing partial uptake of ¹²³I-MIBG (arrows)

The patient subsequently underwent a second biopsy of the nodular lesion, with increased FDG uptake. The biopsy tissue showed an appearance characteristic of NB, differentiating subtype, with a low mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI) (< 100/5000 cells) and favorable histology according to the INPC (Fig. 2b). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the MYNC oncogene was not amplified in the NB nodule.

According to the COG criteria, the patient was in the intermediate-risk group, and he was treated with one cycle of cyclophosphamide/vincristine/pirarubicin, two cycles of cyclophosphamide/vincristine/carboplatin, and six cycles of cyclophosphamide/vincristine/pirarubicin/cisplatin, in accordance with the protocol of the Japan Neuroblastoma Study Group. At the time of chemotherapy completion, the tumor had not shrunk, and the patient’s urinary VMA/HVA levels remained elevated. Because the GNBn in this case was biologically favorable, we opted for clinical observation without further therapy. Four years after the diagnosis, the patient was doing well with no detectable ¹²³I-MIBG avid foci and normalized VMA/HVA levels, whereas the tumor size had slightly increased.

Discussion

In 1947, Stout et al. first described a composite tumor that contained a malignant NB nodule coexisting with ganglioneuromatous tissue [4]. In 1984, Shimada et al. clearly defined the morphological characteristics of this category as pNT and named it “stroma-rich (ganglioneuroblastoma), nodular” [5]. In 1999, the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee changed the name of this category to “Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular (GNBn)” [1, 2]. In 2000, Umehara et al. identified two prognostic groups in this category, and the results were confirmed by the committee in 2003 [6]. Briefly, the “favorable versus unfavorable” histology classification according to the INPC, based on the age-linked morphological evaluation (grade of neuroblastic differentiation and MKI), that was applied to the NB nodule significantly distinguishes better and worse prognoses, respectively, of patients with GNBn. In 2012, Angelini et al. reported the results of the study of the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group, and the event-free and overall survival rates of GNBn tumors in the favorable histology group were 87 ± 8% and 91 ± 6%, respectively, whereas those in the unfavorable histology group were 45 ± 6% and 61 ± 5%, respectively [7].

For clinical management of patients with pNT, detection/sampling of the NB nodule is critical when present and coexisting with GNBi or GN. However, in our routine practice, we could miss the nodule by biopsy or partial resection of the tumors that show only GN or GNBi histology. Currently, the COG Neuroblastoma Pathology Reference Laboratory recommends a disclaimer of “based on review of limited material” in the diagnosis line after “GN or GNBi, favorable histology” in the surgical pathology report. In this clinical situation, the COG Neuroblastoma Pathology Reference Laboratory also recommends measuring VMA/HVA levels, because hidden NB nodules can often be the source of high elevation of these markers. By contrast, GN and GNBi tumors, predominantly or mainly composed of Schwannian stroma, usually do not produce higher levels of VMA/HVA.

In our patient’s case, we conducted imaging analyses for detection of the NB nodule. Conventional CT and magnetic resonance imaging were not useful for this purpose. Although ¹²³I-MIBG scintigraphy has been widely used for the diagnosis of pNTs, it was also not helpful for identifying the NB nodule in the otherwise GN background of our patient. As reported by Decarolis et al., 24.5% of GN tumors and 61.1% of GNBi tumors showed MIBG uptake, so that any NB nodule, when present, may not be highlighted by this scintigraphy method [8]. However, we detected/highlighted the NB nodule in our patient by using FDG PET/CT, on the basis of the difference in FDG accumulation as follows: midlevel FDG accumulation (SUV_max 4.10) in the NB nodule [9] in contrast to the lower FDG accumulation (SUV_max 2.02) in GN tissue [10].

Management of residual tumors after completion of chemotherapy has been controversial. Marachelian et al. [11] and Iehara et al. [12] demonstrated that residual tumors in patients with intermediate-risk pNTs were not associated with tumor progression, regardless of ¹²³I-MIBG avidity and/or elevated catecholamines. Considering the characteristics of the NB nodule (favorable histology and nonamplified MYCN) in our patient, we adopted an observational approach to wait for age-linked tumor maturation, regardless of persistently high levels of catecholamines. As clarified by Decrarolis et al., the large GN portion of this tumor, which is composed of abundant Schwannian stromal cells, would not shrink after chemotherapy [8]. As suggested by Nishihira et al., incremental increase in tumor volume may result from the proliferation of Schwannian stroma cells in the course of the maturational step of a biologically favorable NB nodule to GN [13]. After 4 years of follow-up, our patient was still alive and well with normalized catecholamine levels.

Conclusions

In summary, we report a case of a pediatric patient with unresectable stage 3 GNBn. Biopsy of the NB nodule, which was clearly highlighted by FDG PET/CT, led us to successful clinical management of the patient. Our report suggests the potential usefulness of FDG PET/CT rather than ¹²³I-MIBG scintigraphy for detection of NB nodules in GNBn.

Abbreviations

COG

Children’s Oncology Group

CT

Computed tomography

FDG

Fluorodeoxyglucose

FH

Favorable histology

GN

Ganglioneuroma

GNBi

Ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed

GNBn

Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular

HVA

Homovanillic acid

¹²³I-MIBG

¹²³Iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine

INPC

International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification

MKI

Mitosis-karyorrhexis index

NB

Neuroblastoma

PET

Positron emission tomography

pNT

Peripheral neuroblastic tumor

SUV_max

Maximum standardized uptake value

VMA

Vanillylmandelic acid

Authors’ contributions

YT, being the first author, drafted the initial manuscript. KM, SK, YO, NT, and MH were involved in the care of the patient. AKa edited and approved the final manuscript. KT made the pathological diagnosis and provided the figures for the manuscript. AKi reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. HS, being the corresponding author, supervised each step of the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Approval of the institutional ethics committee was not required, because this is a case report without any experimental trial.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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