Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) in blood pressure (BP) homeostasis. To date, no large prospective, genetic–epidemiological data are available on genetic variation within ERAP and hypertension risk. The association of 45 genetic variants of ERAP1 and ERAP2 was investigated in 17,255 Caucasian female participants from the Women's Genome Health Study. All subjects were free of hypertension at baseline. During an 18-year follow-up period, 10,216 incident hypertensive cases were identified. Multivariable linear, logistic, and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship of genotypes with baseline BP levels, BP progression at 48 months, and incident hypertension assuming an additive genetic model. Linear regression analyses showed associations of four tSNPs (ERAP1: rs27524; ERAP2: rs3733904, rs4869315, and rs2549782; all p < 0.05) with baseline systolic BP levels. Three tSNPs (ERAP1: rs27851, rs27429, and rs34736, all p < 0.05) were associated with baseline diastolic BP levels. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that ERAP1 rs27772 was associated with BP progression at 48 months (p = 0.0366). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed an association of three tSNPs (ERAP1: rs469783 and rs10050860; ERAP2: rs2927615; all p < 0.05) with risk of incident hypertension. Analyses of dbGaP for genotype–phenotype association and GTEx Portal for gene expression quantitative trait loci revealed five tSNPs with differential association of BP and nine tSNPs with lower ERAP1 and ERAP2 mRNA expression levels, respectively. The present study suggests that ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene variation may be useful for risk assessment of BP progression and the development of hypertension.
1. Introduction
Elevated blood pressure is an important risk factor for the development of stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular and renal disease. However, elevated blood pressure is controlled in only 54% of the US population with hypertension [1]. This is due, in part, to the fact that the pathophysiology of elevated blood pressure/hypertension is not entirely clear.
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP1; gene ID 51752, Chr. 5q15) and -2 (ERAP2; gene ID 64167, Chr. 5q15) are multifunctional aminopeptidases that have been proposed to play important roles in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and immune disorders associated with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), preeclampsia, and hypertension [2–4]. ERAP1 and ERAP2 are zinc metallopeptidases that are members of the M1 oxytocinase subfamily that work in concert to catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the N-terminus of various human antigens and peptide hormones [4–6] and have been shown to be widely expressed in human tissue including the heart, endothelial cells, and kidney. They are proposed to regulate blood pressure by inactivation of angiotensin II (AngII).
In vitro, ERAP1 catalyzes the conversion of AngII to angiotensin III and IV [5], and ERAP2 converts angiotensin III to angiotensin IV [6]. Recent studies have shown that ERAP1 binds to thioredoxin ERp44 within the endoplasmic reticulum and that global ablation of ERp44 in mice leads to increased circulating levels of ERAP1 and reduced blood pressure and AngII levels in vivo—results that are consistent with a role of ERAP1 in blood pressure homeostasis [7]. Furthermore, genetic–molecular approaches have identified variants among ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes that are associated with preeclampsia [8, 9], hemolytic uremia [10], and hypertension [11]. In particular, an association between the ERAP1 rs30187 gene variant and hypertension was reported in a small cohort of 143 hypertensive and 348 normotensive Japanese subjects. Of importance, this variant was associated with reduced trimming efficiency of ERAP1 to inactivate AngII and increase bradykinin levels [12]. Moreover, there is evidence showing that hypertensive carriers of this genetic variant with left ventricular hypertrophy have significantly better left ventricular mass index responses to the AngII type 1 receptor antagonist than noncarriers have—results that implicate AngII and ERAP1 as potential regulators of left ventricular mass [13]. However, case–control genetic association analyses of the MRC British Genetics of Hypertension study participants showed no association between genetic variants at the ERAP1 locus and essential hypertension in 1700 hypertensive and 1700 normotensive subjects [14, 15]. Furthermore, genetic variants of ERAP loci have not been reported to be associated with blood pressure in genome-wide association studies [16–20].
However, to date, no systematic, prospective epidemiological data are available that examine the relevance of the ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene loci as risk markers for hypertension. We thus evaluated the potential association of 33 ERAP1 and 12 ERAP2 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) with (i) baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, (ii) blood pressure progression, and (iii) incident hypertension in a large prospective cohort of 17,255 initially healthy US white women.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
Details of the study design have been previously described [21, 22]. In brief, participants in the Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS)—a genetic substudy of the Women's Health Study [23, 24]—included initially healthy North American women aged 45 or older with no previous history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other major chronic illnesses. A baseline blood sample was collected during the enrollment phase of the Women's Health Study between 1992 and 1995. Study participants, who gave an informed consent for blood-based analyses related to risks of incident chronic diseases, were followed up for incident events that were adjudicated by an endpoints committee using standardized criteria and a full medical record review [23, 24]. The present investigation included 17,255 Caucasian participants of the WGHS; all were free of known cardiovascular disease, cancer, and hypertension at baseline. During a median follow-up time of 11.46 years (interquartile range: 6.52 to 18.68 years) for this sample population, a total of 10,216 newly diagnosed hypertensive cases were identified. The Brigham and Women's Hospital Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research approved the study protocol.
2.2. Study Variables
Blood pressure at randomization was self-reported by the participants, a group where self-report of blood pressure has proven highly accurate [25–27]. Women were classified into 3 predefined blood pressure categories: <120 mmHg for systolic and 75 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure; 120 to 129 mmHg for systolic or 75 to 84 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure; and 130 to 139 mmHg for systolic or 85 to 89 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure [28]. Women with discordant systolic and diastolic blood pressure categories were classified into the higher category. Covariables of interest were ascertained at study entry and included age, smoking status, history of hyperlipidemia (≥240 mg/dL or 6.22 mmol/L), body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), history of diabetes, frequency of exercise, alcohol consumption, and highest education level achieved.
2.3. Outcome Assessment
To assess blood pressure progression, we created categories of self-reported blood pressure at 48 months of follow-up identical to those at baseline as previously described [21, 22]. Blood pressure progression was defined by progressing ≥1 blood pressure category compared with baseline or by a new diagnosis of hypertension during the first 48 months. Incident cases of hypertension were defined by meeting ≥1 of the following criteria: self-report of a new physician diagnosis of hypertension assessed at years 1 and 3 and yearly thereafter; self-report of antihypertensive treatment assessed at years 1, 3, and 4; or self-reported systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg assessed at years 1 and 4. Women reporting a new physician diagnosis of hypertension also provided month and year of diagnosis. For a diagnosis defined by another criterion or a missing date for a physician diagnosis, a date between the current and the previous questionnaire was randomly assigned. Women who developed cardiovascular disease, for which the management may affect blood pressure levels, were censored at the date of diagnosis and not considered at risk for incident hypertension thereafter.
2.4. Genotype Determination
As described elsewhere, DNA extracted from the baseline WGHS blood samples underwent tSNP (r 2 ≈ 0.80) genotyping using the genome-wide Illumina Infinium II HumanHap300 panel [29, 30]. Genotyping call rates were >99% per SNP.
2.5. GTEx mRNA Expression Profile in Cardiovascular Tissues
To determine the relationship between gene variants and mRNA expression levels, we explored publicly available Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) data [31] for ERAP1 and ERAP2 in human coronary and tibial arteries, adrenal gland, and left ventricle tissues. The eQTL data presented were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project consortium: GTEx Analysis Release V6p (dbGaP Accession phs000424.v6.p1). Effect estimates and p values were directly extracted from the GTEx dataset summary statistics report (https://gtexportal.org/home/).
2.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) in Human Endothelial Cells
No (in vitro) data are available on the interplay between various blood pressure regulatory peptides and ERAPs in relation to expression levels. In vitro, AngII activates endothelial cells, leading to increased angiogenesis and reactive oxygen species production among other effects [32–34]. For the present in vitro studies, the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926 (American Type Culture Collection: CRL-2922), was used; this cell line was previously documented by us and others to be responsive to AngII and aldosterone activation [32–34]. The effects of AngII on ERAP1 as well as ERAP2 gene expression were investigated. In brief, cells were grown in 10% fetal bovine serum-Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and split 1 : 16 at confluence [33, 34]. Cells were then treated for 24 hours with AngII (10 nM) in the presence or absence of losartan (1 μM), an AngII type I receptor antagonist. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen Sciences, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was synthesized from 3 μg of total RNA with the First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Amersham, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). PCR amplification reactions were performed with TaqMan gene expression assays for ERAP1 (Hs00429970_m1) and ERAP2 (Hs01073631_m1) in triplicate with the ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The cycle threshold method was used following the manufacturer's recommendation to determine mRNA levels. Target gene expression was normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 18S rRNA levels.
2.7. Statistical Analyses
Genotype frequencies were compared with values predicted by the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium using the chi-square test with one degree of freedom. Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for age, BMI, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, current smoking status, exercise, alcohol use, education level, and current (any) hormone use, was performed to assess the relationship of genotypes with baseline blood pressure measurements. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between genotypes and blood pressure progression at 48 months, adjusting for age, BMI, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, current smoking status, exercise, alcohol use, education level, current (any) hormone use, and randomized treatment assignments. Hazard ratios (HRs) associated with each of the SNPs were calculated separately by Cox regression analysis, adjusting for age, BMI, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, current smoking status, exercise, alcohol use, education level, current (any) hormone use, and randomized treatment assignments. The proportional hazards assumption was examined for all of the models by including a genotype by logarithm of time interaction into each model. All analyses were carried out using SAS v9.1 package (SAS Institute Inc.) or R software, assuming an additive model for genetic effects. Because of the confirmatory nature of the current study and the extended data from several public consortia, a 2-tailed uncorrected (for multiple testing) p value of 0.05 was considered a statistically significant result.
3. Results
3.1. ERAP1 and ERAP2 Variants with Baseline Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Progression, and Risk of Hypertension
The baseline characteristics of the 17,255 initially healthy Caucasian women are shown in Table 1. Two (rs17482078 and rs25866) out of the 45 SNPs evaluated were not in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with uncorrected p values <0.001. Results from the linear regression analyses showed evidence for differential associations of four SNPs (ERAP1: rs27524; ERAP2: rs3733904, rs4869315, and rs2549782; all p-uncorrected <0.05) with baseline systolic blood pressure levels (Online Supplementary Data Table 1) and three SNPs (ERAP1: rs27851, rs27429, and rs34736, all p-uncorrected <0.05) with baseline diastolic blood pressure levels (Online Supplementary Data Table 2), respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, ERAP1 rs27772 was shown to be associated with blood pressure progression at 48 months (p-uncorrected = 0.0366; Table 2). Results from the multivariable Cox regression analysis showed evidence for an association of three SNPs (ERAP1: rs469783 and rs10050860; ERAP2: rs2927615; all p-uncorrected <0.05) with risk of incident hypertension (Table 3). All SNPs evaluated were in agreement of proportionality hazard assumption.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Variable | N = 17,255 |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 52.00 [48.00, 57.00] |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 24.21 [22.05, 27.40] |
| Smoking status, % | |
| Current | 11.88 |
| Past | 37.24 |
| Never | 50.88 |
| History of diabetes, % | 1.29 |
| History of hyperlipidemia ≥240 mg/dL, % | 24.98 |
| Exercise, times/week, % | |
| Rarely/never | 35.19 |
| <1 | 19.80 |
| 1 to 3 | 33.11 |
| >3 | 11.89 |
| Alcohol use, % | |
| Rarely/never | 41.41 |
| Monthly | 13.45 |
| Weekly | 34.42 |
| Daily | 10.71 |
| Highest education level, % | |
| Less than a Bachelor's degree | 53.67 |
| Bachelor's degree | 24.97 |
| Master's or doctoral degree | 21.37 |
| Aspirin use, % | 49.71 |
| Beta-carotene use, % | 49.92 |
| Vitamin-E use, % | 50.38 |
| Current hormone use, % | 43.32 |
| Baseline BP category, % | |
| <120/75 mmHg | 44.76 |
| 120–129/75–84 mmHg | 39.14 |
| 130–139/85–89 mmHg | 16.10 |
Data are median and interquartile range for continuous, and percentages for categorical variables.
Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with blood pressure progression.
| dbSNP | MA | MAF | OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-uncorrected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERAP1 | ||||||
| rs1559085 | G | 0.1413 | 1.056 | 0.988 | 1.129 | 0.1094 |
| rs27851 | G | 0.0607 | 0.946 | 0.858 | 1.043 | 0.2686 |
| rs3756623 | C | 0.0750 | 0.970 | 0.888 | 1.059 | 0.4924 |
| rs754615 | C | 0.3907 | 1.014 | 0.967 | 1.064 | 0.5581 |
| rs1862609 | A | 0.3129 | 1.022 | 0.973 | 1.075 | 0.3846 |
| rs27772 | G | 0.3133 | 0.948 | 0.901 | 0.997 | 0.0366 |
| rs28081 | A | 0.1510 | 1.006 | 0.943 | 1.073 | 0.8643 |
| rs27037 | A | 0.2957 | 1.040 | 0.988 | 1.094 | 0.1314 |
| rs27429 | C | 0.0598 | 0.943 | 0.855 | 1.041 | 0.2457 |
| rs27524 | A | 0.3730 | 1.036 | 0.987 | 1.087 | 0.1497 |
| rs25862 | A | 0.4488 | 0.996 | 0.951 | 1.044 | 0.8777 |
| rs11135480 | C | 0.1321 | 1.032 | 0.964 | 1.105 | 0.3662 |
| rs10515247 | A | 0.1323 | 1.033 | 0.964 | 1.106 | 0.3593 |
| rs149078 | A | 0.2965 | 0.975 | 0.927 | 1.026 | 0.3280 |
| rs27042 | A | 0.3655 | 0.959 | 0.914 | 1.007 | 0.0913 |
| rs27044 | G | 0.2795 | 1.025 | 0.973 | 1.079 | 0.3557 |
| rs17482078 | A | 0.2039 | 1.039 | 0.981 | 1.101 | 0.1883 |
| rs42398 | G | 0.1470 | 1.009 | 0.945 | 1.077 | 0.7856 |
| rs469783 | G | 0.4374 | 1.016 | 0.970 | 1.065 | 0.4956 |
| rs10050860 | A | 0.2127 | 1.026 | 0.969 | 1.086 | 0.3862 |
| rs13154629 | A | 0.2131 | 1.035 | 0.978 | 1.096 | 0.2276 |
| rs30187 | A | 0.3478 | 1.019 | 0.971 | 1.070 | 0.4463 |
| rs27434 | A | 0.2175 | 1.003 | 0.948 | 1.062 | 0.9069 |
| rs26618 | G | 0.2370 | 0.975 | 0.923 | 1.030 | 0.3650 |
| rs25866 | A | 0.2341 | 0.998 | 0.943 | 1.055 | 0.9369 |
| rs26653 | C | 0.2835 | 0.984 | 0.934 | 1.036 | 0.5304 |
| rs34753 | G | 0.2796 | 0.979 | 0.930 | 1.031 | 0.4259 |
| rs28129 | G | 0.2804 | 0.979 | 0.930 | 1.031 | 0.4227 |
| rs18036 | G | 0.2441 | 0.982 | 0.930 | 1.037 | 0.5188 |
| rs152280 | A | 0.2085 | 0.991 | 0.936 | 1.049 | 0.7572 |
| rs12520537 | G | 0.1537 | 0.987 | 0.926 | 1.053 | 0.6997 |
| rs41135 | G | 0.4669 | 1.016 | 0.970 | 1.064 | 0.5092 |
| rs34736 | A | 0.0648 | 0.929 | 0.845 | 1.021 | 0.1254 |
| ERAP2 | ||||||
| rs2911132 | A | 0.3726 | 1.014 | 0.967 | 1.064 | 0.5638 |
| rs2042381 | A | 0.2733 | 1.022 | 0.970 | 1.077 | 0.4111 |
| rs2927615 | A | 0.2404 | 1.027 | 0.973 | 1.084 | 0.3339 |
| rs2927612 | G | 0.1168 | 0.993 | 0.924 | 1.067 | 0.8550 |
| rs2549778 | A | 0.4292 | 1.005 | 0.959 | 1.053 | 0.8417 |
| rs6861666 | G | 0.0781 | 1.014 | 0.930 | 1.106 | 0.7579 |
| rs3733904 | G | 0.2117 | 0.965 | 0.911 | 1.022 | 0.2239 |
| rs2549779 | G | 0.4880 | 0.983 | 0.939 | 1.030 | 0.4843 |
| rs4869315 | A | 0.4241 | 0.969 | 0.924 | 1.015 | 0.1846 |
| rs2549782 | C | 0.4093 | 1.047 | 0.999 | 1.097 | 0.0569 |
| rs17408150 | T | 0.0560 | 1.050 | 0.948 | 1.162 | 0.3470 |
| rs7714122 | G | 0.0648 | 0.999 | 0.908 | 1.098 | 0.9794 |
Adjusted for age, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, current smoking, exercise, alcohol use, education level, current hormone use, and randomized treatment assignment. MA = minor; MAF = minor allele frequency; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
Table 3.
Cox regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with incident hypertension.
| dbSNP | MA | MAF | HR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-uncorrected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERAP1 | ||||||
| rs1559085 | G | 0.1413 | 0.997 | 0.957 | 1.037 | 0.8652 |
| rs27851 | G | 0.0607 | 1.008 | 0.951 | 1.069 | 0.7869 |
| rs3756623 | C | 0.0750 | 1.011 | 0.959 | 1.065 | 0.6970 |
| rs754615 | C | 0.3907 | 0.996 | 0.968 | 1.025 | 0.7774 |
| rs1862609 | A | 0.3129 | 0.990 | 0.961 | 1.021 | 0.5240 |
| rs27772 | G | 0.3133 | 0.986 | 0.956 | 1.016 | 0.3421 |
| rs28081 | A | 0.1510 | 1.011 | 0.973 | 1.051 | 0.5739 |
| rs27037 | A | 0.2957 | 1.026 | 0.995 | 1.058 | 0.0967 |
| rs27429 | C | 0.0598 | 1.008 | 0.95 | 1.070 | 0.7860 |
| rs27524 | A | 0.3730 | 1.029 | 1.000 | 1.059 | 0.0537 |
| rs25862 | A | 0.4488 | 0.992 | 0.965 | 1.021 | 0.5849 |
| rs11135480 | C | 0.1321 | 1.021 | 0.980 | 1.064 | 0.3230 |
| rs10515247 | A | 0.1323 | 1.021 | 0.980 | 1.064 | 0.3261 |
| rs149078 | A | 0.2965 | 0.999 | 0.969 | 1.030 | 0.9572 |
| rs27042 | A | 0.3655 | 0.996 | 0.968 | 1.026 | 0.8056 |
| rs27044 | G | 0.2795 | 1.013 | 0.982 | 1.045 | 0.4108 |
| rs17482078 | A | 0.2039 | 0.980 | 0.947 | 1.015 | 0.2539 |
| rs42398 | G | 0.1470 | 1.009 | 0.970 | 1.050 | 0.6454 |
| rs469783 | G | 0.4374 | 1.032 | 1.003 | 1.062 | 0.0291 |
| rs10050860 | A | 0.2127 | 0.964 | 0.931 | 0.997 | 0.0351 |
| rs13154629 | A | 0.2131 | 0.973 | 0.940 | 1.007 | 0.1182 |
| rs30187 | A | 0.3478 | 1.026 | 0.996 | 1.056 | 0.0914 |
| rs27434 | A | 0.2175 | 1.026 | 0.992 | 1.062 | 0.1403 |
| rs26618 | G | 0.2370 | 0.987 | 0.955 | 1.020 | 0.4313 |
| rs25866 | A | 0.2341 | 1.015 | 0.982 | 1.050 | 0.3732 |
| rs26653 | C | 0.2835 | 1.019 | 0.988 | 1.051 | 0.2330 |
| rs34753 | G | 0.2796 | 1.016 | 0.985 | 1.048 | 0.3224 |
| rs28129 | G | 0.2804 | 1.016 | 0.985 | 1.048 | 0.3149 |
| rs18036 | G | 0.2441 | 1.000 | 0.968 | 1.033 | 0.9944 |
| rs152280 | A | 0.2085 | 1.013 | 0.978 | 1.048 | 0.4764 |
| rs12520537 | G | 0.1537 | 1.028 | 0.989 | 1.068 | 0.1629 |
| rs41135 | G | 0.4669 | 0.981 | 0.953 | 1.009 | 0.1740 |
| rs34736 | A | 0.0648 | 1.001 | 0.945 | 1.060 | 0.9785 |
| ERAP2 | ||||||
| rs2911132 | A | 0.3726 | 0.986 | 0.958 | 1.015 | 0.3506 |
| rs2042381 | A | 0.2733 | 1.010 | 0.979 | 1.042 | 0.5209 |
| rs2927615 | A | 0.2404 | 0.958 | 0.927 | 0.990 | 0.0107 |
| rs2927612 | G | 0.1168 | 0.991 | 0.949 | 1.036 | 0.6977 |
| rs2549778 | A | 0.4292 | 0.998 | 0.970 | 1.026 | 0.8664 |
| rs6861666 | G | 0.0781 | 1.028 | 0.976 | 1.082 | 0.2971 |
| rs3733904 | G | 0.2117 | 0.991 | 0.957 | 1.026 | 0.6043 |
| rs2549779 | G | 0.4880 | 0.994 | 0.966 | 1.022 | 0.6693 |
| rs4869315 | A | 0.4241 | 0.987 | 0.960 | 1.016 | 0.3795 |
| rs2549782 | C | 0.4093 | 1.019 | 0.991 | 1.048 | 0.1873 |
| rs17408150 | T | 0.0560 | 1.046 | 0.985 | 1.111 | 0.1450 |
| rs7714122 | G | 0.0648 | 1.030 | 0.974 | 1.090 | 0.2986 |
Adjusted for age, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, current smoking, exercise, alcohol use, education level, current hormone use, and randomized treatment assignment. MA = minor; MAF = minor allele frequency; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.
3.2. mRNA Expression Profile in Cardiovascular Tissues by ERAP Gene Variants
A total of 12 ERAP SNPs that showed significant effects in the present study were evaluated (for ERAP1: rs27524, rs27851, rs27429, rs30187, rs34736, rs27772, rs469783, and rs10050860; for ERAP2: rs3733904, rs4869315, rs2549782, and rs2927615) [31]. In the tibial artery, all ERAP1 genetic variants were associated with significantly decreased ERAP1 mRNA expression (p < 0.0025) except for rs27851 that showed an increase (Supplementary Data Table 3). In all other tissues analyzed, at least four of the SNPs were associated with decreased ERAP1 mRNA levels. With regards to ERAP2, with the exception of rs2927615, all other variants were significantly associated with reduced ERAP2 mRNA in the four tissue types tested. Table 4 sequentially presents the association of the GTEx SNP list with the phenotypic outcomes examined in the present study. The overall findings suggest that genetic variants of ERAP1 and ERAP2 that were associated with blood pressure homeostasis may be predictive of lower ERAP1 and ERAP2 expression levels.
Table 4.
Summary of association of the GTEx SNP list evaluated with the phenotypic outcomes examined in the present study.
| ERAP1 | Coronary∗ artery | Tibial∗ artery | Adrenal∗ gland | Left∗ ventricle | B-SBP∗∗ | B-DBP∗∗ | Prog∗∗ | HTN∗∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs27524 | 0.0042 | 0.00087 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0492 | ns | ns | ns |
| rs27851 | 0.043 | 0.0023 | 0.13 | 0.66 | ns | 0.0083 | ns | ns |
| rs27429 | 0.08 | 0.0025 | 0.53 | 0.55 | ns | 0.0093 | ns | ns |
| rs30187 | 0.00022 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| rs34736 | 0.10 | 0.00016 | 0.23 | 0.58 | ns | 0.0175 | ns | ns |
| rs27772 | 0.052 | <0.0001 | 0.00028 | 0.18 | ns | ns | 0.0366 | ns |
| rs469783 | 0.0042 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.00075 | ns | ns | ns | 0.0291 |
| rs10050860 | 0.88 | <0.0001 | 0.18 | 0.023 | ns | ns | ns | 0.0351 |
| ERAP2 | ||||||||
| rs3733904 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0029 | <0.0001 | 0.0090 | ns | ns | ns |
| rs4869315 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0108 | ns | ns | ns |
| rs2549782 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0320 | ns | ns | ns |
| rs2927615 | 0.39 | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.51 | ns | ns | ns | 0.0107 |
∗Values presented are p values for gene expression analysis from the GTEx Portal database (GTEx Analysis Release V6p). ∗∗Values presented are uncorrected p values reported in the present investigation. B-SBP = baseline systolic blood pressure; B-DBP = baseline diastolic blood pressure; Prog = blood pressure progression; HTN = incident hypertension; ns = p value >0.05.
We examined ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene expression levels in the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, that were stimulated with AngII. We observed that AngII incubation significantly increased ERAP1 but not ERAP2 mRNA levels (Supplementary Data Figure 1). The AngII-stimulated ERAP1 expression was blocked by preincubation with losartan, an AngII type I receptor antagonist. Consequently, our present results suggest that endothelial cell activation is associated with the activation of the AngII type 1 receptor and increased expression of ERAP1.
4. Discussion
Angiotensin II is one of the principal effector molecules of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS plays a critical role in sodium, water homeostasis, and blood pressure regulation. Indeed, disordered RAAS activation is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, increased reactive oxygen species, and inflammation, thus contributing to the pathophysiology of stroke, hypertension, and heart failure [35–37]. Our results support the contention that ERAP loci play a role in blood pressure homeostasis and the development of hypertension. We provide evidence that the genetic variation of ERAP was associated with baseline blood pressure, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. In addition, ERAP1 SNPs were associated with altered ERAP1 mRNA levels in vascular and adrenal tissues [31]. We thus posit that disordered ERAP1 levels may contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Of importance, we report that in vitro activation of endothelial cells by AngII leads to increases in ERAP1 mRNA via activation of the AngII type 1 receptor in endothelial cells (Supplementary Data Figure 1).
Differential associations of ERAP gene variants with various outcomes have been reported (Table 5), providing suggestive evidence for its involvement in blood pressure regulation. Taken together with our data, genetic variants of ERAP, in particular ERAP1, may modulate RAAS activity which in turn may regulate ERAP1 levels through a potential negative feedback mechanism. ERAP regulates bradykinin and AngII levels. However, further studies are needed to characterize this novel relationship between endoplasmic reticulum activation and ERAP1 and RAAS activation for its potential therapeutic applicability in blood pressure regulation.
Table 5.
Cross-reference comparison for specific ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene variants.
| Present study | Yamamoto et al. [11] | Yang et al. [42] | Johnson et al. [9] | Johnson et al. [9] | Hill et al. [8] | Hill et al. [8] Preeclampsia Unpaired African-American |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Incident hypertension | Hypertension | Hypertension | Preeclampsia | Preeclampsia | Preeclampsia | Preeclampsia |
| Sample population | US White females | Japanese case/control | Northeastern Han Chinese case/control | Australian/New Zealand familial cohort | Norwegian case/control | Chilean maternal-fetal dyads | Unpaired African-American |
| Sample size | 17,255 | 143/348 | 300/233 | 74 families | 1139/2269 | 1103 maternal–fetal dyads | 836 maternal 837 fetal |
| dbSNP | |||||||
| ERAP1 | |||||||
| rs30187 | HR = 1.026 95%CI = 0.996–1.056 p = 0.0914 |
OR = 1.6 95%CI = 1.2–2.3 |
— | — | — | — | — |
| rs26618 | HR = 0.987 95%CI = 0.955–1.020 p = 0.4313 |
ns | — | — | — | — | — |
| rs27980 | — | — | OR = 1.361 95%CI = 0.900–2.059 p = 0.144 |
— | — | — | — |
| rs17086651 | — | — | OR = 1.660 95%CI = 1.025–2.686 p = 0.039 |
— | — | — | — |
| rs3734016 | — | — | — | p = 0.009 | — | — | |
| rs34750 | — | — | — | — | p = 0.011 | — | — |
| ERAP2 | |||||||
| rs2549782 | HR = 1.019 95%CI = 0.991–1.048 p = 0.1873 |
— | — | p = 0.004 | — | ns | OR = 1.320 95%CI = 1.075–1.619 p = 0.009 |
| rs17408150 | HR = 1.046 95%CI = 0.985–1.111 p = 0.1450 |
— | — | — | p = 0.009 | ns | Not further evaluated due to allelic rarity |
HR = hazard ratio; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ns = nonsignificant.
As shown in Table 5, not all the published reports examined the same set of SNPs, nor did these studies comprehensively and simultaneously examine the association of ERAP gene loci with blood pressure progression, incident hypertension, and gene expression profile. Furthermore, not all published studies were conducted using comparable study design(s) or in similar racial/ethnic sample population(s), thus making a direct comparison and informative interpretation across studies difficult. Given this situation, a possible explanation for the apparent discrepancies is that the observed allele frequencies for the SNPs examined may differ between various studies, which could be due to population/ethnic differences/substructures.
Since several genome-wide association studies were conducted to determine the genetic risk factors for blood pressure [16–20], we further investigated the relationship using the Phenotype–Genotype Integrator in the NCBI dbGaP website [38–40]. Based on the dbGaP data repository, several SNPs within the ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene loci were reported to be associated with blood pressure (Supplementary Data Table 4), further indicating the potential involvement of ERAPs in blood pressure development.
The strengths of the present study are the overall sample size, the biological relevance of the polymorphisms considered, the prospective design, and the complete long-term follow-up among women. This is important as limited studies have addressed blood pressure outcomes in women exclusively and growing evidence shows that women are at a higher risk of developing hypertension-related cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction than men are [41]. We also chose, on an a priori basis, to present all our data simultaneously rather than focusing on any one specific finding. Nonetheless, potential limitations of our study require discussion. Limitations include generalizability and potential bias. We examined only Caucasian middle-aged and older women of distinct socioeconomic status (health professionals), and our findings may not be generalizable to other populations with diverse ethnicity or socioeconomic background. In our study, we had the ability to detect, based on the present sample sizes, assuming 80% power, at an alpha of 0.05, a hazards ratio of greater than 1.08 if the minor allele frequency is 0.50 and of greater than 1.09 if the minor allele frequency is 0.05 assuming a univariable-additive model. Thus, we cannot rule out a low risk associated with the SNPs tested. Finally, confirmation in other prospective studies is warranted. Nonetheless, our present findings and the collective data reported in the dbGaP consortium (Online Supplementary Data Table 4) provide confirmatory evidence for an association of ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene loci with blood pressure levels.
In conclusion, the present findings provide evidence for the involvement of ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene loci in blood pressure regulation and the pathogenesis of hypertension with an added indication of ERAP1 gene locus as a potential therapeutic target for blood pressure management.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL-096518, HL-043851, HL-080467, and CA-047988). Collaborative scientific support for genotyping was provided by Amgen Inc. GTEx is funded through the National Institutes of Health Common Fund, which supports innovative projects involving multiple National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes. GTEx is managed by the National Institutes of Health Office of the Director, in partnership with the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and numerous other NIH institutes.
Additional Points
Novelty and Significance. What Is New? (i) Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and 2 is associated with baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). (ii) Three ERAP1 and ERAP2 tSNPs are associated with risk of incident hypertension. (iii) dbGaP analyses showed a genotype–phenotype association with five tSNPs and BP. (iv) Gene expression quantitative trait loci analyses revealed that these tSNPs were associated with reduced ERAP1 and ERAP2 mRNA expression levels in human cardiovascular tissue. What Is Relevant? (i) ERAPs plays an important and well-described role in immune function as they trim HLA-binding precursors modulating their inclusion into MHC-I. (ii) ERAPs metabolize a variety of cell surface receptors and peptides including angiotensin-II. (iii) Small case–control studies provided evidence that polymorphic variants of ERAP1 and ERAP2 are associated with preeclampsia and hypertension. (iv) Recent data suggests that ERAP1 also is a mediator of the hypotensive response to sepsis. Summary. This large, prospective cohort study among initially healthy women supports the contention that ERAP gene variation may be useful for risk assessment of BP progression and the development of hypertension.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Materials
Online Supplementary Data Table 1: linear regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with baseline systolic blood pressure levels. Online Supplementary Data Table 2: linear regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with baseline diastolic blood pressure levels. Online Supplementary Data Table 3: expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of SNPs associated with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension—eQTL from mRNA expression of otherwise normal human cardiovascular tissues based on the ∗GTEx Analysis Release V6p (dbGaP accession phs000424.v6.p1). Online Supplementary Data Table 4: genotype–phenotype association of ERAP 1 and ERAP2 gene variants with blood pressure as described in dbGaP. Online Supplementary Data Figure 1: ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene expression levels in the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Online Supplementary Data Table 1: linear regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with baseline systolic blood pressure levels. Online Supplementary Data Table 2: linear regression analysis for all SNPs evaluated with baseline diastolic blood pressure levels. Online Supplementary Data Table 3: expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of SNPs associated with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension—eQTL from mRNA expression of otherwise normal human cardiovascular tissues based on the ∗GTEx Analysis Release V6p (dbGaP accession phs000424.v6.p1). Online Supplementary Data Table 4: genotype–phenotype association of ERAP 1 and ERAP2 gene variants with blood pressure as described in dbGaP. Online Supplementary Data Figure 1: ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene expression levels in the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926.