Abstract
Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) or Calciphylaxis is a rare disease typically seen in end stage renal disease patients on dialysis and is associated with high mortality rates, mainly because of sepsis. Medial calcification of the dermal arterioles is the characteristic histologic finding together with vascular thrombosis and ischemic necrosis. CUA involves legs, abdomen and gluteal region in majority of the patients. Herein, we present a case of CUA of the glans penis in a uremic patient. Unfortunately, the patient died of sepsis in a few weeks after initiating dialysis.
An 81-year old white man with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 5 was admitted to the hospital for uremic symptoms necessitating initiation of haemodialysis. He was recommended to start dialysis ~8 months ago but refused at that time and was lost to follow-up. The patient complained of pain and redness of the glans penis that first appeared 3 weeks ago. At that time, he was treated for possible balanitis with antibiotics and had partial relief. He denied having any fever, chills, difficulty urinating or discharge from the urethra. On examination, he had purpuric patches, erosions and superficial necrosis of penile glans with minimal tenderness [Fig. 1]. There were no similar lesions elsewhere in the body. His labs at presentation were significant for serum creatinine of 12.7 mg/dl (0.8–1.2) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 4.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 using MDRD equation, potassium 6.8 mmol/l (3.4–5.1), phosphate 8.4 mg/dl (2.7–4.5), calcium 9.8 mg/dl (8.4–10.2), albumin 2.6 g/dl (3.5–5) and parathyroid hormone 1131 pg/ml (150–300 for end stage renal disease (ESRD)). He was not taking his phosphate binder and vitamin D analogue as prescribed. CT scan of the abdomen showed extensive calcification of the aorta and pudendal vessels [Fig. 2]. Based on the clinical features and imaging evidence of vascular calcification, we diagnosed him with calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) of the penis. Though the definitive diagnosis of CUA requires skin biopsy, it is not recommended for penile lesions because of the risk for progression of necrosis [1].
Figure 1:
(A and B) Purpuric patches, erosions and superficial necrosis of penile glans suggestive of CUA.
Figure 2:
Sagittal (A), coronal (B) and oblique (C) views of non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen demonstrating extensive calcification of the aorta (white arrows) and pudendal vessels (yellow arrows). The intraluminal densities in the bowel that were incidentally found (indicated by chevrons) are likely due to lanthanum carbonate, which is a metal-based phosphate binder.
CUA or Calciphylaxis is a rare and potentially fatal condition that presents with skin ischemia and necrosis, typically seen in ESRD patients on dialysis. Histologically, it is characterized by medial calcification of dermal arterioles. CUA commonly involves legs, abdomen and gluteal region, and rarely locations such as breast [2] and penis. Risk factors include White race, CKD–mineral bone disease axis abnormalities (hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia), obesity, hypercoagulable conditions including protein C and S deficiency, diabetes mellitus, hypoalbuminemia, warfarin use and longer dialysis vintage of over 6–7 years [3]. Our patient had several of these risk factors including white race, hyperphosphatemia, severe hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and a uremic milieu. Protein C&S deficiency and antiphospholipid syndrome were excluded by appropriate lab tests. He was managed with intensification of dialysis regimen, phosphate lowering therapy, cinacalcet (calcimimetic agent) and intravenous sodium thiosulfate therapy. However, the patient died of sepsis ~6 weeks after starting dialysis.
The important take-home points from our case include (i) CUA is a rare and highly morbid metabolic complication of kidney disease and (ii) Glans penis is a rare site of involvement and the diagnosis is usually made clinically without biopsy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
None declared.
Funding
None.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
None required.
CONSENT
Informed consent obtained from the patient for publication.
GUARANTOR
Abhilash Koratala, M.D.
REFERENCES
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