. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2018 Feb 7;113(6):1139–1148. doi: 10.1111/add.14160

Table 3.

Association of Conduct Problems to Substance Use-Related Outcomes and Mediation by Alternative Reinforcement

	Component Paths				Mediation

Outcome	Total Effect CP → Outcome	CP → Mediator [95% CI]	Mediator → Outcome [95% CI]	Direct Effect CP → Outcome Adjusting for Mediator^a [95% CI]	Indirect Effect [95% CI]
	Outcome: Marijuana Use
Past 6-month (yes/no)	0.25 (0.17, 0.34)^†	−0.14 (−0.18, −0.10)^†	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.06)^†	0.24 (0.20, 0.27)^†	0.013 (0.006, 0.021)^***
Past-30 Day Frequency	0.26 (0.20, 0.32)^†	−0.15 (−0.19, −0.11)^†	−0.11 (−0.16, −0.06)^†	0.25 (0.18, 0.31)^†	0.017 (0.006, 0.027)^***
	Outcome: Cigarette Use
Past 6-month (yes/no)	0.24 (0.16, 0.32)^†	−0.13 (−0.17, −0.09)^†	−0.04 (−0.12, 0.04)	0.24 (0.15, 0.32)^†	0.005 (−0.006, 0.016)
Past-30 Day Frequency	0.23 (0.15, 0.31)^†	−0.11 (−0.15, −0.06)^†	−0.03 (−0.14, 0.08)	0.23 (0.14, 0.31)^†	0.003 (−0.009, 0.015)
	Outcome: Alcohol Use
Past 6-month (yes/no)	0.21 (0.05, 0.35)^†	−0.14 (−0.17, −0.10)^†	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.05)	0.21 (0.06, 0.35)^†	0.001 (−0.006, 0.007)
Past-30 Day Frequency	0.17 (0.12, 0.22)^†	−0.13 (−0.17, −0.09)^†	−0.01 (−0.06, 0.04)	0.17 (0.12, 0.22)^†	0.002 (−0.004, 0.008)

Note. β (95%CI) = Standardized parameter estimates for predictor with 95% confidence interval. CP = Conduct Problem. The model is adjusted for highest parental education, percent of students eligible for free lunch (school-level), ethnicity, sex, peer substance use, positive urgency, depression, anxiety, panic symptoms, and living situation.

This model also represents the Direct Effect in traditional path analysis.

p < .05,

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001,

^†

p < .0001.