Circulating miRNA levels differ with respect to carotid plaque characteristics and symptom occurrence in patients with carotid artery stenosis and provide information on future cardiovascular events

Abstract

Introduction

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) levels are potentially important biomarkers and therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemic event (CIE) in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS).

Aim

This prospective study investigated associations between circulating miRNAs and symptomatic and asymptomatic ICAS, carotid plaque morphology and future cardiovascular events.

Material and methods

Circulating miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b, miR-134-5p, miR-208b-3p, miR-375 and miR-499-5p) were analyzed in 92 consecutive patients with significant ICAS referred for revascularization. Group I comprised 65 subjects (41 males, age 69.3 ±9.7 years) with a recent CIE. Group II comprised 27 patients (15 males, age 68.2 ±8.4 years) with asymptomatic ICAS. The ICAS degree and plaque morphology was assessed by ultrasonography. The incidences of cardiovascular death (CVD), myocardial infarction (MI) and recurrent CIE (CVD/MI/CIE) were recorded prospectively (mean: 38.7 ±3.8 months).

Results

Groups II and I differed significantly in levels of miR-124-3p (p = 0.036), miR-133a-3p (p = 0.043) and miR-134-5p (p = 0.02). Hypoechogenic, as compared to echogenic, plaques differed in levels of miR-124-3p (p = 0.038), miR-34a-5p (p = 0.006), miR-133b (p = 0.048), miR-134-5p (p = 0.045), and miR-375 (p = 0.016), while calcified plaques differed in miR-16-5p (p = 0.023). Ulcerated plaques showed higher levels of miR-1-3p (p = 0.04) and miR-16-5p (p = 0.003), while thrombotic plaques showed lower levels of miR-1-3p (p = 0.032). CVD/MI/CIE occurred in 14 (15.5%) out of 90 follow-up patients. Multivariate Cox and ROC analysis showed associations between miR-1-3p and CVD (AUC = 0.634; HR = 4.84; 95% CI: 1.62–14.5; p = 0.005), MI (AUC = 0.743; HR = 7.8; 95% CI: 2.01–30.0; p = 0.003), and CVD/MI/CIE (AUC = 0.560; HR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.61–13.1; p = 0.004), while miR-133b was associated with recurrent CIE (AUC = 0.581; HR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.01–5.02; p = 0.047).

Conclusions

A significant difference in levels of selected miRNAs is observed in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic ICAS. Plaque morphology and structure is associated with change of miRNA levels. The expression of miR-1-3p may be a potential prognostic factor for future cardiovascular events.

Introduction

In the developed countries, cerebral ischemic events (CIE) have a major impact on public health as the first cause of long-term disability and the fifth leading cause of death [1]. Each year approximately 795 million people suffer from CIE worldwide, with mortality rates ranging from 16.7% to 38.6% for recurrent IS [2]. Cerebral ischemic events survivors remain at significant risk of recurrent neurological and cardiac ischemic events [1, 3]. In the NDPSS study, the cumulative 2-year stroke recurrence rate, irrespective of etiology, was 10.8%, while the Scandinavian study showed that large artery disease was related to 19.2% stroke recurrence at 2 years, as compared to 4.9% for lacunar stroke, 8.2% for cardioembolic and 5.6% for cryptogenic, and 12.8% in patients with an undetermined CIE cause [2].

Internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) accounts for about 20% of all cases of CIE. The etiology of CIE associated with ICAS may be cerebral hypoperfusion due to high-grade ICAS, or more frequently emboli release from an unstable carotid plaque irrespective of stenosis degree [3–7]. Several studies have demonstrated that carotid plaque morphology should be taken into consideration when assessing the risk of CIE, and timing for carotid artery revascularization [8, 9].

Echolucency and heterogeneous appearance in the ultrasonography, as well as the presence of thrombus or ulcerations within a plaque, are distinguishing features for an unstable plaque with a predisposition to rupture [8–10]; however, ultrasonography alone is insufficient to diagnose the plaque type accurately in some patients [11, 12].

Thus, the search for more relevant biomarkers is justified to indicate high-risk subsets of patients with ICAS. Furthermore, the ischemic event in one arterial territory predisposes to vascular events in the other territory [13, 14].

Thus, further research on new biomarkers to expedite diagnosis and long-term prognosis of CIE seems reasonable. One promising area is evaluation of the change in circulating microRNAs following CIE in both animal and human models [15–17]. Furthermore, circulating miRNAs appear to remain stable in exosomes present in blood serum, even in extreme conditions such as high temperature or changing pH and in spite of existing RNases, which makes them the perfect candidates for biomarkers in a complex pathological process such as CIE [18, 19]. Although the above-mentioned extreme conditions are not characteristic for in vivo studies, the sampling must be managed promptly and without delay in clinical circumstances.

Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence improved our knowledge about the role of miRNAs in cellular and molecular processes affecting atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression [20, 21]. Nevertheless, the role of miRNA-regulated processes in the echogenicity and surface composition of atherosclerotic plaque is still not revealed.

Aim

The present study aimed to compare expression of serum miRNAs in patients with recent CIE and asymptomatic patients with severe ICAS. We tried to evaluate the correlation of miRNA concentration and stenosis degree as well as to determine miRNA levels with respect to carotid plaque morphology assessed by means of ultrasonography. We also assessed the predictive value of selected specific miRNAs in long-term cardiovascular prognosis.

Material and methods

Patient selection

This prospective study included 92 consecutive patients (56 men; mean age: 69 ±9.3 years) with significant ICAS (mean stenosis degree: 79.4 ±12%), referred to the Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery for carotid artery revascularization.

Group I comprised 65 subjects (41 men aged 69.3 ±9.7 years) who suffered from CIE within 12 weeks (median time 26 days) before admission. Group II comprised 27 patients (15 men aged 68.2 ±8.4 years) with asymptomatic ICAS.

Inclusion criteria were as follows: age over 18 years, presence of significant ICAS referred to carotid artery revascularization.

Exclusion criteria included: occluded ICA, atrial fibrillation or other known potential causes of CIE (coagulation disorders, etc.), coronary instability, congestive heart failure in class III or IV, chronic or acute inflammatory status, active cancer, evidence of recent intracranial bleeding.

All subjects signed their informed consent prior to carotid intervention in accordance with the requirements of the institutional local Ethics Committee. The study was performed consistently with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Neurological assessment

The data of the index CIE (ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)) were obtained from a stroke unit, and sourced from available medical documentation, brain imaging either with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Additional neurological assessment was performed in all subjects to confirm the indications for carotid revascularization.

Carotid ultrasound

Every patient had high-resolution B-Mode, color Doppler and pulse Doppler ultrasonography of extracranial arteries performed on admission to the hospital with the ultrasound machine Toshiba Aplio Power Vision (Toshiba Medical Systems Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with 4–11 MHz linear array transducer). Patients were examined in a supine position with the head tilted backwards.

In compliance with the Carpenter criteria, significant ICAS was assessed through measuring an increase in the peak systolic velocity (PSV) > 2.1 m/s and the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) > 0.7 m/s [22]. The degree of ICAS was also assessed according to NASCET criteria [23], by measuring the vessel diameter at the point of maximal stenosis compared with the plaque-free vessel diameter distally from the lesion.

The plaque morphology was analyzed by the modified criteria [24, 25]. The lesions were assessed by their echogenicity and were divided into: echolucent, e.g. soft, lipid rich; moderately echogenic, e.g. heterogeneous; or fibrotic and dominantly echogenic, e.g. calcified [24]. The surface structure was examined for the presence of ulcerations or thrombus, and defined as ulcerative or smooth and thrombotic, respectively [25].

Angiography and ICAS revascularization

Patients were selected for CAR if they had symptomatic > 50% or asymptomatic > 80% lumen stenosis evaluated by ultrasonography and/or computed tomography or quantitative angiography.

The choice of revascularization method, carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA), was made by the multidisciplinary working team including a neurologist, vascular surgeon, endovascular specialist, cardiologist, and radiologist. On patient referral, clinical presentation, accompanying comorbidities (e.g. renal dysfunction, respiratory tract disease, access site, coronary artery disease), anatomic assessment (limited surgical access, prior cervical irradiation, prior ipsilateral CEA, and contralateral carotid occlusion), data from imaging workup, as well as method feasibility and safety were taken into consideration.

The detailed CAS technique was described previously [25]. In brief, the technique was at the operator’s discretion, provided that the ‘tailored-CAS’ algorithm was applied, allowing for optimal choice of neuroprotection device and stent type, depending on lesion morphology and the neurological status of the patient [26].

The CEA technique was at the operator’s discretion, with preference of eversion technique with periprocedural shunt whenever feasible [27].

Periprocedural medical management included antiplatelet treatment. All patients obtained optimal medical treatment in concordance with recommendations of relevant societies [23, 28].

MicroRNA extraction and profiling

All blood samples were collected on patient admission to the department, prior to any intervention, immediately after the signed informed consent was obtained from the patients.

Samples were allowed to coagulate for 30 min, centrifuged and sera were frozen at –80°C until miRNA and selected biomarkers’ analysis. Extraction of miRNA was performed by means of the miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (cat. No. 217184, Qiagen) with the beginning lysis by Trizol LS Reagent (cat. No. 10296-028, Invitrogen). The RNA yield and concentrations were determined by capillary electrophoresis on the Agilent Bioanalyser 2100 with the Eukaryote Total RNA Pico Chip (Agilent Technologies, Inc, Santa Clara CA). An average 60 ±31.9 pg/μl of total RNA from 300 μl of serum was recovered.

Circulating miRNAs (muscle: miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b, miR-208b-3p and miR-499-5p; brain: miR-34a-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-134-5p; liver miR-122-5p; and pancreas miR-375) in peripheral blood from serum samples were analyzed in each case.

Our choice for selection of particular miRNAs was based on database research (PubMed). Analyzed miRNAs were taken into consideration based on the data regarding their potential relationship with development of atherosclerosis (usually based on experience in patients with coronary and peripheral artery disease) and their potential prognostic value. Additionally, we included miRNAs which were discriminating biomarkers for coronary artery vessel occlusion in patients with acute coronary syndrome [29].

At the time of the study, Exiqon LNA primers were used to quantify 10 mature miRNAs using the ViiA 7 real-time PCR system equipped with a 384-well reaction plate (Life Technologies). RNA was converted to cDNA using the Universal cDNA Synthesis Kit (cat. No. EQ-203300, Exiqon). Before synthesis, RNAs were spiked with a synthetic miRNA that served as a control the cDNA synthesis reaction. Real-time PCR was performed in triplicate with SYBR Green master mix Universal RT (cat. No. EQ-203400, Exiqon) using standard conditions. The organ-specific candidate miRNAs were selected: cardiac and skeletal muscle (miR-1-3p, -133a-3p, -133b, -208b-3p, -499-5p), brain-related (miR-34a-5p, -124-3p, -134-5p), liver (miR-122-5p), pancreas (miR-375) and a reference miRNA for serum (miR-16-5p). The fold changes (RQ) were calculated. Hierarchical clustering of median-normalized miRNA values was performed using Cluster 3.0 software [15].

Follow-up

The incidence of cardiovascular death (CVD), myocardial infarction (MI) and recurrent CIE, as well as composite end-point (CVD/MI/CIE), was recorded prospectively during the mean follow-up period of 38.7 ±3.8 months (range: 3–50 months).

Myocardial infarction was diagnosed according to current criteria of the European Society of Cardiology [27]. Diagnosis of CIE was confirmed by a neurologist to ensure reliability. CVD was defined as a fatal CIE, fatal MI, or other cardiovascular death (i.e. any sudden or unexpected death unless proven as non-cardiovascular on autopsy).

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, while categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Means of analyzed parameters across groups were tested with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and frequencies were compared by the χ² test for independence.

The normal distribution of studied variables was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Differences between mean values of miRNAs were verified using the Mann-Whitney U test as the distribution of variables was found not to be normal.

The potential independent prognostic markers of cardiovascular events during the follow-up period were established from the clinical, procedural, and angiographic variables with a univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, and if p < 0.1 they were entered into a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The results of the multivariate Cox analysis were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated for independent miRNAs predictive of cardiovascular event with assessment of the area under the ROC curve (AUC), 95% CI as well as sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off miRNA value that best discriminates risk of CVD, MI and IS.

Statistical analyses were performed with Statistica 12.0 software. Statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05.

Results

Baseline characteristics of study participants are shown in Table I. The groups did not differ significantly in any of the analyzed parameters.

Table I.

Patients characteristics

Parameter	Symptomatic patients (n = 65)	Asymptomatic patients (n = 27)	P-value
Age, mean ± SD [years]	69.3 ±9.7	68.2 ±8.4	0.415
Male, n (%)	41 (63.1)	15 (55.6)	0.502
Smoking, n (%)	39 (60)	15 (55.6)	0.693
CAD, n (%)	31 (47.7)	17 (63.0)	0.181
Previous MI, n (%)	12 (18.5)	8 (29.6)	0.236
Previous CABG, n (%)	3 (4.6)	4 (14.8)	0.092
Previous PCI, n (%)	6 (9.2)	5 (18.5)	0.211
PAOD, n (%)	16 (24.6)	9 (33.3)	0.392
Hypertension, n (%)	61 (93.8)	27 (100)	0.187
Diabetes, n (%)	25 (38.5)	9 (33.3)	0.642
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	54 (83.1)	24 (88.9)	0.691
Renal dysfunction, n (%)	15 (23.1)	6 (22.2)	0.929
Fibrinogen, mean ± SD [g/l]	3.91 ±1.27	3.50 ±1.03	0.148
Hs-CRP, mean ± SD [g/l]	4.39 ±5.72	3.68 ±3.34	0.783
LDL-C, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	2.74 ±1.00	2.56 ±0.99	0.311
Creatinine, mean ± SD [μmol/l]	89.9 ±33.66	87.1 ±22.2	0.597

CABG – coronary artery bypass grafting, CAD – coronary artery disease, LDL-C – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction, MI – myocardial infarction, PAOD – peripheral artery occlusive disease.

In comparison to group II, group I showed significant differences in miR-124-3p (0.58 ±1.68 vs. 0.38 ±0.67; p = 0.036), miR-133a-3p (1.18 ±2.53 vs. 1.48 ±1.99; p = 0.043) and miR-134-5p (7.74 ±41.96 vs. 1.77 ±4.4; p = 0.02) levels, while there was no difference in levels of the other investigated miRNAs (Figure 1). Thus, the significant differences were observed in brain derived miRNAs exclusively.

Figure 1.

Comparison of miRNA expression in patients with symptomatic vs. asymptomatic course of ICAS

*Indicates values with × 10–², **values × 10^–1, ^#values × 10².

There were no significant differences with regard to plaque surface and carotid stenosis degree between group I and group II (Table II). There was no correlation between degree of ICAS either on ultrasonography or on angiography and miRNA levels.

Table II.

Comparison of ICAS degree as well as plaque morphology and surface in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic subjects

Variable	Symptomatic ICAS (n = 65)	Asymptomatic ICAS (n = 27)	P-value
% stenosis on ultrasonography	78.8 ±12.2	81.0 ±11.7	0.406#
% stenosis on angiography	83.5 ±16.2	84.3 ±12.6	0.609#
Plaque echogenicity, n (%):
Echolucent	21 (32.3)	3 (11.1)
(Moderately) echogenic	28 (43.1)	19 (70.4)	0.033*
Heterogenic	16 (24.6)	5 (18.5)
Plaque surface, n (%):
Ulcerated	23 (35.4)	5 (18.5)	0.086**
String stenosis	26 (40)	10 (37)	0.491**
Thrombus	9 (13.8)	1 (3.7)	0.144**
Dissection	5 (7.7)	0 (0)	0.168**

^#Mann-Whitney U

^*χ²

^**Fisher exact.

In symptomatic patients, echolucent and moderately echogenic plaques were more prevalent than hyperechogenic plaques, as compared to asymptomatic subjects (p = 0.033) (Table II).

In comparison to soft and thrombotic echolucent plaques, the moderately echogenic plaques showed significantly higher levels of miR-124-3p (1.159 ±2.9 vs. 0.33 ±0.4; p = 0.038), miR-134-5p (19.5 ±73.3 vs. 1.98 ±4.39; p = 0.045), miR-34a-5p (2.03 ±7.23 vs. 1.11 ±1.41; p = 0.006) and miR-375 (81.1 ±156.3 vs. 16.63 ±36.7; p = 0.027), and lower levels of miR-133b (1.74 ±1.49 vs. 2.62 ±4.28; p = 0.048) (Figure 2). Non-significant differences were noted for miR-16-5p (353.31 ±831.3 vs. 408.32 ±804.8; p = 0.077), miR-208b-3p (0.7 ±2.97 vs. 0.27 ±1.9; p = 0.051) and miR-1-3p (p = 0.085) (Figure 2 A).

Figure 2.

Comparison of miR expression in patients with respect to plaque echogenicity. A – Plaque hypoechogenic vs. moderately echogenic, B – plaque moderately echogenic vs. hyperechogenic, C – plaque hypoechogenic vs. hyperechogenic, D – ulcerated vs. non-ulcerated plaque

*Indicates values with × 10^–2, **values × 10–¹.

In comparison to the moderately echogenic plaques, the calcified hyperechogenic plaques showed significantly lower levels of miR-34a-5p (1.1 ±1.39 vs. 2.0 ±7.2; p = 0.017), miR-134-5p (2.4 ±5.29 vs. 19.5 ±73.3; p = 0.042), and miR-375 (21.5 ±43.9 vs. 81.1 ±156.3; p = 0.046), and higher levels of miR-16-5p (504.1 ±941.8 vs. 353.3 ±831.3; p = 0.029) (Figure 2 B).

Furthermore, in comparison to hypoechogenic plaques, the calcified hyperechogenic plaques showed significantly higher levels of miR-16-5p (493.6 ±934 vs. 211.9 ±371; p = 0.023) (Figure 2 C).

Ulcerated plaques were characterized by higher levels of miR-1-3p (0.36 ±0.39 vs. 0.20 ±0.21; p = 0.049) and miR-16-5p (652 ±1130 vs. 283 ±591; p = 0.003) (Figure 2 D), was related to thrombus formation with lower levels of miR-1-3p (0.11 ±0.09 vs. 0.26 ±0.29; p = 0.032), as compared to non-ulcerated and non-thrombotic plaques, respectively.

Eventually, 75 patients were referred for CAS, 17 for CEA. Of those, CAR was performed in 83 subjects, while 9 patients were eventually treated conservatively. Thirty-day periprocedural complications occurred in 4 (4.8%) subjects, including 2 deaths as a consequence of hyperperfusion syndrome with subsequent intracranial hemorrhage (1 after CAS and 1 after CEA), 1 TIA and 1 minor ischemic stroke. No MIs were observed in the perioperative period.

During the mean follow-up period of 38.7 ±3.8 months (range: 3–50 months), out of 90 subjects, CVD/MI/CIE occurred in 14 (15.6%) patients, including CVD in 9 (10%), non-fatal MI in 0 (0%) and non-fatal CIE in 5 (5.6%). The CVD included: CIE in 3, MI in 3, and sudden cardiac death in 3 patients.

Patients who suffered from fatal or non-fatal MI had significantly higher levels of miR-1-3p (0.72 ±0.64 vs. 0.21 ±0.20; p = 0.048), with a non-significant difference for miR-134-5p (6.43 ±7.4 vs. 6.5 ±36.7; p = 0.088). Fatal or non-fatal CIE was associated with lower levels of miR-208b-3p (0.34 ±0.66 vs. 0.38 ±0.23; p = 0.012). There was a statistically significant lower level of miR-208b-3p (0.21 ±0.51 vs. 0.40 ±2.36, p = 0.002) in subjects with CVD/MI/CIE, as compared to the others.

The multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed fold change of miR-1-3p as a predictor of CVD/MI/CIE (HR = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.61–13.1; p = 0.004), as well as a predictor of CVD or MI (HR = 4.84, 95% CI: 1.62–14.5; p = 0.005 and HR = 7.8, 95% CI: 2.01–30.0; p = 0.003, respectively) (Table III).

Table III.

Predictors of CVD/MI/CIE identified by the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis

Cardiovascular event	Prognostic marker	HR	95% CI	P-value
Cardiovascular death	miR-1-3p	4.84	1.62–14.5	0.005
Myocardial infarction	miR-1-3p	7.8	2.01–30.0	0.003
Ischemic stroke	miR-133a-3p miR-133b	0.3 2.25	0.08–1.12 1.01–5.02	0.074 0.047
Cardiovascular events (CVD/MI/IS)	miR-1-3p miR-133a-3p miR-133b	4.6 0.35 1.99	1.61–13.1 0.1–1.22 0.94–4.17	0.004 0.101 0.07

Moreover, ROC analysis showed that miR-1-3p with a cut-off value of 0.508 has only mild discriminating power with respect to prediction of CVD (AUC = 0.634, 95% CI: 0.369–0.900, sensitivity: 55.6%, specificity: 95.1%) and MI (AUC = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.467–1.000 sensitivity: 66.7%, specificity: 94%) (Figure 3). Fold changes in levels of miR-133a and miR-133b were independently associated with the risk of future CIE (Table III). However, ROC analysis revealed poor clinical application of these measures, with low sensitivity and specificity and suboptimal AUC (Figure 3; Table IV).

Figure 3.

ROC curves for fold change (RQ) in miRNA levels potentially associated with prognostic risk of CVD/MI/CIE (A, B, C), CVD (D), MI (E), IS (F, G)

Table IV.

ROC analysis for potential prognostic miRs of future cardiovascular events

MACCE	Potential prognostic miRNA	Cut-off value	AUC	95% CI	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
Cardiovascular death	miR-1-3p	0.508	0.634	0.369–0.900	55.6	95.1
Myocardial infarction	miR-1-3p	0.508	0.743	0.467–1.000	66.7	94
Ischemic stroke	miR-133a-3p miR-133b	1.371 2.087	0.619 0.581	0.373–0.865 0.323–0.839	50.0 62	87.8 63.4
Cardiovascular event (CVD/MI/IS)	miR-1-3p miR-133a-3p miR-133b	0.399 0.926 209	0.560 0.546 0.429	0.358–0.762 0.354–0.738 0.289–0.695	42.9 50 50	89.5 55.3 63.2

Discussion

In this prospective study, we measured the levels of circulating miRNAs and found higher levels of brain miRNAs (miR-124-3p and miR-134-5p), while an inverse relationship with miR-133a-3p was found in patients with symptomatic vs. asymptomatic ICAS. There was no correlation between miRNA levels and the degree of ICAS either on ultrasonography or on angiography. We identified a number of differences in miRNA levels with respect to plaque morphology. Lastly, we found miR-1-3p and miR-133b as potentially useful in predicting future cardiovascular events, such as CVD, MI, CIE.

To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies in humans to address this important clinical issue in patients with ICAS.

According to the Oxford Vascular Study, risk of CIE recurrence related to ICAS is 3.3-fold higher (95% CI: 1.5–7.0) at 7 days and 2.9-fold higher (95% CI: 1.9–4.5) at 3 months, as compared with other CIE subtypes [3]. Thus, our symptomatic population (with the median time from CIE of 26 days) fulfills the criteria of the high risk group of recurrent CIE. The model for predicting the risk of ipsilateral CIE in patients with recently symptomatic ICAS from the Stroke Prevention Research Unit at Oxford University includes parameters of plaque surface, e.g. irregularity, ulceration and stenosis degree, as well as time and clinical atherosclerosis risk factors [8].

Identification of the cellular signaling mechanisms between circulating miRNAs and proinflammatory microparticles – transport vehicles for large numbers of specific miRNAs, which have been associated with cardiovascular diseases [30, 31], which are associated with production of the inflammatory, hemorrhagic lesions of mature heterogenic plaques – will help significantly in our understanding of the differences in regions susceptible to rupture and thrombosis. This may help to predict the risk of plaque rupture and guide intervention to patients who will most benefit from intervention on coronary and carotid arteries. As we found previously, in subjects with MI, high levels of brain-derived miRNAs – miR-124-3p (AUC = 0.787, p < 0.001), miR-133b (AUC = 0.704, p = 0.006), and miR-134-5p (AUC = 0.686, p = 0.016) – differentiated an occluded from a patent coronary artery, irrespective of MI type: ST- or non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome [29].

The issue of plaque transformation from a stable to an unstable plaque, which is prone to rupture, is a key player in symptom induction. Maitrias et al. found that miR-100, miR-125a, miR-127, miR-133a, miR-145, and miR-221 were significantly overexpressed in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic carotid plaques removed during CEA of 30 patients, which suggested a potential regulatory role for these miRNAs in evolution of the plaque towards growth, instability and rupture [16]. This observation was confirmed by a study of Cipollone et al. who identified upregulation of miR-100, miR-127, miR-145, miR-133a, and miR-133b in symptomatic ICAS removed during CEA [32].

Kim et al., in a group of 120 patients, found, among 5 analyzed miRNAs (miR-17, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-126, and miR-200b), a significantly increased level of miR-17 in acute CIE patients, while miR-126 levels had a positive correlation with cerebral atherosclerosis (r = 0.254, p = 0.021) [15].

In a mouse model of atherosclerotic plaque instability, Chen et al. evidenced that carotid artery unstable plaques are associated with intra-plaque hemorrhage, large necrotic cores, rupture of fibrous caps and luminal thrombosis. Chen et al. demonstrated miR-322 expression as a potential pathogenic factor of plaque instability and also as a therapeutic target in order to prevent plaque rupture [17].

Although exact histopathological composition of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque cannot be judged by echogenicity obtained on ultrasonography, carotid ultrasonography helps to distinguish soft (lipid-rich and thrombotic) from hard (fibrotic and calcified) plaques, indicate irregular and ulcerated plaques, and estimate the degree of ICAS [11, 12].

In fact in our study, patients with symptomatic ICAS showed higher prevalence of echolucent and thrombotic plaques, as compared to asymptomatic patients. Consistently, in patients with soft and echolucent vs. moderately echogenic plaques, we observed significantly altered serum levels of miR-124-3p (p = 0.038), miR-134-5p (p = 0.045), miR-34a-5p (p = 0.006), miR-375 (p = 0.027) and miR-133b (p = 0.048), as well as non-significant differences for miR-16-5p (p = 0.077), miR-208b-3p (p = 0.051) and miR-1-3p (p = 0.085). In calcified hyperechogenic vs. moderately echogenic plaques changes in levels of miR-34a-5p (p = 0.017), miR-134-5p (p = 0.042), miR-375 (p = 0.046), and miR-16-5p (p = 0.029) were noted. Importantly, ulcerated plaques were characterized by higher expression of miR-1-3p and miR-16-5p.

We believe that carotid plaque instability and rupture may be the local expression of a widespread vascular instability, as also hypothesized by other researchers [33]. E.g., nonculprit plaque ruptures were observed in 20% of patients with coronary artery disease and were associated with pancoronary vulnerability and a higher 1-year revascularization rate [34].

Our present study demonstrates that a so-called vulnerable patient can be potentially predicted by miRNA expression. Ulcerated carotid plaques were associated with higher levels in miR-1-3p, which was an independent predictor associated with risk of future CVD, MI and composite end point (CVD/MI/CIE), whereas miR-133b was associated with incidence of future CIE, albeit with poor discriminating power as calculated by the ROC analysis.

Wang et al. demonstrated that microRNA-1 post-transcriptionally represses the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Gclc, and G6PD, which is likely to contribute to the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the susceptibility to oxidative stress of the hearts of miR-1 transgenic mice [35].

The potential prognostic value of circulating miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases was also postulated by other investigators [36, 37]. In a group of 114 stroke patients, Yang et al. revealed miR-107, miR-128b and miR-153 as potentially valuable biomarkers for stroke patients with the AUC values of 0.971, 0.881 and 0.738, respectively [38]. What is more, the same study showed a correlation between those miRNA levels and NIHSS score. The other study by Long revealed the ability of miR-30a and miR-126 to differentiate stroke patients from controls with the AUC of 0.91 and the maximum sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 84% with the cutoff value of 1.676 for miR-30a and AUC 0.92, sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 84% for the threshold value of 1.75 for miR-126 [39].

The study by Kim et al. proved that miR-17 is elevated in stroke patients and associated with recurrence of CIE in the future, assessed by the ROC analysis. What is more, dividing the patient group into stroke subtypes revealed higher levels of miR-126 and miR-200b in patients with stroke due to atherosclerotic disease, either large artery atherosclerosis or small artery occlusion [15].

MiR-126 level was also correlated with atherosclerosis scores assessed by MR angiography. In the another paper by Wang et al. [36] the levels of miR-106b, miR-4306, miR-320e and miR-320d appeared as considerable biomarkers for early stroke detection with the potential to discriminate patients with suspected ischemic stroke.

To conclude, the recent data from animal and human studies indicate that miRNA profiling in stroke may contribute to risk discrimination of CIE as well as future cardiovascular events, and thus may be helpful in identification of more precise therapeutic targets.

However, looking at the miscellaneous and sometimes conflicting data from the studies regarding numerous and various miRNA levels depending on the clinical course and plaque morphology, it seems that the cause and significance of these differences remain unknown.

It appears reasonable to identify the repetitive miRNA to establish which miRNAs, if any, have real clinical application.

Conclusions

Symptomatic patients with ICAS have different brain-derived miRNA levels, as compared to patients with asymptomatic ICAS. miRNA levels differ significantly with respect to carotid plaque echogenicity. Future cardiovascular events are correlated with higher levels of miR-1-3p and miR-133b. The degree of ICAS did not correlate with miRNA levels.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.