Skip to main content
PMC home page
BioMed Research International logoLink to BioMed Research International
. 2018 Apr 24;2018:7945482. doi: 10.1155/2018/7945482

ADC Benchmark Range for Correct Diagnosis of Primary and Recurrent Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

Camilla Russo 1,✉, Andrea Elefante 1, Antonella M Di Lullo 2, Barbara Carotenuto 1, Alessandra D'Amico 1, Michele Cavaliere 2, Maurizio Iengo 2, Arturo Brunetti 1
PMCID: PMC5941773  PMID: 29854790

Abstract

Objectives

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in particular diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) have been broadly proven to be the reference imaging method to discriminate between cholesteatoma and noncholesteatomatous middle ear lesions, especially when high tissue specificity is required. The aim of this study is to define a range of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values within which the diagnosis of cholesteatoma is almost certain.

Methods

The study was retrospectively conducted on a cohort of 124 patients. All patients underwent first- or second-look surgery because primary or secondary acquired cholesteatoma was clinically suspected; they all had preoperative MRI examination 15 days before surgery, including DWI from which the ADC maps were calculated.

Results

Average ADC value for cholesteatomas was 859,4 × 10−6 mm2/s (range 1545 × 10−6 mm2/s; IQR = 362 × 10−6 mm2/s; σ = 276,3 × 10−6 mm2/s), while for noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions, it was 2216,3 × 10−6 mm2/s (range 1015 × 10−6 mm2/s; IQR = 372,75 × 10−6 mm2/s; σ = 225,6 × 10−6 mm2/s). Interobserver agreement with Fleiss' Kappa statistics was 0,96. No overlap between two groups' range of values was found and the difference was statistically significant for p < 0.0001.

Conclusions

We propose an interval of ADC values that should represent an appropriate benchmark range for a correct differentiation between cholesteatoma and granulation tissue or fibrosis of noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions.

1. Introduction

Middle ear cholesteatoma is an enlarging cystic keratin-filled mass surrounded by stratified squamous epithelium often originating from Prussak space or more generally in epitympanum. The most common classification of cholesteatomas is based on pathogenesis, and it differentiates three types of lesion: congenital (2%), primary acquired (80%), and secondary acquired (18%) [1]. Although cholesteatoma is a benignant nonneoplastic lesion, its intrinsic tendency to erode adjacent bony structures and damage anatomical components within the temporal bone makes it locally aggressive and potentially fatal [2]. The diagnosis is mainly performed by physical examination, based on the presence of painless otorrhea, hearing loss, and dizziness; occasionally, first clinical presentation can include symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) complications, potential confounding about the origin of the lesion [3–5].

High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) frequently is the first step in the diagnostic imaging assessment of suspected cholesteatoma because of optimal spatial resolution and high sensitivity for bony erosions; at present, CT is considered a key element in presurgical planning, helpful in depicting precise disease extension [2, 6]. Nevertheless, HRCT is inaccurate for characterizing different types of effusions that can determine middle ear opacification [2, 3]. When high tissue specificity and sensitivity are required, especially when postoperative residual or recurrent disease is suspected [7], it is necessary to resort to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), already widely used in assessment of ear malformations and hearing loss, temporal bone tumors, or middle ear infections [8–11]. Among different advanced techniques [12], diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences are the reference method for neuroradiologists to discriminate between middle ear cholesteatoma and noncholesteatomatous lesions [13–18]. On DWI, cholesteatoma is hyperintense in part because of restricted water diffusion, in part because its content of keratin produces high signal intensity in the pathological area (T2-shine-through effect), as shown calculating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values [13]. Among different types of DWI sequences, it has been proved that the best diagnostic accuracy is obtained with non-echo-planar (non-EPI) DWI compared to echo-planar (EPI) techniques [3, 19–21], specifically with multi-shot (Msh) EPI compared to single-shot (Ssh) non-EPI [22], in particular after first-time surgery [23–25]. Therefore, the highest reliability for the detection of middle ear cholesteatoma is at present obtained with MSH-TSE DWI [26]. For diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to confirm the data obtained by calculating ADC values from DWI sequences performed [23]. The aim of this study is to define a range of ADC values within which the diagnosis of cholesteatoma is almost certain.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Patients

From April 2011 to March 2016, we recruited 124 consecutive unrelated patients (69 females; 55 males; mean age 35,5 Y) with clinical suspicion of unilateral or bilateral middle ear cholesteatoma, candidate to surgical procedure. We included both primary and secondary acquired suspected lesions. In our sample no congenital cholesteatoma was present. All patients underwent preoperative MRI 15 days before first- or second-look surgery. The diagnosis of cholesteatoma was always confirmed histologically. Overall, 15 patients were unable to complete MRI examination, while 9 additional patients were excluded because of their refusal to undergo surgery. Finally, from the original sample, 100 patients (56 females; 44 males; mean age 34,9 Y) were recruited. Demographic and clinical information of all patients included in the study is shown in Table 1 (Table 1). The protocol was approved by local Ethical Committee and written informed consent was preliminarily obtained from all patients.

Table 1.

Demographical and surgical information of patients included in the MRI analysis.

  Primary cholesteatoma
(N = 54)		 Secondary cholesteatoma
(N = 46)
Age (mean ± SD) 35.43 ± 17.97 36.86 ± 18.35
Sex (M/F) 24/30 10/36
Side (DX/SN) 37/17 16/30
Histology (+/−) 42/12 28/18
Open in a new tab

2.2. Imaging Technique and Evaluation

MRI was performed at 1.5 T MR unit (Philips Intera, Philips Medical Systems, Netherlands) with an 8-channel head coil. The imaging protocol consisted in TSE T2w on the axial plane (11 slides; TR 3000 ms; TE 120 ms; thickness 3.00 mm; FA 90; phase I > S; view size 2338 × 1228; matrix 288 × 288; 6 averages); T1w SE on three orthogonal axes before and after intravenous administration of contrast media (11 slides/plane; TR 550 ms; TE 15 ms; thickness 3.00 mm; FA 90; view size 2338 × 1228; matrix 256 × 256; 3 averages); T2 3D DRIVE on the axial plane for the study of inner ear and cerebellopontine angle (50 slides; TR 1500 ms; TE 250 ms; thickness 1.40 mm; FA 90; phase I > S; view size 2338 × 1228; matrix 320 × 320; 6 averages); coronal multi-shot non-echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging (MSH non-EPI DWI). DWI acquisition was performed on the coronal plane (20 slides; TR 3000 ms; TE 82,44 ms; thickness 3.00 mm; FA 90; phase R > L; view size 2338 × 1228; matrix 128 × 128; b = 0 and b = 800 s/mm2; 5 averages); during Msh-TSE DWI, cardiac gating was performed in order to limit patient-related artefacts due to heart pulse and blood flow. ADC maps were obtained by using the free Osirix plugin “ADC Map Calculation.” For each patient, three different neuroradiologists measured ADC values separately. A circular region of interest (ROI) of 1 mm in diameter was placed in the area where abnormal restricted diffusion was more evident on DWI sequence with the highest b-values (b = 800) by every single observer and then automatically transferred to the coregistered ADC map, as shown in Figure 1 (Figure 1); the average value of ADC within the ROI was considered.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

((a)-(b)) MSH-TSE DWI of a group 1 patient (ch+), with the calculated ADC value on ADC cartography (881 × 10−6 mm2/s); (c)-(d) MSH-TSE DWI of a group 2 patient (ch−), with the calculated ADC value on ADC cartography (2121 × 10−6 mm2/s).

2.3. Statistical Analysis

For final analysis, we considered the arithmetic mean of measured ADC values obtained by the three neuroradiologists. Considering the normal distribution of the collected data assessed by using the Shapiro-Wilk Test for normality, parametric statistical analysis was performed with Student's t-test (MEDCALC® Statistical Software). We compared the average ADC values of histologically confirmed cases of cholesteatoma with the ones of histologically identified noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions.

3. Results

In 72 cases (Group 1; ch+) primary or secondary acquired cholesteatoma was confirmed histologically, while in 28 cases (Group 2; ch−) postoperative findings indicated the presence of noncholesteatomatous inflammatory tissue. Overall agreement among raters calculated using Fleiss' Kappa statistics was 0,96 (Free Marginal Kappa = 0,93). Average ADC value for cholesteatomas was 859,4 × 10−6 mm2/s (lowest value Q0 = 477 × 10−6 mm2/s; highest value Q4 = 2022 × 10−6 mm2/s; range 1545 × 10−6 mm2/s; IQR = 362 × 10−6 mm2/s; standard deviation σ = 276,3 × 10−6 mm2/s). Average ADC value for noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions was 2216,3 × 10−6 mm2/s (lowest value Q0 = 1741 × 10−6 mm2/s; highest value Q4 = 2756 × 10−6 mm2/s; range 1015 × 10−6 mm2/s; IQR = 372,75 × 10−6 mm2/s; standard deviation σ = 225,6 × 10−6 mm2/s). No overlapping value between the two groups was found; two outlier values (below Q1 − 1.5 × IQR or above Q3 + 1.5 × IQR) were identified, both in the group of patient with histologically confirmed cholesteatoma and candidate to second-look surgery (Figure 2). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant for p < 0.0001. No significant difference was found between ADC values in primary and secondary cholesteatoma.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Boxplots representing ADC values distribution in group 1 (patients with histologically confirmed cholesteatoma) and group 2 (histologically identified noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions).

4. Discussion

To our knowledge, this report is the first quantitative assessment of a specific range of ADC values for differentiating between middle ear cholesteatoma and noncholesteatomatous tissue on a relatively large number of patients.

Reproducibility and reliability of ADC values in the head and neck region of healthy subjects have been recently assessed, and the importance of MR imaging systems and sequences performed has been pointed out [27]. With this knowledge, we tried to systematically investigate accuracy and reliability of ADC range values in determining whether middle ear lesions should be attributed to cholesteatoma with a 1.5 T magnetic resonance field, widely used in clinical practice and appropriate to diagnostic purposes, as previously demonstrated [28].

Previous consensus conferences proposed standardized criteria for ROI placement in diagnosis and response assessment of expansive and tumoral lesions [29], suggesting that tumor ROI definition should be done on traditional high-contrast images (i.e., T2-weighted) and then transferred to the DWI data set. Considering the nonneoplastic nature of cholesteatoma, in this study, we opted for a small hand-drawn ROI as commonly used in clinical daily practice. The choice of ROI size (circular, 1 mm in diameter), even if potentially prone to errors, is prompted by the effort to identify even small cholesteatomas (≈3 mm in diameter). The rationale behind this option is to exclude from the evaluation tissue and/or anatomical structures surrounding the suspected cholesteatoma. Indeed, even if not representing the whole lesion, a very small ROI may help to discriminate the portion of residual or recurrent cholesteatoma from granulation and inflammatory tissue all around; this is particularly important in case of large recurrent lesions with small inner areas of restricted water diffusion on DWI.

As the hyperintensity of cholesteatoma on DWI is a combination of T2 shine-through effect and restricted water diffusion, to confirm the diagnostic suspicion it is always desirable to compare the DWI image to the ADC maps [23]. In case of true restricted diffusion, as happens with cholesteatoma, the area of increased DWI intensity will coincide with the low signal area on ADC map [13, 30]. This appearance on DWI and on relative ADC map makes it possible to distinguish cholesteatoma from noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions, especially in case of doubt before second-look surgery [1, 24, 25, 31]. In addition to these considerations, it is widely recognized that quantitative ADC measurements are able to improve specificity compared to the DWI subjective qualitative assessment [32]. Indeed, ADC helps to identify false positive cases in which the misdiagnosis of cholesteatoma is due to the presence of confounding factors, including cerumen, haemorrhage following recent surgery, middle ear packing materials, autologous and heterologous bone replacement materials, or infections [3, 19, 23, 33].

In the light of previously described results on smaller samples of patients [13, 30, 32, 34], we found two different groups of values not overlapping one another: patients with cholesteatoma were found to have lower ADC values (Group 1; ch+ median 822 × 10−6 mm2/s) compared to patients without cholesteatoma (Group 2; ch− median 2233 × 10−6 mm2/s) (Figure 2). The difference in intensity signal is mainly due to the significant amount of granulation tissue and/or fibrosis of noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions. Two outlier values (below Q1 − 1.5 × IQR or above Q3 + 1.5 × IQR) were identified in the group of patient candidate to second-look surgery and with histologically confirmed cholesteatoma. In both cases, these findings are probably attributable to a small residual/recurrent cholesteatoma surrounded by a large amount of granulation tissue. In fact, DWI and ADC ability to detect small cholesteatomas is limited to lesions bigger than 2-3 mm [35]; therefore, small residual/recurrent pearls within granulation tissue resulting from first-time surgery can be easily missed.

Given the sufficiently large sample of this study and the distribution of the collected data, we propose a benchmark interval of ADC for both cholesteatoma and noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions ranging from ADC ±1,96 standard deviation σ (confidence interval 95%). For cholesteatoma, after excluding the two above-mentioned outliers, we suggest a reference range between 318 × 10−6 mm2/s and 1265 × 10−6 mm2/s, while for noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions we suggest a reference range between 1774 × 10−6 mm2/s and 2658 × 10−6 mm2/s (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Proposed ADC ranges (mean ADC value ± 1,96 standard deviation σ → confidence interval 95%). (1) Reference range for cholesteatoma: 318 × 10−6 mm2/s–1265 × 10−6 mm2/s. (2) Reference range for noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions: 1774 × 10−6 mm2/s–2658 × 10−6 mm2/s.

No significant difference was found stratifying patients by primary and secondary acquired cholesteatoma or by age and sex. For second-look surgery, neither autologous nor heterologous materials have been used in middle ear surgical repair in our sample, in order to prevent scan artefacts that could potentially affect the interpretation of the ADC map in secondary lesions. A further core strength of this work is the large number of highly selected patients recruited over the years compared to the small sample size of previous studies [30, 32, 34], which did not allow to generalize the obtained results and to identify specific ranges of values. An extensive comparison between studies regarding ADC values in suspected middle ear cholesteatoma assessment is presented in Supplementary Table 1. Homogeneous sample characteristics can be considered both a strength but also a possible detriment, because we did not include any other kind of lesion with potentially overlapping ADC values. In fact, on the other hand, the main limitation is the absence of middle ear abscesses, whose ADC values should have represented an additional range to the ones described in the study [34]. Moreover, our results related to the MR unit and the specific DWI sequences used, so their validity in different conditions should be confirmed by further studies, being ADC values reproducibility potentially influenced by coil system, specific sequence performed, and field strength [27]. Lastly, subjective placement of a small ROI within the lesions on higher b-values DW images can be prone to error because of T2-shine-through effect, occasionally affecting the goodness of final result.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, ADC maps could be helpful in differentiating cholesteatoma from noncholesteatomatous inflammatory lesions, in particular when postoperative residual or recurrent disease is suspected and differential diagnosis is difficult to perform. We suggest a reference range between 318 × 10−6 mm2/s and 1265 × 10−6 mm2/s for cholesteatoma and between 1774 × 10−6 mm2/s and 2658 × 10−6 mm2/s for noncholesteatomatous lesions. The proposed interval of ADC values should represent an appropriate benchmark range for a correct and unambiguous interpretation of what is observed in non-EPI DWI sequences.

Abbreviations

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

HRCT:

High resolution computed tomography

CNS:

Central nervous system

DPI:

Delayed postcontrast T1-weighted MR imaging

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

EPI:

Echo-planar imaging

MSH-TSE:

Multi-shot turbo spin-echo

Ssh EPI:

Single-shot echo-planar

ROI:

Region of interest

IQR:

Interquartile range.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors' Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, and/or acquisition of data, and/or analysis and interpretation of data according to ICMJE recommendations.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

In supplementary material, a table comparing DWI and ADC maps data of all studies concerning cholesteatoma versus noncholesteatomatous tissue is reported. Supplementary Table 1: table comparing studies reporting cholesteatoma versus noncholesteatoma DWI and ADC values.

Click here for additional data file. (76.3KB, pdf)

References

  • 1.Baráth K., Huber A. M., Stämpfli P., Varga Z., Kollias S. Neuroradiology of cholesteatomas. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2011;32(2):221–229. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.a2052. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Cabellos J. B., Vélez S. O., Cáceres I. A., Lluch E. S., Monje J. G. CT and MRI correlations in patients with suspected cholesteatoma after surgery. The Neuroradiology Journal. 2011;24(3):367–378. doi: 10.1177/197140091102400305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Más-Estellés F., Mateos-Fernández M., Carrascosa-Bisquert B., de Castro F. F., Iciar P.-R., Morera-Pérez C. Contemporary non-echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging of middle ear cholesteatomas. RadioGraphics. 2012;32(4):1197–1213. doi: 10.1148/rg.324115109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Muccio C. F., Caranci F., D'Arco F., et al. Magnetic resonance features of pyogenic brain abscesses and differential diagnosis using morphological and functional imaging studies: a pictorial essay. Journal of Neuroradiology. 2014;41(3):153–167. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2014.05.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Caranci F., Tedeschi E., Leone G., et al. Errors in neuroradiology. La radiologia medica. 2015;120(9):795–801. doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0564-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Lemmerling M. M., De Foer B., VandeVyver V., Vercruysse J.-P., Verstraete K. L. Imaging of the opacified middle ear. European Journal of Radiology. 2008;66(3):363–371. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Lingam R. K., Connor S. E. J., Casselman J. W., Beale T. MRI in otology: applications in cholesteatoma and Ménière's disease. Clinical Radiology. 2018;73(1):35–44. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.09.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Iossa S., Costa V., Corvino V., et al. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a family carrying two Xq21.1-21.3 interstitial deletions associated with syndromic hearing loss. Molecular Cytogenetics. 2015;8(1) doi: 10.1186/s13039-015-0120-0.18 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Fontana P., Melis D., D'Amico A., et al. Sensorineural hearing loss in a patient affected by congenital cytomegalovirus infection: is it useful to identify comorbid pathologies? Journal of Pediatric Genetics. 2017;06(03):181–185. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1599223. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Gidley P. W., DeMonte F. Temporal Bone Malignancies. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 2013;24(1):97–110. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Juliano A. F., Ginat D. T., Moonis G. Imaging review of the temporal bone: part II. Traumatic, postoperative, and noninflammatory nonneoplastic conditions. Radiology. 2015;276(3):655–672. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015140800. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Cocozza S., Russo C., Pontillo G., et al. Is advanced neuroimaging for neuroradiologists? a systematic review of the scientific literature of the last decade. Neuroradiology. 2016;58(12):1233–1239. doi: 10.1007/s00234-016-1761-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Vercruysse J.-P., De Foer B., Pouillon M., Somers T., Casselman J., Offeciers E. The value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the diagnosis of primary acquired and residual cholesteatoma: a surgical verified study of 100 patients. European Radiology. 2006;16(7):1461–1467. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0160-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Fitzek C., Mewes T., Fitzek S., Mentzel H.-J., Hunsche S., Stoeter P. Diffusion-weighted MRI of cholesteatomas of the petrous bone. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2002;15(6):636–641. doi: 10.1002/jmri.10118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Ganaha A., Outa S., Kyuuna A., et al. Efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of middle ear cholesteatoma. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011;38(3):329–334. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.11.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Schwartz K. M., Lane J. I., Bolster B. D., Jr., Neff B. A. The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging for cholesteatoma evaluation. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2011;32(3):430–436. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Venail F., Bonafe A., Poirrier V., Mondain M., Uziel A. Comparison of echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging and delayed postcontrast T1-weighted MR imaging for the detection of residual cholesteatoma. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2008;29(7):1363–1368. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.a1100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Profant M., Sláviková K., Kabátová Z., Slezák P., Waczulíková I. Predictive validity of MRI in detecting and following cholesteatoma. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2012;269(3):757–765. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1706-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Van Egmond S. L., Stegeman I., Grolman W., Aarts M. C. J. A systematic review of non-echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for detection of primary and postoperative cholesteatoma. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (United States) 2016;154(2):233–240. doi: 10.1177/0194599815613073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Kanoto M., Sugai Y., Hosoya T., et al. Detectability and anatomical correlation of middle ear cholesteatoma using fused thin slice non-echo planar imaging diffusion-weighted image and magnetic resonance cisternography (FTS-nEPID) Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2015;33(10):1253–1257. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.08.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Lingam R. K., Bassett P. A meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of non-echoplanar diffusion-weighted imaging in detecting middle ear cholesteatoma: 10 years on. Otology & Neurotology. 2017;38(4):521–528. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Yamashita K., Yoshiura T., Hiwatashi A., et al. Detection of middle ear cholesteatoma by diffusion-weighted MR imaging: multishot echo-planar imaging compared with single-shot echo-planar imaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2011;32(10):1915–1918. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2651. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Khemani S., Singh A., Lingam R. K., Kalan A. Imaging of postoperative middle ear cholesteatoma. Clinical Radiology. 2011;66(8):760–767. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.12.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Cimsit N. C., Cimsit C., Baysal B., Ruhi I. C., Ozbilgen S., Aksoy E. A. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in postoperative follow-up: reliability for detection of recurrent cholesteatoma. European Journal of Radiology. 2010;74(1):121–123. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Maheshwari S., Mukherji S. K. Diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating recurrent cholesteatoma from granulation tissue after mastoidectomy: case report. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002;23(5):847–849. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Elefante A., Cavaliere M., Russo C., et al. Diffusion weighted MR imaging of primary and recurrent middle ear cholesteatoma: an assessment by readers with different expertise. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:7. doi: 10.1155/2015/597896.597896 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Kolff-Gart A. S., Pouwels P. J. W., Noij D. P., et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the head and neck in healthy subjects: reproducibility of ADC values in different MRI systems and repeat sessions. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2015;36(2):384–390. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Lincot J., Veillon F., Riehm S., et al. Middle ear cholesteatoma: compared diagnostic performances of two incremental MRI protocols including non-echo planar diffusion-weighted imaging acquired on 3T and 1.5T scanners. Journal of Neuroradiology. 2015;42(4):193–201. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2014.02.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Padhani A. R., Liu G., Mu-Koh D., et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia. 2009;11(2):102–125. doi: 10.1593/neo.81328. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Suzuki H., Sone M., Yoshida T., et al. Numerical assessment of cholesteatoma by signal intensity on non-EP-DWI and ADC maps. Otology & Neurotology. 2014;35(6):1007–1010. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Dremmen M. H. G., Hofman P. A. M., Hof J. R., Stokroos R. J., Postma A. A. The diagnostic accuracy of non-echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of residual and/or recurrent cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2012;33(3):439–444. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2824. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Lingam R. K., Khatri P., Hughes J., Singh A. Apparent diffusion coefficients for detection of postoperative middle ear cholesteatoma on non-echo-planar diffusionweighted images. Radiology. 2013;269(2):504–510. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13130065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Jindal M., Riskalla A., Jiang D., Connor S., O'Connor A. F. A systematic review of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of postoperative cholesteatoma. Otology & Neurotology. 2011;32(8):1243–1249. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822e938d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Thiriat S., Riehm S., Kremer S., Martin E., Veillon F. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of middle ear cholesteatoma differ from abscess and cholesteatoma admixed infection. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2009;30(6):1123–1126. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Lingam R. K., Nash R., Majithia A., Kalan A., Singh A. Non-echoplanar diffusion weighted imaging in the detection of post-operative middle ear cholesteatoma: navigating beyond the pitfalls to find the pearl. Insights into Imaging. 2016;7(5):669–678. doi: 10.1007/s13244-016-0516-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

In supplementary material, a table comparing DWI and ADC maps data of all studies concerning cholesteatoma versus noncholesteatomatous tissue is reported. Supplementary Table 1: table comparing studies reporting cholesteatoma versus noncholesteatoma DWI and ADC values.

Click here for additional data file. (76.3KB, pdf)

Articles from BioMed Research International are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES