Abstract
Background/Aims
Although the risk of bleeding after endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is low, the safety of EUS-FNA in patients prescribed antithrom-botic agents is unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the incidence of bleeding after EUS-FNA in those patients.
Methods
Between September 2012 and September 2015, patients who were prescribed antithrombotic agents underwent EUS-FNA at 13 institutions in Japan were prospectively enrolled in the study. The antithrombotic agents were managed according to the guidelines of the Japanese Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Society. The rate of bleeding events, thromboembolic events and other complications within 2 weeks after EUS-FNA were analyzed.
Results
Of the 2,629 patients who underwent EUS-FNA during the study period, 85 (62 males; median age, 74 years) patients were included in this stduy. Two patients (2.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6% to 8.3%) experienced bleeding events. One patient required surgical intervention for hemothorax 5 hours after EUS-FNA, and the other experienced melena 8 days after EUS-FNA and required red blood cell transfusions. No thromboembolic events occurred (0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.4%). Three patients (3.5%; 95% CI, 1.2% to 10.0%) experienced peri-puncture abscess formation.
Conclusions
The rate of bleeding after EUS-FNA in patients prescribed antithrombotic agents might be considerable.
Keywords: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, Hemorrhage, Fibrinolytic agents
INTRODUCTION
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the most reliable method for the histological diagnosis of pancreatic and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors, as well as mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathies.1–3 The rate of overall EUS-FNA specific morbidity has been reported to be 0.98%.4 Major adverse events after EUS-FNA include postprocedure pain, pancreatitis, bleeding and fever.
The number of patients taking antithrombotic agents to prevent thromboembolic events is increasing.5,6 For example, 10.5% of patients in Japan undergoing endoscopic mucosal biopsy were taking antithrombotic agents.7 Guidelines have recommended that antithrombotic agents be managed in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures, based on a balance between the risk of bleeding associated with the procedure and the risk of thrombotic events associated with the underlying condition. Guidelines of the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and the Japanese Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JSGE) have regarded EUS-FNA as having a high risk of bleeding, whereas the guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy regard this procedure as having a low risk of bleeding.8–10 Only one study to date has evaluated the safety of EUS-FNA in patients taking aspirin, but that was a single-center study performed in a relatively small number of patients.11 We hypothesized that bleeding risk after EUS-FNA would be low among patients taking antithrombotic agents, but there have been no reports about the safety of EUS-FNA in patients taking other antiplatelet agents and/or anticoagulants. This study therefore analyzed the safety of EUS-FNA among patients taking antithrombotic agents, including antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Study design
This prospective, multicenter study enrolled patients taking antithrombotic agents who underwent EUS-FNA in accordance with Japanese guidelines between September 2012 and September 2015 at 13 institutions in Japan. Indications for EUS-FNA were basically determined by European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines.12 This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of each hospital and registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01798654). All authors had access to the study data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
2. Patients
Patients were included if they were older than 20 years, were at high risk of thrombotic events according to the guidelines of the JGES,8 and provided written informed consent to be enrolled in this study. Patients were excluded if they had pancreatic cystic lesions, a platelet count <50,000/m3, an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System score >3 or an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 4. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to EUS-FNA.
3. Management of antithrombotic agents
Before EUS-FNA, antithrombotic agents were managed according to modified JSGE guidelines.8 Aspirin was continued throughout the procedure. Thienopyridines were discontinued for 5 days and replaced with aspirin. Antiplatelet agents other than thienopyridines were discontinued for 1 day. Warfarin was discontinued for 3 days and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) were discontinued for 2 days, with both replaced by intravenous heparin (10,000 to 20,000 units/day). Intravenous heparin was stopped 3 hours before EUS-FNA, restarted 1 day later and maintained until the international normalized ratio (INR) reached its therapeutic range (1.5 to 2.5). All antithrombotics were resumed 1 day after EUS-FNA. In patients taking NOACs, however, heparin was not re-administered after EUS-FNA.
4. EUS-FNA procedure and follow-up
EUS-FNA was performed in a standard manner, using a standard EUS-FNA needle and negative pressure suction, in an inpatient setting by endoscopists with experience performing more than 50 EUS-FNAs. The selection of needle size and the number of punctures was at the discretion of each endoscopist. After EUS-FNA, the patient was discharged and followed-up for 2 weeks.
5. Outcome measurements
The primary outcome measure was the rate of bleeding complication within 2 weeks. Patients with melena or other symptoms suggesting bleeding events underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or other imaging examinations to confirm the bleeding site. Otherwise, patients were interviewed at the outpatient clinic or by telephone about the presence of melena or other symptoms 2 weeks after EUS-FNA, thus eliminating attrition bias. The grading and severity of bleeding complications were defined by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines.13 Secondary outcome measures included the rates of thromboembolic and other adverse events and the histopathological diagnosis of EUS-FNA.
6. Sample size calculation
The incidence of bleeding after EUS-FNA was estimated at 1.0%.4 Calculations showed that a sample size of 300 patients was required to detect a bleeding rate of 1%, in accordance with the rule of three.
7. Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were described as proportions and continuous variables as medians and ranges. The rates of bleeding complications, thromboembolic events and other complications were calculated, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analyses were performed using JMP version 11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
RESULTS
1. Patient characteristics
During the study period, 2,629 patients underwent EUS-FNA for solid lesions; among these, 120 patients (4.6%) were taking antithrombotic agents (Fig. 1). Eighty-seven patients were deemed at high risk for thrombotic events according to JSGE guidelines and included in this study. After excluding two patients, one with a high American Society of Anesthesiologists score and the other who refused consent, 85 patients were included in this study (Table 1). Their median age was 74 years (range, 40 to 85 years) and 62 patients (72.9%) were male. Median platelet count was 195×103/mm3 (range, 57 to 370×103/ mm3), and median INR before EUS-FNA was 1.09 (range, 0.90 to 1.66). Numbers of antithrombotic agents taken by patients are shown in Table 1 and the reasons for antithrombotic agents in Table 2. Fifty-one patients (60.0%) were each taking a single antithrombotic agent, whereas 28 (32.9%) and six (7.1%) patients were taking two and three antithrombotic agents, respectively.
Fig. 1.
Flow chart of this study.
EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Antithrombotic Agents Administered to Patients Prior to EUS-FNA
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | 74 (40–85) |
| Male sex | 62 (72.9) |
| Platelets, ×104/mm3 | 19.5 (5.7–37.0) |
| PT-INR | 1.09 (0.90–1.66) |
| Antithrombotic agents | |
| Antiplatelets | |
| Aspirin | 43 |
| Thienopyridine | 30 |
| Cilostazol | 8 |
| Others | 4 |
| Anticoagulants | |
| Warfarin | 25 |
| NOAC | 14 |
| No. of antithrombotic agents | |
| 1/2/3 | 51/28/6 |
Data are presented as median (range) or number (%).
EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; PT-INR, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
Table 2.
Reasons for Antithrombotic Agent Prescriptions
| Two months after insertion of a bare metal stent into the coronary artery | 5 |
| Twelve months after insertion of a drug-eluting stent into the coronary artery | 8 |
| Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with >50% stenosis of major intracranial arteries | 12 |
| Recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack | 8 |
| Obstructive peripheral artery disease ≥Fontaine grade 3 (rest pain) | 9 |
| Ultrasonic examination of carotid arteries and magnetic resonance angiography of the head and neck region where withdrawal is considered high risk of thromboembolism | 5 |
| History of cardiogenic brain embolism | 13 |
| Atrial fibrillation accompanying valvular heart disease | 6 |
| Atrial fibrillation without valvular heart disease but with high risk of stroke | 19 |
| Following mechanical mitral valve replacement | 2 |
| History of thromboembolism following mechanical valve replacement | 3 |
| Deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary thromboembolism | 1 |
2. EUS-FNA procedures
The target lesions in the 85 patients included pancreatic tumors in 54 (63.5%), lymph nodes in 11 (12.9%), gastrointestinal submucosal tumors in 10 (11.8%), bile ducts in five (5.9%) and others in five (5.9%). The median target lesion diameter was 24.2 mm (range, 6.0 to 130.0 mm). Gastrointestinal puncture sites included the stomach in 43 patients (50.6%), the duodenum in 38 (44.7%), the esophagus in three (3.5%) and the small intestine in one (1.2%). Needle size was 19 gauge in 11 patients (12.9%), 22 gauge in 65 (76.5%) and 25 gauge in nine (10.6%). The median number of punctures was 3 (range, 1 to 7). Rapid on-site evaluation was performed in 68 patients (80.0%). Based on the results of EUS-FNA, 66 patients (77.6%) were histologically diagnosed with neoplastic diseases (Table 3).
Table 3.
Histological Diagnosis of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
| Adenocarcinoma | 44 |
| Adenosquamous carcinoma | 1 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 3 |
| Clear cell carcinoma | 2 |
| Neuroendocrine tumor | 4 |
| Undifferentiated carcinoma | 1 |
| Small cell carcinoma | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | 5 |
| Leiomyoma | 1 |
| Lymphoma | 2 |
| Paraganglioma | 1 |
| Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm | 1 |
| Atypical epithelial cells | 4 |
| Nonneoplastic tissue | 13 |
| Insufficient materials | 1 |
| Not analyzed | 1 |
3. Bleeding complications
Two patients (2.4%; 95% CI, 0.6% to 8.3%) experienced bleeding complications. The first patient was a 72-year old male who was taking aspirin and thienopyridine because of a recent ischemic stroke. He discontinued thienopyridine for 5 days and underwent EUS-FNA of a submucosal tumor at the gastric fornix using a 19-gauge needle with two needle passes and was histologically diagnosed with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Five hours after EUS-FNA, he developed dyspnea and hypoxia. Chest-computed tomography showed left hemothorax, and he underwent emergency video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the confirmation of hemostasis. He was discharged 2 weeks after surgery. The second patient was a 62-year-old male, who was taking warfarin because of a mechanical valve replacement. Three days before EUS-FNA, warfarin was discontinued and replaced by intravenous heparin. He underwent EUS-FNA of a swollen para-aortic lymph node using a 25-gauge needle. Although discharged without complications, he presented with melena 8 days after EUS-FNA. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a duodenal ulcer, but no bleeding at the EUS-FNA puncture site in the stomach. He was transfused with two units of red blood cells. The rates of bleeding complications according to needle size were 9.1% (1/11), 0% (0/65), and 11.1% (1/9) for 19-, 22-, and 25-gauge needles, respectively. There were no bleeding events in the 17 patients who required only a single dose of aspirin or cilostazol.
4. Other complications
No patient experienced thromboembolic events and there were no procedure related deaths (0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.4%). Three patients (3.5%; 95% CI, 1.2% to 10.0%) experienced other complications, with all showing abscess formation around the puncture site. One patient required endoscopic ultrasound-guided abscess drainage, whereas the other two were managed conservatively.
DISCUSSION
Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that the rate of bleeding complications after EUS-FNA for patients taking anti-thrombotic agents was 2.4%. In the rule of three, the upper limit of the 95% CI of the probability of an event is calculated as 3 divided by the number of procedures if no event occurred in a finite number of procedures.14 The rate of bleeding in this study exceeded the estimated upper limit of the 95% CI (1%). From this point of view, the rate of bleeding events in patients with antithrombotic agents was not as low as 1%, and the relatively high rate of bleeding complications in our study should not be generalized.
A previous meta-analysis showed that the rate of bleeding complications after EUS-FNA was 0.13%,4 and assessments of the Japanese national database reported that the rates of severe bleeding after EUS-FNA in patients with gastrointestinal submucosal tumors and pancreatic tumors were 0.44% and 0.23%, respectively.15,16 A recent retrospective study reported that EUS-FNA-related bleeding was as low in patients with antithrombotic agents as in those without them.17 The retrospective nature of the present study, however, did not allow estimation of postoperative bleeding complications. In agreement with an earlier study, we found that 4.6% of patients undergoing EUS-FNA were taking antithrombotic agents.7 The higher rate of bleeding complications in our study of patients taking antithrombotic agents was likely due to their higher risk for bleeding complications after invasive endoscopic procedures and the patients’ comorbidities that required antithrombotic agents.18,19
The efficacy of perioperative heparin bridging in preventing thromboembolic events is unclear.20 One of the patients in our study who was taking warfarin experienced a bleeding complication, but this was considered related to a comorbidity rather than the EUS-FNA procedure itself. A recent large, randomized controlled trial reported that heparin bridging increased the risk of major bleeding without reducing the risk of thromboembolism.21 The incidence of bleeding complications following endoscopic mucosal biopsy in patients treated with antithrombotic agents was reported to be low, even without discontinuation of these agents.22 The lack of thromboembolic events in our study suggested that warfarin discontinuation with heparin bridging would not be necessary prior to EUS-FNA in patients taking warfarin. Furthermore, NOACs have been shown more effective and safe than warfarin in preventing thromboembolic events.23,24 Because few patients in our study were taking NOACs, the safety of EUS-FNA for those patients remains to be determined.
We also found that one patient taking both aspirin and thienopyridine, discontinuing the latter before EUS-FNA, experienced a severe bleeding complication. This was consistent with findings showing that dual antiplatelet treatment was a risk factor for bleeding complications after gastric endoscopy.25 Because stent thrombosis is a life-threatening event, dual antiplatelet therapy for at least 1 year has been recommended after drug-eluting stent placement.26,27 However, novel drug-eluting stents have a low risk of restenosis following a short duration of dual antiplatelet treatment, suggesting that the number of patients will likely decrease in the near future.28,29 Nevertheless, caution before EUS-FNA is necessary for those patients.
In our study, there were no bleeding events in any of the patients who took aspirin or cilostazol without interruption. This finding was consistent with that of a previous study by Inoue et al.17 Therefore, use of EUS-FNA may be feasible with continued aspirin or cilostazol.
Another concern in the management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures is that a thromboembolic event may occur after the discontinuation of antithrombotic agents.30 Thromboembolic events may be more harmful than bleeding events and may even be fatal.31 None of the patients in our study, however, experienced a thromboembolic event. Because bleeding events could be successfully managed without any sequelae or mortality, EUS-FNA may be feasible without discontinuing antithrombotic agents.
We observed three patients with abscess formation around the puncture site. The reason for relatively high incidence of this complication was not clear, but it might be possible that the enrolled patients had comorbid diseases requiring antithrombotic agents, so the healing process may have been compromised.
This study had several limitations, including the relatively small number of patients, making its statistical power low. In addition, this was not a comparative study because the huge number of patients is mandatory to evaluate the rate of rare events. Instead, we calculated the sample size in accordance with the rule of three. EUS-FNA procedures may have differed among the participating institutions; therefore performance bias could not be excluded. Furthermore, patients in this study were taking various antithrombotic agents, making comparisons difficult; and only Japanese patients were included, making it difficult to generalize these results among different ethnic groups. We excluded patients with cystic lesions (who were more likely to develop bleeding complications) than those with solid lesions, so we might have underestimated the overall rate of bleeding complications. Finally, we could not determine whether bleeding was due to the antithrombotic agents themselves or the comorbidity requiring those agents.
The rate of bleeding complications after EUS-FNA for patients taking antithrombotic agents might be considerable, regardless of whether the bleeding was attributed to EUS-FNA itself. Endoscopists should evaluate the risks of both thromboembolic events and bleeding complications before performing EUS-FNA on patients being treated with antithrombotic agents. A large prospective study is necessary to develop new guidelines for the management of patients with antithrombotic agents who undergo EUS-FNA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by a grant from the Japanese Foundation for Research and Promotion of Endoscopy. The founder had no role in the study design, nor collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data.
We express our greatest appreciation to Dr. Hiroaki Iijima for statistical support.
Author contributions: Kazumichi Kawakubo contributed to study design; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; and drafting of the manuscript. K.Y., K.E., H.I., N.E., S.H. R.M., K.S., H.Y., T.K., M.O., T.O., Y.T.A., S.K., Kimitoshi Kubo, Y.K., M.O., and M.U. contributed to study design; and acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. M.K., H.K., T.H., A.K., and N.S. contributed to study design; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data; and critical revision of the manuscript.
Footnotes
See editorial on page 225.
The manuscript was presented as part at Digestive Disease Week 2016, at San Diego, USA (http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(16)00510-1/abstract).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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