Abstract
Currently, immune checkpoint blockade against members of the B7/CD28 family is being used as a new molecular-targeted therapy, in patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Although human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) is a novel molecule of the B7/CD28 family, the clinical impact of its expression remains uncertain in gastric cancer. Consequently, we examined HHLA2 expression in blood specimens from patients with gastric cancer, and investigated the relationship between its expression and clinicopathological factors to assess its potential power as a prognostic blood predictor. Untreated peripheral blood specimens were obtained from 111 patients with gastric cancer and 20 healthy volunteers. HHLA2 mRNA expression levels were determined using quantitative RT-PCR assay. Blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer had significantly lower copies of HHLA2 mRNA than those obtained from healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, HHLA2 expression was significantly correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.0331), distant metastasis (P < 0.0001), and stage of disease (P = 0.0032). The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in patients with high HHLA2 expression compared with the patients with low expression (P = 0.0001). These findings demonstrate that assessment of HHLA2 expression levels in the blood could be utilized to predict tumor aggressiveness in patients with gastric cancer.
Keywords: human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, peripheral blood, prognostic marker, gastric cancer
INTRODUCTION
Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequent malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-specific mortality worldwide [1]. Although the mortality rate of gastric cancer has been continuously decreasing in Japan, it is still responsible for the third highest mortality rate [2]. On the other hand, the remarkable advances in chemotherapy have contributed greatly to improved prognosis in patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer [3, 4]. Furthermore, drugs such as trastuzumab and ramucirumab, which have molecular targets, have been clinically used in the therapeutic management of patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer [5, 6]. However, the 5-year survival rates of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIIA, stage IIIB, stage IIIC, and stage IV are 58.4%, 40.8%, 20.2%, and 8.8%, respectively [7]. These findings indicate a limitation of current treatments, including surgery and chemotherapy, in the clinical strategy for advanced gastric cancer.
Recently, an immune-checkpoint inhibitor was discovered and clinical studies demonstrated its efficacy in patients with several malignancies, including gastric cancer [8]. The ATTRACTION-2 trial showed the survival benefits of nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody, in patients with pre-treated advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction cancer [9]. This phase 3 study indicated that the median overall survival was 5.26 and 4.14 months in the nivolumab and placebo groups, respectively. PD-1 is a receptor for programmed death ligand-1 in the B7 family pathway and these molecules play an important role in the inhibition of the T-cell-mediated immune response in patients with malignancies [10]. To date, investigators have identified several immune molecules for controlling T-cell-mediated immune response toward the B7 family pathway [10, 11]. Consequently, these immune molecules are gathering attention as new therapeutic targets for promoting the development of cancer immunotherapy. Previously, we reported that B7-H3 and B7-H4, members of the B7 family, were highly expressed in resected tumor tissues and peripheral blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer [12, 13]. Moreover, our studies demonstrated a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and tumor progression or prognosis. Currently, promising blood markers for predicting tumor aggressiveness are clinically limited in patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Therefore, the discovery of new immune molecules that are present in the blood may be important for the clinical management of such patients.
Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) is the most recently discovered member of the B7 family, also known as B7-H5 or B7-H7 [14, 15]. Recent studies have investigated the expression of HHLA2 in various cancer cells [16–18]. However, there have been no studies assessing the clinical significance of HHLA2 expression in blood specimens and tumor tissues obtained from patients with gastric cancer.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the expression of HHLA2 in blood specimens and to compare the status of its expression between blood and primary tumor specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between HHLA2 expression and tumor behavior to assess its clinical utility as a blood prognostic predictor.
RESULTS
Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of HHLA2 mRNA levels in blood specimens
We evaluated HHLA2 mRNA levels using the qRT-PCR assay in four gastric cancer cell lines, 111 blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer, and 20 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens obtained from healthy volunteers. Of the four gastric cancer cell lines, only MKN-45 showed expression of HHLA2 mRNA. In the blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer, the relative number of HHLA2 mRNA copies ranged from 0.0214 to 1.30. In the PBMC specimens obtained from healthy volunteers, the relative number of HHLA2 mRNA copies ranged from 0.25 to 2.81. The mean value of the relative HHLA2 mRNA copies (±SD) in the blood specimens and PBMC specimens was 0.515 ± 0.228 and 1.14 ± 0.509, respectively (Figure 1). HHLA2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in blood specimens obtained from patients than in PBMC specimens obtained from healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001).
Figure 1. qRT-PCR analysis of HHLA2 mRNA expression levels in blood specimens.
GAPDH was used for normalization and the relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. HHLA2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer than in PBMC specimens obtained from healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001).
HHLA2 expression and clinicopathological factors
Based on the median value of the relative HHLA2 mRNA copies, 111 patients with gastric cancer were divided into a high-expression group (n = 55) and a low-expression group (n = 56) to investigate the relationship between expression of HHLA2 and clinicopathological factors. HHLA2 expression showed a significant negative correlation with the depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.0331, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0032, respectively) (Table 1).
Table 1. HHLA2 expression and clinicopathological factors.
| Factor | HHLA2 expression (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 55) | High (n = 56) | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 36 (65.5) | 36 (64.3) | 0.8974 |
| Female | 19 (34.5) | 20 (35.7) | |
| Age (year) | |||
| <70 | 27 (49.1) | 40 (71.4) | 0.0161 |
| ≥70 | 28 (50.9) | 16 (28.6) | |
| Tumor location | |||
| Upper | 17 (30.9) | 16 (28.6) | 0.1915 |
| Middle | 17 (30.9) | 26 (46.4) | |
| Lower | 21 (38.2) | 14 (25.0) | |
| Histological type | |||
| Differentiated | 25 (45.5) | 19 (33.9) | 0.2145 |
| Undifferentiated | 30 (54.5) | 37 (66.1) | |
| Depth of tumor invasion | |||
| T1 | 18 (32.7) | 27 (48.2) | 0.0331 |
| T2 | 3 (5.5) | 3 (5.4) | |
| T3 | 5 (9.1) | 11 (19.6) | |
| T4 | 29 (52.7) | 15 (26.8) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| Negative | 30 (54.5) | 34 (60.7) | 0.5108 |
| Positive | 25 (45.5) | 22 (39.3) | |
| Distant metastasis | |||
| Negative | 26 (47.3) | 47 (83.9) | <0.0001 |
| Positive | 29 (52.7) | 9 (16.1) | |
| Stage | |||
| I–II | 23 (41.8) | 39 (69.6) | 0.0032 |
| III–IV | 32 (58.2) | 17 (30.4) | |
| Serum CEA levels (>5 ng/mL) | |||
| Negative | 40 (72.7) | 48 (85.7) | 0.0914 |
| Positive | 15 (27.3) | 8 (14.3) | |
| Serum CA19-9 levels (>37 U/mL) | |||
| Negative | 45 (81.8) | 50 (89.3) | 0.2627 |
| Positive | 10 (18.2) | 6 (10.7) | |
| Lymphatic invasion (n = 73) | |||
| Negative | 18 (66.7) | 30 (65.2) | 0.8998 |
| Positive | 9 (33.3) | 16 (34.8) | |
| Venous invasion (n = 73) | |||
| Negative | 20 (74.1) | 30 (65.2) | 0.4316 |
| Positive | 7 (25.9) | 16 (34.8) | |
CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CA 19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; T1: invasion of lamina propria or submucosa; T2: invasion of muscularis propria; T3: invasion of subserosa; T4: penetration of serosa or invasion of adjacent structures.
HHLA2 expression and prognosis
The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in the high-expression group compared with that in the low-expression group (77.6% vs. 46.5%, respectively; P = 0.0001) (Figure 2). Univariate analysis showed that the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, level of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), level of serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, and HHLA2 expression were significantly related to overall survival (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0004, respectively) (Table 2). Multivariate analysis indicated that distant metastasis and the level of serum CEA were independent prognostic factors (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0162, respectively) (Table 2). Thus, expression of HHLA2 was not an independent prognostic factor according to the multivariate analysis (P = 0.6149).
Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients with gastric cancer.
Patients with high HHLA2 expression had a significantly better prognosis than those with low HHLA2 expression (P = 0.0001).
Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of survival.
| Factor | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Depth of tumor invasion T1–2/T3–4 |
21.86 | 5.26–90.9 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | 0.1–12.79 | 0.9224 |
| Lymph node metastasis Negative/Positive |
3.86 | 1.95–7.63 | 0.0001 | 1.18 | 0.56–2.46 | 0.6679 |
| Distant metastasis Negative/Positive |
65.52 | 19.39–221.4 | <0.0001 | 43.35 | 5.477–343.04 | 0.0004 |
| Serum CEA levels (>5 ng/mL) Negative/Positive |
6.21 | 3.26–11.84 | <0.0001 | 2.34 | 1.17–4.66 | 0.0162 |
| Serum CA 19-9 levels (>37 U/mL) Negative/Positive |
6.41 | 3.21–12.81 | <0.0001 | 1.21 | 0.59–2.45 | 0.6024 |
| HHLA2 expression Low/High |
0.28 | 0.14–0.56 | 0.0004 | 0.82 | 0.39–1.76 | 0.6149 |
CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CA 19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CI: confidence interval; T1: invasion of lamina propria or submucosa; T2: invasion of muscularis propria; T3: invasion of subserosa; T4: penetration of serosa or invasion of adjacent structures.
Immunohistochemical analysis of HHLA2 protein expression in primary tumor specimens
HHLA2 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry of 73 tumor tissues resected from patients with gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that HHLA2 was mainly expressed in the membrane and/or cytoplasm of normal epithelial cells and tumor cells (Figure 3). Normal epithelial cells showed high HHLA2 expression (Figure 3A). According to the immunoreactivity of HHLA2, patient samples were classified as tissues with high (n = 26; 35.6%), tissues with intermediate (n = 21; 28.8%), and tissues with low (n = 26; 35.6%) expressions (Figure 3B–3D, respectively). The mean values of the relative HHLA2 mRNA copies (±SD) in the high, intermediate, and low-expression groups were 0.625 ± 0.204, 0.605 ± 0.152, and 0.463 ± 0.197, respectively. Spearman’s rank test showed a weak linear relationship in HHLA2 expression between blood specimens and primary tumor tissues (r = −0.258, P = 0.0283) (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Immunohistochemical analysis for HHLA2 protein expression in primary tumor specimens.
On the basis of staining intensity, the status of HHLA2 expression was classified into the following three groups: high, intermediate, and low immunoreactions. (A) HHLA2 protein expression in normal epithelial cells. (B) Tumor cells with high expression of HHLA2. (C) Tumor cells with intermediate expression of HHLA2. (D) Tumor cells with low expression of HHLA2. Scale bars indicate 200 μm (Original magnification ×200).
Figure 4. Correlation of the status of HHLA2 expression between blood specimens and primary tumor tissues.
A comparative analysis based on qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a weak linear relationship in HHLA2 expression between blood specimens and primary tumor tissues (r = −0.258, P = 0.0283).
DISCUSSION
HHLA2 was identified in 1999 as a new molecule containing immunoglobulin-like domains [19]. Recently, it was revealed that HHLA2 has a 10%‒18% amino acid identity and 23%–33% similarity to other B7 family members, and it was classified as a new B7/CD28 family member [20]. HHLA2 protein is constitutively expressed on the surface of human monocytes or macrophages, and it is not expressed on immature dendritic cells and resting T- or B-cells [14, 20]. Furthermore, Janakiram et al. showed that HHLA2 is expressed in 20%‒70% of human cancers such as breast, lung, thyroid, melanoma, pancreas, ovary, liver, bladder, colon, prostate, kidney, and esophagus [16]. Furthermore, Koirala et al. reported that HHLA2 was expressed in 68% of patients with osteosarcoma [17]. On the contrary, based on immunohistochemical staining, Byers et al. reported that HHLA2 expression was decreased or absent in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue, although highly expressed in normal ductal epithelium or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [18]. In the current study, we investigated HHLA2 protein expression in resected tumor tissues obtained from patients with gastric cancer, including normal epithelium of the stomach, using immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, normal epithelial cells showed high expression of HHLA2 compared with tumor cells. These findings indicate a close similarity in the pattern of HHLA2 expression between gastric and pancreatic cancers.
In this study, we focused on the clinical significance of HHLA2 expression in blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer. To our knowledge, no study has examined the clinical impact of its expression in blood specimens. Currently, blood specimens have been attracting attention as an important internal product for repeatable liquid biopsy in the clinical management of patients with various malignancies. Therefore, we assessed HHLA2 mRNA levels using qRT-PCR assay in blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer and PBMC specimens obtained from healthy volunteers. Interestingly, HHLA2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the blood specimens compared with those in the PBMC specimens (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, we confirmed the absence of HHLA2 expression in the majority of gastric cancer cell lines that were examined. Consequently, expression of HHLA2 in blood specimens may reflect the systemic immune status relating to circulating tumor cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs). These results suggest that the assessment of HHLA2 expression in blood specimens could be utilized to differentiate patients with gastric cancer from healthy volunteers.
In addition, we examined the relationship between HHLA2 mRNA levels and clinicopathological factors. HHLA2 expression was inversely related with the depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, and stage of disease. Accordingly, HHLA2 expression was associated with less aggressive tumor behavior in patients with gastric cancer. However, patients with high expression of HHLA2 have a higher risk of lymph node metastasis and advanced breast cancer. In patients with osteosarcoma, high HHLA2 expression was associated with a significantly worse prognosis [16, 17]. These findings may indicate a different molecular mechanism of HHLA2 in each tumor. According to recent studies, HHLA2 has two receptors on T-cells [21], namely the transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain-containing 2 (TMIGD2) receptor and another receptor, which remains unknown [14, 16]. Consequently, HHLA2 has costimulatory and coinhibitory effects against the T-cell-mediated immune response via TMIGD2 and the unknown receptor, respectively [21]. HHLA2 on APCs costimulates naïve T-cell proliferation and cytokine production through TMIGD2 via an AKT-dependent signaling cascade [14]. As activated T-cells lose TMIGD2 expression, the second receptor for HHLA2 exerts a coinhibitory effect on these activated T-cells [20, 22]. Accordingly, HHLA2 may exert a costimulatory effect against the T cell-mediated immune response via TMIGD2 in patients with gastric cancer. These findings may suggest that gastric tumor cells acquire immune evasion by the reduction of own HHLA2 expression and that these cells have aggressive behavior.
In the current study, the 5-year survival rate was 77.6% and 46.5% in the high-expression group and in the low-expression group, respectively (P = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of HHLA2 was not an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.6149). This may be result of the limitations of the current study. This preliminary study was conducted in a single institution and was based on a retrospective analysis of a small population (n = 111). Moreover, the median follow-up period was only 39.2 months. Validation studies with larger samples sizes are warranted to confirm our hypothesis. However, the univariate analysis showed HHLA2 expression as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0004). Thus, HHLA2 may be a promising blood marker for predicting prognosis after treatment in patients with gastric cancer.
Although the immunological role of the HHLA2 signaling pathway remains unclear, a new technique that allows gastric tumor cells to express HHLA2 may enable a targeted immunotherapy that controls its signaling pathway in patients with unresectable advanced gastric cancer. In this study, we compared differences in HHLA2 expression between blood specimens and primary tumor tissues in each patient. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that HHLA2 mRNA levels in blood specimens were weakly correlated with HHLA2 protein expression in primary tumor tissues (r = −0.258, P = 0.0283). Supposing the assessment of HHLA2 expression in the primary tumor site is a tool for predicting tumor response against HHLA2-targeted immunotherapy, a blood biopsy to determine HHLA2 expression could be utilized to monitor sequential therapeutic effects in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that HHLA2 expression is related to tumor progression and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Therefore, the HHLA2 molecule may be a potential biomarker for predicting malignant behavior in patients with gastric cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Gastric cancer cell lines
Four gastric cancer cell lines, namely MKN-7, MKN-45, MKN-74, and KATO-III (Japanese Physical and Chemical Institute, Tokyo, Japan), were used in this study. Cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Mitsubishi Kasei, Tokyo, Japan), 100 units ⁄mL penicillin and 100 units⁄mL streptomycin, and incubated at 37° C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2, as previously described [12, 13].
Patients
Whole blood specimens were obtained from 111 patients (72 males and 39 females; age range: 37–86 years; average age: 66 years) with gastric cancer at Kagoshima University Hospital (Kagoshima, Japan) between 2010 and 2015. All blood specimens were collected prior to treatment. Seventy-three patients underwent curative gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy, and the remaining 38 patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy or the best possible supportive care. PBMC specimens from 20 healthy volunteers served as the control group. Paraffin-embedded archival tissue specimens of resected primary gastric tumors obtained from 73 patients were used for immunohistochemistry. Patients were grouped and staged based on the Union for International Cancer Control criteria of TNM classification for gastric carcinoma [23]. Moreover, lymphatic and venous invasions were defined on the basis of the criteria of Japanese classification for gastric carcinoma (3rd English edition) [24]. The median follow-up period was 39.2 months (range: 2–60 months).
The current study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kagoshima University (approval number: 1676). Written informed consent and approval were obtained from all patients.
Enzyme immunoassay for the determination of serum CEA and CA 19-9
Serum concentrations of CEA and CA19-9 were examined using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit (Abbott Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). A serum CEA level of >5.0 ng/mL and a serum CA 19-9 level of >37 U/mL were defined as positive according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Blood processing and RNA extraction
Blood specimens (5 mL) were collected from all the patients in tubes containing sodium citrate. The samples were processed within 1 h after collection. Next, PBMC specimens were separated using a lymphocyte separation medium (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. All processed blood specimens and harvested cell lines were mixed with Isogen (Nippon Gene, Toyama, Japan) and immediately cryopreserved at −80° C until RNA extraction. Total RNA was isolated and purified using phenol-chloroform extraction, as previously described [12, 13]. The quality of RNA was assessed using a NanoDrop Lite UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA).
qRT-PCR assay
Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). Gene-specific PCR products were continuously assessed using a Step One Plus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. TaqMan® probes and primers for HHLA2 (P/N: Hs00978112_m1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (P/N: Hs99999905_m1) were obtained from Applied Biosystems. GAPDH was used for normalization. The relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method [25]. Each assay was performed in duplicate, including negative control reactions that lacked cDNA.
Immunohistochemistry
Tumor specimens were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into 4 μm-thick slices. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (Vectastatin Elite ABC kit; Vector, Burlingame, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The sections were deparaffinized in xylene and dehydrated in ethanol. Next, the sections were autoclaved in citrate buffer (0.01 mol/L, pH 6.5) at 121° C for 10 min to reveal the antigen. After cooling, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating sections for 10 min in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide. Non-specific binding was blocked at room temperature for 20 min with normal goat serum. Sections were incubated at 4° C overnight with anti-HHLA2 rabbit polyclonal antibody (ab214327; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) diluted 1:200 in antibody diluent (Dako REAL antibody diluent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). After rinsing with PBS for 5 min, the sections were incubated with secondary antibody for 30 min and washed once more. After washing with PBS for 5 min, the sections were incubated with avidin-biotin complex for 30 min and washed once more. Reactions were visualized using diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride for 5 min. All samples were lightly counterstained with hematoxylin for 20 sec.
Sections treated without primary antibody were used as a negative control and the human rectal carcinoma tissue was used as a positive control. Based on the staining intensity, the status of HHLA2 expression was divided into three groups: high, intermediate, and low [18].
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis for differences in HHLA2 mRNA levels between PBMC specimens from healthy volunteers and blood specimens from patients with gastric cancer was performed using the Mann‒Whitney U-test. Spearman’s rank test was used to compare the status of HHLA2 expression between blood specimens and primary tumor tissues. In the comparison of clinicopathological factors, group differences were analyzed using the chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Overall survival curves were plotted according to the Kaplan‒Meier method and the prognostic difference was analyzed using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. All statistical analyses were performed using the Expert StatView version 5.0 software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Footnotes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
FUNDING
This work was supported in part by grants-in-aid (no. 16K10508) for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.
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