Cloning and Differential Expression Analyses of Cdc42 from Sheep

Abstract

Introduction

Serological diagnosis of brucellosis is still a great challenge due to the infeasibility of discriminating infected animals from vaccinated ones, so it is necessary to search for diagnostic biomarkers for differential diagnosis of brucellosis.

Material and Methods

Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) from sheep (Ovis aries) (OaCdc42) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and then tissue distribution and differential expression levels of OaCdc42 mRNA between infected and vaccinated sheep were analysed by RT-qPCR.

Results

The full-length cDNA of OaCdc42 was 1,609 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 576 bp. OaCdc42 mRNAs were detected in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidneys, rumen, small intestine, skeletal muscles, and buffy coat, and the highest expression was detected in the small intestine. Compared to the control, the levels of OaCdc42 mRNA from sheep infected with Brucella melitensis or sheep vaccinated with Brucella suis S2 was significantly different (P < 0.01) after 40 and 30 days post-inoculation, respectively. However, the expression of OaCdc42 mRNA was significantly different between vaccinated and infected sheep (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) on days: 14, 30, and 60 post-inoculation, whereas no significant difference (P > 0.05) was noted 40 days post-inoculation. Moreover, the expression of OaCdc42 from both infected and vaccinated sheep showed irregularity.

Conclusion

OaCdc42 is not a good potential diagnostic biomarker for differential diagnosis of brucellosis in sheep.

Introduction

Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is a worldwide zoonosis, which affects livestock, wildlife, and humans in great numbers (3). As a global epidemic, brucellosis has been reported in over 170 countries (18). Despite being endemic in many countries, the disease remains under-reported or overlooked because of underdiagnosis (5), therefore leading to important economic losses and posing a severe health threat. At present, vaccination is one of the most effective measures to reduce the prevalence of brucellosis (3). However, vaccine strain can induce antibodies that interfere with the serological tests leading to failure in discriminating vaccinated animals from naturally infected ones (3, 18). Thus, it is necessary to search for diagnostic biomarkers allowing to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals.

Cdc42 is a small GTPase, a member of the Rho subfamily, which can act as a molecular switch to control signal transduction pathways by cycling between an inactive state (GDP-bound) and an active state (GTP-bound) (10). In GTP-binding form, Cdc42 interacts with its downstream effectors to induce diverse cellular biological actions, including lamellipodia, filopodia and stress fibre formation (20), cell polarity (4), actin polymerisation (17), transport and endocytosis (19). As a key regulator of cellular actin dynamics, Cdc42 plays an important role in host defence (10, 20). Pathogen invasion is an actin-dependent process; Cdc42 can trigger extensive rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton to prevent bacteria or viruses from invading host cells (10, 16, 17). Many viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Ebola virus (EBOV), have evolved to hijack Cdc42 to invade host cells (17). Listeria monocytogenes can induce downregulation of host Cdc42 to promote Listeria cell-cell spread (16). Furthermore, Cdc42 regulates key signalling pathways by interacting with various effector proteins, such as NF-κB, NOD1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (9). These pathways tightly control cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Cdc42 was reported to be overexpressed in several different cancers that contributed to tumourigenesis and cancer progression (21). Even though Cdc42 is closely associated with infectious diseases and cancers; there are no reports about the relationship between Cdc42 and brucellosis until now. In our previous study, a subtractive cDNA library of buffy coat from Brucella-infected and vaccinated sheep was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH), and a partial cDNA of Cdc42 gene was screened and sequenced.

In this study, we cloned Cdc42 from sheep (OaCdc42) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and then analysed tissue distribution and differential expression levels of OaCdc42 mRNA by RT-qPCR between infected sheep challenged with B. melitensis and sheep vaccinated with B. suis S2. Our aims were to discover potential diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate vaccinated sheep from those infected with virulent Brucella.

Material and Methods

Bacteria

B. melitensis (smooth virulent strain, Bm) was isolated from naturally infected sheep. B. suis S2 (live rough avirulent strain, S2) was purchased from the Harbin Pharmaceutical Group (China). The preparation of bacteria was described by Yang et al. (22).

Animals

A total of nine male sheep (Ovis aries), healthy and negative for Bm and S2, were used. They were randomly divided into three groups, including infected group challenged with Bm, vaccinated group inoculated with S2, and control group injected with sterile PBS. The dose and manner of injection were applied according to Yang et al. (22). Each group was raised separately under the same breeding conditions.

Samples collection

Heparinised peripheral blood and tissue samples (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidneys, rumen, small intestine, skeletal muscles) from healthy sheep were collected according to Yang et al. (22). All samples were stored at –80°C until use.

Cloning of OaCdc42 cDNA

According to fractional cDNA of OaCdc42 from the SSH cDNA library (22), its full-length cDNA was amplified by RACE using the SMARTer™ RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers for the RACE were listed in the Table 1.

Table 1.

Primers used for PCR amplification

Primer	Nucleotide sequence (5’-3’)	Method
Cdc42 F1	GTGTGAGACAAGGCCCGTAGGTATG	3’- RACE; outer
Cdc42 F2	TGGCCCCTTCCCCTCTCAATACTAG	3’-RACE; inner
Cdc42 R1	GCCATACCTACGGGCCTTGTCTCAC	5’-RACE; outer
Cdc42 R2	AGGTGCAGGGCATTTGTCATTATTG	5’-RACE; inner
Cdc42 F’	GTTGTTGTGGGTGATGGTGCTGTTG	Real-time PCR
Cdc42 R’	CACTGAGAGGCAGACCAGAAACACG	Real-time PCR
β-actin F’	CCCAAGGCCAACCGTGAGAAGATGA	Real-time PCR
β-actin R’	CGAAGTCCAGGGCCACGTAGCAGAG	Real-time PCR

Sequence analysis

The full-length of OaCdc42 cDNA and its predicted protein sequences were analysed using DNAStar5.0 software (DNASTAR, USA). The BLASTx algorithm was used to search for the homology of nucleotide and protein sequences of OaCdc42 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). NCBI’s CD- Search service was used to analyse the conserved domains (CDs) of OaCdc42 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cdd.shtml). Multiple alignments were analysed by ClustalX 2.0 software (UCD, Ireland). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MAGA5.1 software (Sudhir Kumar, USA). The signal peptides, transmembrane domains, phosphorylated sites, and higher structure were predicted according to bioinformatics referred by Yang et al. (22).

Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR)

RT-qPCR was used to investigate tissue distribution and differential expression of OaCdc42 mRNA. Two pairs of primers used for qPCR were also listed in Table 1. OaCdc42 cDNA was amplified to obtain 233 bp. β-actin cDNA from sheep (GenBank accession number U39357), used as an endogenous control, was amplified to obtain 337 bp. Reaction conditions and reaction systems, as well as calculation of relative gene expression were described by Yang et al. (22). All tests were run in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

SPSS software version 13.0 (SPSS, USA) was used to analyse data and Student’s t test was used to calculate P values. Differences between individual group means were analysed by a Repeated Measures ANOVA. The differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 or P < 0.01. Data were presented as mean ±SD.

Results

Sequence characterisation of OaCdc42 cDNA

The full-length of OaCdc42 cDNA was the first identified and registered in GenBank with the accession number KC425615. Its full-length was 1,609 bp containing 130 bp of 5′-untranslated region (UTR), 576 bp of ORF, and 903 bp of 3′-UTR. The ORF encoded a putative protein of 191 amino acid residuals with a deduced molecular weight (MW) of 21.22 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.38. OaCdc42 was predicted to contain a conserved domain from Thr³ to Leu¹⁷⁷ (Fig. 1A), including GTP/Mg²⁺ binding site, GTPase-activating protein (GAP) interaction site, guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) interaction site, Par6 cell polarity protein interaction site, Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding (CRIB) effector interaction site, ACK tyrosine kinase interaction site, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) interaction site, Switch I and II region, and G1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 boxes. Three serine phosphorylated sites were predicted to locate in Ser⁷¹, Ser⁸⁹, and Ser¹²⁴ (Fig. 1A). OaCdc42 was predicted to be a spherical protein composed of six α - helixes and six β - strands (Fig. 1B). In addition, there was no transmembrane domain and signal peptide to OaCdc42, which indicated that OaCdc42 might not be a secreted or membrane protein.

Fig. 1.

Sequence analyses of OaCdc42. A. The full-length cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of OaCdc42. GenBank accession number for OaCdc42 cDNA was KC425615. The conserved domain (CD) was in the frame. Double asterisks (^∗∗) represent stop codon (TGA). Primers for 3′-, 5′-RACE are marked with underlined arrows. “S” in bold and italics indicates the predicted phosphorylated sites. Residue numbers of secondary structure are coloured per domain as in panel. B. The three-dimensional structure of OaCdc42. Each of α- helices and β-sheet is indicated by a different colour

Multiple alignments revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of OaCdc42 protein showed a high homology with other known Cdc42, and the highest identity of 99% was with Homo sapiens (NP_001782) (Fig. 2). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining (NJ) method based on multiple alignments. The result revealed that there were close genetic relations of OaCdc42 with other mammals, especially with Homo sapiens, which was in agreement with the result of multiple alignments (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2.

Multiple alignments of Cdc42 between sheep and other species. The amino acid sequence of OaCdc42 is underlined. (^∗) – 100% identical; (:) – highly conserved; (.) – semi-conserved

Fig. 3.

Phylogenetic analysis of Cdc42 from sheep compared with other species. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MAGA5.1 software using neighbour-joining (NJ) method. The numbers on the nodes reveal percentage frequencies in 1,000 bootstrap replications. The scale bar indicates 0.005 substitutions per site

Tissue distribution of OaCdc42 mRNA

RT-qPCR was performed to investigate tissue distribution of OaCdc42 mRNA in healthy tissues; β-actin was used as an endogenous control. OaCdc42 mRNA of buffy coat as a calibrator was compared with other tissues. As a result, OaCdc42 mRNA was detected in all tested tissues, including buffy coat, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidneys, rumen, small intestine, and skeletal muscles. The highest expression of OaCdc42 mRNA was detected in the intestine, followed by the liver, stomach, kidneys, heart, spleen, lung, and blood. The lowest expression was in muscles (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.

Tissue distribution of OaCdc42 mRNA from healthy sheep. The relative value of OaCdc42 mRNA was calculated using 2^-ΔΔCt method and β-actin as the reference gene. Data were presented as mean ±SD (n = 3, ^∗ P < 0.05; ^∗∗ P < 0.01 vs. buffy coat). Error bars showed the SD. All tests were performed in triplicate

Differential expression of OaCdc42 mRNA

RT-qPCR was also carried out to investigate differential expression of OaCdc42 mRNA between infected and vaccinated sheep. The results showed that the expression of OaCdc42 mRNA differed significantly (P < 0.01) in infected sheep or vaccinated sheep in comparison to control animals after 40 and 30 days post-inoculation, respectively. Although the level of OaCdc42 mRNA from infected sheep showed up-regulation before 30 days post-challenge, there was no significant difference compared to the control (P > 0.05). Until 40 days post-challenge, it appeared significantly down-regulated (P < 0.01) and up-regulated (P < 0.01) sharply on day 60 post-challenge. OaCdc42 mRNA from vaccinated sheep was significantly down-regulated on days 30 (P < 0.01) and 40 (P < 0.01) post-inoculation, and up-regulated on day 60 (P < 0.01) post-inoculation. However, OaCdc42 mRNA between infected group and vaccinated group was significantly different (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) on days 14, 30, and 60 post-inoculation and not significantly different (P > 0.05) on day 40 post-inoculation. Moreover, the level of OaCdc42 mRNA from both infected and vaccinated group showed irregularity (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5.

The differential expression of OaCdc42 mRNA between Bm-infected sheep and S2-vaccinated sheep. Relative value of OaCdc42 mRNA was calculated using 2^-ΔΔCt method and β-actin as the reference gene. Data were presented as mean ±SD (n = 9, ^∗P < 0.05; ^∗∗P < 0.01). Error bars showed the SD. All tests were performed in triplicate

Discussion

In this study, the full-length of OaCdc42 cDNA was reported and characterised for the first time. OaCdc42 cDNA was predicted to contain a conserved domain from Thr³ to Leu¹⁷⁷, including GAP, GEF, and GDI interaction sites (Fig. 1A). GEF, GAP, and GDI were the three major regulatory proteins for regulating the cycle between the inactive GDP-bound form and active GTP-bound form, which is a typical characteristic for Rho GTPases (15). GEFs promote the exchange of GDP for GTP to activate the GTPase, whereas GAPs and GDI both negatively regulate the cycle to inactivate the GTPases. Therefore, OaCdc42 possibly has the capacity to act as a molecular switch to control signal transduction pathways by cycling between the GDP-bound form and the GTP-bound form.

The expression profile of OaCdc42 mRNA in healthy tissues was assessed. OaCdc42 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all tissue samples tested, although at a different level (Fig. 4). The broad expression profile of Cdc42 had been reported in buffalo (7) and swine (11). Differential expression of OaCdc42 in different tissues indicated that it may be involved in different physiological processes, such as cell growth (12), cell motility (8), apoptosis (2). The highest levels of OaCdc42 expressed in the intestine indicated that OaCdc42 must play an important role in the intestine, which needs further study.

In our study, OaCdc42 mRNA from infected or vaccinated sheep was significantly down-regulated on day 40 post-inoculation, and then significantly up-regulated 60 days post-inoculation (Fig. 5). Although OaCdc42 mRNA expression in infected sheep showed up-regulation before day 30 post-inoculation, there was no significant difference compared to the control (P > 0.05). The results implied that OaCdc42 may be weakly activated by virulent Bm, but not by avirulent S2. This is fully in line with the “stealthy” characteristics of Brucella. Brucella is a successful intracellular pathogen. It has evolved multiple strategies to evade immune response mechanisms to establish persistent infection and replication within hosts (1). The suppression of OaCdc42 mRNA may be just one of its evolved strategies. In addition, the evidence showed that Cdc42 was activated upon cell contact by virulent B. abortus, but not by non-virulent B. abortus. The inactivation of Cdc42 significantly hampered the uptake of B. abortus, whereas the activation of Cdc42 promoted the uptake of B. abortus (6). Thus, the activation of Cdc42 is required for B. abortus internalisation. However, 40 days post-inoculation the level of OaCdc42 mRNA in infected sheep was very close to the one observed in the vaccinated sheep (Fig. 5). The reason remains elusive.

Previous studies indicated that Cdc42 could be activated by Salmonella through the type III secretion system (TTSS) to induce Salmonella internalisation into host cells. After its internalisation, the activation of Cdc42 is suppressed by SptP - the TTSS bacterial effector that is a GAP, namely, Salmonella reversibly activates Cdc42 to induce its own uptake (14). Our results showed that the expression of OaCdc42 mRNA displayed fluctuations and oscillations (Fig. 5); the possible reason was that Brucella bacteria were able to reversibly activate Cdc42 to induce its own uptake.

At present, serological testing is still the primary clinical tool to diagnose brucellosis. However, lipopolysaccharide of vaccine strain of Brucella spp. is similar to the virulent strain (5), so antibodies induced by vaccine strain can interfere with serological diagnosis. Thus, routine serological diagnosis fails to distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected animals (13). It is necessary to discover a diagnostic biomarker to distinguish vaccinated animals from those naturally infected with virulent Brucella. Our results showed that the level of OaCdc42 mRNA was significantly different between infected and vaccinated sheep (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) on days 14, 30, and 60 post-inoculation, but there was no difference (P > 0.05) between them on day 40 post-inoculation (Fig. 5). Moreover, the expression of OaCdc42 mRNAs in infected or vaccinated sheep showed irregularity. Thus, OaCdc42 failed to distinguish vaccinated animals from the ones infected with virulent Brucella during 60 days post-inoculation. Thereby, OaCdc42 is not a good potential diagnostic biomarker for differential diagnosis of brucellosis.

In summary, the full-length of OaCdc42 cDNA was reported and characterised for the first time. OaCdc42 mRNA was widely expressed in all tested tissues, and the highest expression was detected in the intestine. The expression of OaCdc42 mRNA between vaccinated and infected sheep was significantly different (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) on days: 14, 30, and 60 post-inoculation, but no difference (P > 0.05) was noted on day 40 post-inoculation. Moreover, the level of OaCdc42 mRNA from infected or vaccinated sheep showed irregularity. As our study has demonstrated, OaCdc42 is not a good potential diagnostic biomarker to distinguish Brucella vaccinated sheep from Brucella infected sheep.