Corticosteroid Administration to Prevent Complications of Anterior Cervical Spine Fusion: A Systematic Review

Shayan Abdollah Zadegan; Seyed Behnam Jazayeri; Aidin Abedi; Hirbod Nasiri Bonaki; Alexander R Vaccaro; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar

doi:10.1177/2192568217708776

. 2017 Jun 23;8(3):286–302. doi: 10.1177/2192568217708776

Corticosteroid Administration to Prevent Complications of Anterior Cervical Spine Fusion: A Systematic Review

Shayan Abdollah Zadegan ¹, Seyed Behnam Jazayeri ¹, Aidin Abedi ¹, Hirbod Nasiri Bonaki ¹, Alexander R Vaccaro ², Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar ^1,^✉

PMCID: PMC5958478 PMID: 29796378

Abstract

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Objectives:

Anterior cervical approach is associated with complications such as dysphagia and airway compromise. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the literature on the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid administration as a preventive measure of such complications in anterior cervical spine surgery with fusion.

Methods:

Following a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases in July 2016, all comparative human studies that evaluated the effect of steroids for prevention of complications in anterior cervical spine surgery with fusion were included, irrespective of number of levels and language. Risk of bias was assessed using MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) checklist and Cochrane Back and Neck group recommendations, for nonrandomized and randomized studies, respectively.

Results:

Our search yielded 556 articles, of which 9 studies (7 randomized controlled trials and 2 non–randomized controlled trials) were included in the final review. Dysphagia was the most commonly evaluated complication, and in most studies, its severity or incidence was significantly lower in the steroid group. Although prevertebral soft tissue swelling was less commonly assessed, the results were generally in favor of steroid use. The evidence for airway compromise and length of hospitalization was inconclusive. Steroid-related complications were rare, and in both studies that evaluated the fusion rate, it was comparable between steroid and control groups in long-term follow-up.

Conclusions:

Current literature supports the use of steroids for prevention of complications in anterior cervical spine surgery with fusion. However, evidence is limited by substantial risk of bias and small number of studies reporting key outcomes.

Keywords: cervical vertebrae, diskectomy, intervertebral disc, spinal fusion, steroids

Introduction

The anterior approach to the cervical spine using Smith-Robinson technique has been commonly used for the treatment of cervical discopathies.^1,2 Although the anterior approach is believed to be a relatively safe and effective procedure, it has been associated with complications such as dysphagia, dysphonia, airway compromise, and other tissue injuries.^3–6

Dysphagia is an unpleasant condition and the most common complication after anterior cervical approach with a reported incidence rate of 1% to 79%, starting early in the postoperative course.^7–9 Although the etiology of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery is not fully understood and there are many discrepancies in the findings of various studies, some factors such as local tissue edema, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, retraction of midline structures during the surgery, and prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PSTS) have been proposed.^7,10

Airway compromise is the most serious complication, associated with pharyngeal edema, as well as hematoma, angioedema, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and graft displacement.^11–16 Although a rare complication, airway compromise is life-threatening as it could lead to reintubation, tracheostomy, or death.^5,17

Corticosteroids are known anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the production of inflammatory prostaglandins and cytokines. Since major adverse outcomes after anterior approach are attributable to pharyngeal edema, it has been assumed that steroids can reduce the incidence of complications.⁵ The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of steroids in reducing the complications of the anterior cervical spine surgery.

Methods

Protocol

This systematic review was designed according to the guidelines of Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (v. 5.1.0),¹⁸ method guideline for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck (CBN) group [formerly Cochrane Back Review Group (CBRG)],^19,20 and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA)^21–23 statement.

Eligibility Criteria

We included all studies with a control group including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. The target population was patients of any age who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion with one- or multiple-level fusion and received corticosteroids to prevent complications following the surgery. We excluded studies that used cervical epidural steroid injections as a diagnostic or therapeutic modality to relieve radiculopathy or neck pain before the surgery. Animal studies were also excluded.

Literature Search and Information Sources

We performed a systematic search of the literature on July 10, 2016, using the following electronic databases without any restrictions on language or date of publications: MEDLINE (via OvidSP and PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane EBM (CENTRAL, DSR, and DARE). The complete search strategy is presented in the appendix. Main search keywords were “anterior,” “cervical vertebrae,” “cervical,” “neck,” “intervertebral disc,” “spinal decompression,” “disc degeneration,” “disc displacement,” “disc herniation,” “radiculopathy,” “myelopathy,” “spinal fusion,” “arthrodesis,” “discectomy,” “glucocorticoids,” and “steroids.” Unpublished records were not considered in this review.

Study Selection

Two authors (SAZ and SBJ) screened all titles and abstracts independently. Full texts of relevant articles were obtained and assessed for eligibility. To select the articles, we used a discussion and consensus method at each step, and in case of disagreement, a third reviewer (AA) was consulted. We also screened the reference lists of included articles and relevant reviews for possible inclusions.

Data Items and Collection Process

Two independent reviewers (SAZ and SBJ) used a predetermined form to extract the following information: study design, type of anterior procedure, demographic information, number of operated levels, inclusion/exclusion criteria for each study, dosage of the corticosteroid drug, and outcome variables. The rate of disagreement between the 2 extractors was 1%.

Outcome variables considered in this review were dysphagia/odynophagia, PSTS, airway compromise, length of hospital stay, steroid-related complications, and fusion rate.

Risk of Bias

The risk of bias was independently assessed by 2 authors (SAZ and SBJ). Disagreements were resolved with consensus or consultation with a third reviewer (AA). For randomized studies, we used the 13-item criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back and Neck (CBN).^19,20 This tool contains 5 domains of bias, including selection bias (criteria 1, 2, and 9), performance bias (criteria 3, 4, 10, and 11), detection bias (criteria 5 and 12), attrition bias (criteria 6 and 7), and reporting bias (criterion 8). There is also a 13th criterion, which covers any potential bias that is not detected with previous items.²⁰ For nonrandomized studies, the 12-item criteria of Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) were used.²⁴ Each criterion is scored from 0 to 2, and the highest possible score for comparative studies is 24. This tool is proved to be valid and reliable to evaluate interventional studies.^24–26

A pilot test of the risk of bias assessment was performed on a set of similar articles. The Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.3 (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014) was used for assessment of the risk of bias and production of related tables.

Data Synthesis

Meta-analysis was not feasible due to the heterogeneity of studies.

Results

Study Selection

Our search yielded 556 results. Six additional titles were identified through hand-searching of the reference lists (Figure 1). Of the 31 full-text articles included in the primary screening stage, 9 studies (total population: 246 414) were eligible for further consideration: 7 RCTs^16,27–32 and 2 nonrandomized studies (one cohort³³ and one case-control study³⁴). The other 22 articles were excluded because they were case reports,^13,35–39 studies without a control group for steroid,^40–45 seminar abstracts,^46–48 reviews,^49,50 commentaries,^51,52 or studies without sufficient data on steroid use.^53–55 Table 1 shows characteristics of the included studies.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies.

Author, Year	Study Design	Procedure	Patients/Levels	Levels	Mean Age, Years (Range)	FU (Range)	Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria	Steroid
Pedram (2003)²⁷	Prospective RCT	ACDF, ACCF, Isolated discectomy, Isolated fusion Plate fixation: Y	236 C:158 S:78	—	C: 47 ± 15.3 (15-88) S: 47 ± 12.3 (17-83)	36 h	Inclusion: patients requiring exclusively anterior operation of the cervical spine	Methylprednisolone (IV), 1 mg/kg at 0, 12, and 24 h postop
Emery (2009)²⁸	Prospective RCT	ACCF, 2-4 levels Fusion: fibular strut graft Plate fixation: N	66 C: 31 S: 35	II: 24 III: 38 IV: 4	—	—	Inclusion: cervical stenosis with cord compression at multiple levels	Dexamethasone (IV), 0.3 mg/kg before the incision, followed by 0.15 mg/kg at 8 and 16 h later
Lee (2011)¹⁶	Prospective RCT	ACDF, 1-2 levels Fusion: PEEK cage filled with autologous cancellous bone Plate fixation: Y	50 C: 25 S: 25	I: 29 II: 21	C: 50.9 S: 54.3	21.6 m (16-32)	Inclusion: radiculopathy or myelopathy requiring 1- or 2-level ACDF Exclusion: fusion >3 segments, revision surgery, corpectomy, trauma, infection, tumor, general metabolic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and chronic heart and renal diseases)	Triamcinolone (RF), 40 mg in a morcellized collagen sponge
Nam (2013)²⁹	Prospective RCT	ACDF, 1 level Fusion: allogeneic cortical bone and DBM Plate fixation: Y	62 C: 22 S1: 20 S2: 20	I: 62	C: 48.8 ± 7.6 S1: 45.6 ± 7.3 S2: 46.9 ± 8.6	5 d	Inclusion: cervical radiculopathy requiring single-level ACDF Exclusion: radiculopathy requiring ACDF ≥2 levels, myelopathic disease, cervical trauma, corpectomy	Dexamethasone (IV), S1: 10, 5, 5 mg; S2: 20, 10, 10 mg, at 0, 24, and 48 h postop
Song (2014)³⁰	Prospective RCT	ACDF, 3-4 levels Plate fixation: Y	40 C: 20 S: 20	C III: 10 IV: 10 S III: 10 IV: 10	C: 57.3 ± 11.0 (29-77) S: 59.9 ± 10.3 (42-74)	3 m	Inclusion: degenerative cervical disease requiring multilevel ACDF confirmed with preoperative plain radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging Exclusion: trauma other than that related to the operative procedure that could influence soft-tissue swelling	Methylprednisolone (IV), 250 mg at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h postop
Jeyamohan (2015)³¹	Prospective RCT	ACDF, 2-5 levels Fusion: carbon-fiber cage filled with HA, collagen and autologous BMA Plate fixation: Y	112 C: 56 S: 56	II: 28 III: 40 IV: 42 V: 2	C: 55 S: 54	24 m	Inclusion: age ≥18 y, cervical spondylosis requiring surgical treatment at ≥2 motion segments, ventrally approachable vertebral levels Exclusion: pregnancy, chronic preop steroid use, coma, incapacitation, unable to provide consent, allergy to dexamethasone or related drugs	Dexamethasone (IV), 0.2 mg/kg intraoperative dose followed by 0.06 mg/kg doses at 6, 12, and 24 h later
Edwards (2016)³²	Prospective RCT	ACDF, 1-3 levels Fusion: PEEK spacer, local bone graft, and BMP-2 Plate fixation: Y	50 C: 23 S: 27	C I: 30.4% II: 69.6% S I: 55.6% II: 33.3% III: 11.1%	C: 53.5 S: 54.0	1 m	Inclusion: age 18-70 y, elective 1-, 2-, or 3-level ACDF, primary or revision cases Exclusion: nondegenerative pathology (fracture, tumor, infection, etc), ≥4-level ACDF, combined lumbar fusion surgery, circumferential surgical approaches	Methylprednisolone (RF), 40 mg/cc in a 1 × 3 cm collagen sponge
Cancienne (2016)³³	Retrospective cohort	ACDF, 1-2 levels	200 000 C: 198 230 S: 1770	—	Age <70 C: 66.8% S: 69.8% Age >80 C: 6.2% S: 5.4%	3 m	Inclusion: ACDF procedures using CPT codes 22554, 22551, 22585, and 63076 in addition to the ICD-9 procedure code 810.2	Local injection of Triamcinolone acetonide, 1 or 10 mg Methylprednisolone acetate, 20 or 40 or 80 mg
Cancienne (2016)³³	Retrospective cohort	ACDF, ≥3 levels	45 754 C: 45 432 S: 322	—	Age <70 C: 61.8% S: 60.1% Age >80 C: 6.3% S: 5.6%	3 m
Koreckij (2016)³⁴	Retrospective case-control	ACDF, 2-4 levels Fusion: Cortical allograft packed with DBM and local bone Plate fixation: Y	44 C: 22 S: 22	C II: 10 III: 11 IV: 1 S II: 10 III: 11 IV: 1	C: 57.6 ± 9.9 S: 55.1 ± 7.9	3 m	Inclusion: ACDF for radiculopathy or myelopathy Exclusion: Single-level procedures, revision surgery, trauma, infection, tumor, autoimmune-related diseases (ie, rheumatoid arthritis)	Methylprednisolone (RF), 80 mg in a morcellized collagen sponge

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Abbreviations: ACCF, anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; BMA, bone marrow aspirate; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; C, control/sham/placebo group; CPT, Current Procedural Terminology; d, day(s); DBM, demineralized bone matrix; FU, follow-up; h, hour(s); HA, hydroxyapatite; ICD-9, International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision; IV, intravenous; m, month(s); N, no; PEEK, polyether ether ketone; RF, retropharyngeal; S, steroid group; Y. yes.

Risk of Bias

We assessed the risk of bias for 7 randomized studies with CBN criteria (Figure 2). The 2 extractors primarily disagreed on 14 out of 91 items, all of which were consequently resolved through discussion and consensus. Allocation concealment, random sequence generation, and blinding (especially personnel and outcome assessors) were reported in less than 50% of the trials (Figure 3).

Figure 3. — Summary of risk of bias for randomized studies (the 13-item criteria of the Cochrane Back and Neck group): review authors’ judgments about each risk of bias items across all included studies.

We used MINORS tool for the 2 nonrandomized studies (Figure 4). Of the total 24 items, 4 items required further discussion and consultation with a third reviewer. Blind evaluation of the endpoints (item 5), loss to follow-up (item 7), and prospective calculation of the study size (item 8) were not addressed in both studies.

Outcomes

A detailed summary of the outcome measures is presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Summary of Findings.

Author, Year	Dysphagia/Odynophagia	Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling	Airway Compromise	Length of Hospital Stay	Postoperative Steroid Need	Steroid-Related Complications	Fusion
Pedram (2003)²⁷	Subjective unpleasant sensation during swallowing, odynophagia, dysphagia or impaired swallowing during postop: C: 130 (82.3%) S: 56 (71.8%) NS Objective fiber optic ENT exam for pharyngolaryngeal lesions, 24-36 h postop: Absence of lesion C: 12 (7.59%) S: 32 (41%) P < .0001 Slight C: 63 (39.8%) S: 37 (47.4%) NS Moderate C: 59 (37.3%) S: 8 (10.2%) P < .0001 Severe C: 22 (13.9%) S: 1 (1.2%) P < .0001 Very severe C: 2 (1.26%) S: 0 (0%) P < .0001 Overall: lesions were more frequent in group C, P < .0001, RR: 1.57 (CI = 1.3-1.9)	—	Respiratory distress C: 2 (both had a revision surgery for drainage of cervical hematoma) S: 0	—	C: 88 (55%), 66 (41.7%) local nebulization of a corticosteroid, 22 (13.9%) methylprednisolone IV S: 0 P < .0001	—	—
Emery (2009)²⁸	—	—	Delayed extubation (>1 day) C: 6 (19.3%) S: 5 (14.2%) NS, P = .22	C: 4.645 d S: 4.371 d NS, P = .47	—	—	—
Lee (2011)¹⁶	VAS (odynophagia) Immediately postop C: 5.3 S: 2.5 P = .000 4 d postop C: 4.6 S: 1.5 P = .000 2 w postop C: 3.5 S: 1.2 P = .000	PSTSI in C3-C5 on RG Immediately postop C: 74.3% S: 58.2% P = .004 2 d postop C: 84.1% S: 57.9% P = .000 4 d postop C: 82.9% S: 56.3% P = .000 2 w postop C: 51.4% S: 44.9% P = .036	—	—	—	—	With RG and CT scan at last FU C: 24 (96%) S: 25 (100%)
Nam (2013)²⁹	VAS (odynophagia) Immediately postop C: 1.9 ± 0.8 S1: 1.9 ± 0.9 S2: 1.9 ± 0.7 NS, P = .970 1 d postop C: 3.0 ± 0.8 S1: 2.9 ± 1.0 S2: 3.0 ± 0.8 NS, P = .810 2 d postop C: 2.5 ± 1.0 S1: 2.5 ± 0.9 S2: 2.6 ± 1.1 NS, P = .936 3 d postop C: 2.0 ± 1.1 S1: 1.8 ± 0.9 S2: 2.0 ± 0.9 NS, P = .792 4 d postop C: 1.4 ± 1.0 S1: 1.2 ± 0.7 S2: 1.5 ± 0.7 NS, P = .353 5 d postop C: 1.0 ± 1.0 S1: 0.6 ± 0.6 S2: 1.0 ± 0.6 NS, P = .078	PSTD in C1-C7 on RG Immediately postop C: 1629 ± 229 cm² S1: 1533 ± 224 cm² S2: 1520 ± 226 cm² NS, P = .237 1 d postop C: 1789 ± 267 cm² S1: 1699 ± 258 cm² S2: 1689 ± 248 cm² NS, P = .387 2 d postop C: 1963 ± 338 cm² S1: 1865 ± 318 cm² S2: 1836 ± 321 cm² NS, P = .419 3 d postop C: 1966 ± 302 cm² S1: 1886 ± 282 cm² S2: 1867 ± 282 cm² NS, P = .501 4 d postop C: 1853 ± 301 cm² S1: 1776 ± 307 cm² S2: 1747 ± 251 cm² NS, P = .473 5 d postop C: 1706 ± 335 cm² S1: 1576 ± 292 cm² S2: 1541 ± 305 cm² NS, P = .202	VAS (dyspnea) Immediately postop C: 1.4 ± 0.7 S1: 1.0 ± 0.6 S2: 0.9 ± 0.6 P = .018 1 d postop C: 2.4 ± 0.8 S1: 1.8 ± 0.7 S2: 1.9 ± 0.7 P = .043 2 d postop C: 2.5 ± 0.9 S1: 2.0 ± 0.8 S2: 1.9 ± 0.7 P = .027 3 d postop C: 1.6 ± 0.7 S1: 1.8 ± 0.7 S2: 1.8 ± 0.6 NS, P = .695 4 d postop C: 1.1 ± 0.8 S1: 1.0 ± 0.9 S2: 1.0 ± 0.7 NS, P = .833 5 d postop C: 0.6 ± 0.7 S1: 0.6 ± 0.7 S2: 0.5 ± 0.6 NS, P = .653	—	—	—	—
Song (2014)³⁰	Dysphagia with Bazaz scale 1 d postop C: 20 (100%) svr S: 19 (95%) svr, 1 (5%) mod NS, P = .311 2 d postop C: 14 (70%) svr, 6 (30%) mod S: 7 (35%) svr, 13 (65%) mod P = .027 3 d postop C: 8 (40%) svr, 12 (60%) mod S: 4 (20%) svr, 11 (55%) mod, 5 (25%) mld P = .041 4 d postop C: 4 (20%) svr, 13 (65%) mod, 3 (15%) mld S: 8 (40%) mod, 12 (60%) mld P = .005 5 d postop C: 14 (70%) mod, 6 (30%) mld S: 4 (20%) mod, 14 (70%) mld, 2 (10%) none P = .005	PSTS summation of C2-C7 on RG 1 d postop C: 95.5 ± 18.1 mm S: 84.7 ± 17.1 mm NS, P = .61 2 d postop C: 103.5 ± 19.2 mm S: 82.2 ± 14.6 mm P < .001 3 d postop C: 103.9 ± 21.8 mm S: 79.4 ± 12.7 mm P < .001 4 d postop C: 108.9 ± 14.6 mm S: 76.5 ± 12.7 mm P < .001 5 d postop C: 105 ± 14.3 mm S: 78.2 ± 13.9 mm P < .001 6 d postop C: 107.8 ± 17.0 mm S: 65.4 ± 3.6 mm P < .001 7 d postop C: 100.0 ± 19.0 mm S: 73.5 ± 8.7 mm NS, P = .091	—	C: 6.0 ± 1.02 d (range 4-7) S: 5.1 ± 0.7 d (range 4-7) P = .003	—	None	—
Jeyamohan (2015)³¹	FOSS 1 m postop C: 0.66 S: 0.064 P = .027 3 m postop C: 0.261 S: 0.14 NS, P = .445 6 m postop C: 0.174 S: 0.2 NS, P = .768 12 m postop C: 0.1 S: 0.26 NS, P = .375 24 m postop C: 0.041 S: 0.115 NS, P = .333	—	Airway compromise rate: 2.7%	—	C: 8 (14.3%) S: 1 (1.8%)	—	CT scan 6 m postop C: 60% S: 39.5% P = .047 12 m postop C: 80% S: 75% NS, P = .57 24 m postop C: 95.2% S: 92.7% NS, P = .572
Edwards (2016)³²	Number of patients without dysphagia 1 d postop C: 7 (30.4%) S: 4 (14.8%) NS, P = .305 4 d postop C: 3 (13.0%) S: 16 (59.3%) P = .001 7 d postop C: 5 (21.7%) S: 16 (59.3%) P = .010 14 d postop C: 7 (30.4%) S: 18 (66.7%) P = .022 28 d postop C: 6 (26.1%) S: 15 (55.6%) P = .047 Dysphagia with modified Bazaz scale 1 d postop C: 1.09 ± 0.900 S: 1.04 ± 0.649 NS, P = .839 4 d postop C: 1.74 ± 1.05 S: 0.52 ± 0.700 P < .001 7 d postop C: 1.43 ± 1.04 S: 0.56 ± 0.751 P < .002 14 d postop C: 1.39 ± 1.20 S: 0.52 ± 0.802 P = .005 28 d postop C: 1.35 ± 1.11 S: 0.59 ± 0.747 P = .012	—	Adverse airway events: C: 1 (4.3%), readmission for breathing difficulty S: 0 NS, P = .460	C: 24.42 h S: 24.97 h NS, P = .612	C: 4 (17.4%) S: 1 (3.7%) NS, P = .167	None	—
Cancienne (2016)³³	Incidence of dysphagia after 1-2 level ACDF within 90 days postop C: 16,582 (8.4%) S: 133 (7.5%) NS, P = .198 Incidence of dysphagia after ≥3-level ACDF within 90 days postop C: 6631 (14.6%) S: 29 (9.0%) P = .005	—	—	For 1-2 level ACDF within 90 days postop C: 2 ± 2.2 d S: 1 ± 1.1 d P < .0001 For ≥3-level ACDF within 90 days postop C: 3 ± 2.8 d S: 2 ± 1.3 d P < .0001	—	Combined rates of infection and wound breakdown within 90 days postop C: 1.6% S: 1.7% NS, P = .717, OR: 0.9 (CI = 0.7-1.3)	—
Koreckij (2016)³⁴	Dysphagia with Bazaz scale 6 w postop C: 40.9% svr, 27.3% mod, 9.1% mld, 22.7% none S: 14.3% svr, 14.3% mod, 9.5% mld, 61.9% none P = .008 3 m postop C: 23.8% svr, 19% mod, 9.5% mld, 47.6% none S: 9.5% mod, 14.3% mld, 76.2% none P = .022 Dysphagia with EAT-10 6w postop C: 28.6% nl S: 59.1% nl NS, P = .067 3 m postop C: 42.9% nl S: 81.8% nl P = .012	PSTSI in C3-C7 on RG 1 d postop C: 1.19 ± 0.24 S: 1.33 ± 0.26 NS, P = .09 6 w postop C: 1.58 ± 0.70 S: 1.62 ± 0.36 2NS, P = .93	—	C: 2.2 ± 1.9 d S: 1.27 ± 0.6 d P = .03	—	—	—

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Abbreviations: C, control/sham/placebo group; CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; d, day(s); FOSS, Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale; FU, follow-up; h, hour(s); JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association; mld, mild; mod, moderate; m, month; NDI, Neck Disability Index; nl, normal; NS, nonsignificant; OR, odds ratio; PSTD, prevertebral soft tissue density; PSTSI, prevertebral soft tissue swelling index; RF, retropharyngeal; RG, radiography; RR, relative risk; S, steroid group; SF-12, 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey; svr, severe; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale, w, week(s).

Dysphagia/Odynophagia

In this series of studies, main assessment tools for dysphagia/odynophagia were the following:

Bazaz scale, which has 4 grades including none (no dysphagia), mild (rare episodes of dysphagia with solid food), moderate (occasional difficulty swallowing foods such as bread or meat), and severe (frequent dysphagia with liquids and majority of foods).⁸ The Bazaz scale has been widely used because of its simplicity; however, it has never been validated.⁵⁶ Among included studies, Song et al³⁰ and Koreckij et al³⁴ used this scale, and Edwards et al³² applied a modified version.
Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), a 10-item questionnaire with 0 to 4 points for each item (0 = no problem, 4 = severe problem) and maximum total of 40 points. A total score greater than 3 is indicative of dysphagia.⁵⁷ Koreckij et al³⁴ used this tool besides the Bazaz scale.
Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale (FOSS) was administered in one study by Jeyamohan et al.³¹ This scale defines different stages for dysphagia ranging from asymptomatic (stage 0) to non–oral feeding for all nutrition (stage V).⁵⁸
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used by Lee et al¹⁶ and Nam et al²⁹ for odynophagia.

Five RCTs reported that intravenous or local corticosteroids significantly reduce dysphagia after anterior spinal surgery.^{16,27,30–32} Pedram et al²⁷ performed fiber-optic examination of the oropharynx, the hypopharynx, and the larynx. They found that pharyngolaryngeal lesions were significantly more severe in the control group during the first 36 hours after surgery. Lee et al¹⁶ reported a lower VAS for odynophagia immediately after surgery and during the first 2 weeks. Song at al³⁰ monitored dysphagia with the Bazaz scale for the first 5 days after surgery. Although the severity of dysphagia was the same between the 2 groups in the first day, it was significantly reduced in the steroid group in postoperative days 2 to 5. Similarly, Edwards et al³² found no significant difference in the modified Bazaz scale between steroid and control groups in the first day postoperative, but afterwards, a significant reduction of symptoms occurred in the steroid group, which remained through the 28 days of follow-up. Jeyamohan et al,³¹ in a long-term follow-up (24 months) by FOSS, showed that the severity of dysphagia is significantly lower in the steroid group during the first month.

Of the 2 remaining RCTs, the one by Emery et al²⁸ did not have data regarding the swallowing problems, and the other by Nam et al²⁹ showed no significant difference in VAS scores for odynophagia between the control, low-dose, and high-dose steroid groups during the first 5 days after surgery. Their study was the only one that had a population of pure one-level procedure, while all other studies also included multilevel procedures.

Both the nonrandomized studies found positive effects of steroids on reducing the incidence or severity of dysphagia. Cancienne et al³³ in a cohort of 245 754 patients showed that incidence of dysphagia is lower within 90 days postoperatively in patients treated with steroids. However, this finding was only significant in ACDF ≥3-level fusion. Koreckij et al³⁴ reported a significant reduction in severity of dysphagia with EAT-10 and Bazaz scale at 1.5- and 3-month follow-up.

Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling

Only 4 of the included studies reported PSTS and there were variations in their assessment methods. Lee et al¹⁶ calculated the ratio of the anteroposterior diameter of each vertebral body to the prevertebral soft tissue thickness in lateral radiographs of cervical spine and reported a mean percentage of PSTS at C3-5 as PSTS index. Koreckij et al³⁴ used the same method; the only difference was that the PSTS index was calculated for C3-7. Nam et al²⁹ measured the prevertebral soft tissue density, an area of the prevertebral soft tissue (in cm²) from the lower border of C1 to the upper end plate of C7 in lateral radiographs. Song et al³⁰ measured the diameter of prevertebral tissue (in mm) in lateral view.

The effect of steroid administration on PSTS was concordant with the findings for dysphagia. Nam et al²⁹ found no significant difference in PSTS among groups within 5 days postoperative. Lee et al¹⁶ and Song et al³⁰ found significant reduction in PSTS during the 2-week and 1-week follow-ups, respectively. Similar to the results for dysphagia, Song et al³⁰ reported a nonsignificant difference just for the first day postoperative and a significant effect afterwards.

The only discordance between the results of dysphagia assessment and PSTS was reported in the case-control study by Koreckij et al,³⁴ where they found no significant difference in PSTS but a significant reduction of dysphagia between the steroid and control groups.

Airway Compromise

The results for this outcome were very limited and poorly reported. Emery et al²⁸ used delayed extubation (>1 day) as an indicator of airway compromise and found no significant difference between the control and steroid groups. Edwards et al³² reported no adverse airway events (prolonged intubation, reintubation, or readmission for breathing difficulty) in the steroid group and only one readmission for breathing difficulty in the control group, which was not statistically significant. Nam et al²⁹ conducted VAS score for dyspnea. Although they reported no significant effect of steroids on reduction of dysphagia and PSTS, dyspnea was significantly reduced in the steroid group during the first 2 days postoperative. However, there was no significant difference within the third to the fifth days postoperative.

Length of Hospital Stay

Both RCTs reporting hospitalization period found no difference between the steroid and control groups.^28,32 In contrast, both nonrandomized studies proved a significantly shorter hospital stay with steroid treatment.^33,34

Postoperative Steroid Need

This outcome was defined as the proportion of patients who required treatment with corticosteroids in the control group or required extra doses of steroid, additional to the main protocol, in the steroid group. Three studies reported this outcome to be higher in the control group compared with the steroid group, as follows: Pedram et al²⁷ (55% vs 0%, P < .0001), Jeyamohan et al³¹ (14.3% vs 1.8%), and Edwards et al³² (17.4% vs 3.7%, P > .05).

Steroid-Related Complications

Song et al³⁰ followed the patients for 3 months for complications such as peptic ulcer disease or operation site infections and reported no complications. Likewise, Edwards et al³² found no infection, delayed healing, or diabetes. Combined rates of infection and wound breakdown were measured by Cancienne et al³³ within 90 days postoperative. There was no significant difference between the control and steroid groups (1.6% vs 1.7%, respectively).

Fusion

Only 2 studies reported fusion rate. Lee et al¹⁶ observed complete fusion at the latest follow-up (range 16-32 months) in the lateral radiographs and computed tomography scans of the patients treated with steroid, while they found one nonunion in the control group. Jeyamohan et al³¹ performed computed tomography scans at 6, 12, and 24 months postoperation. The fusion rate was significantly lower in the steroid group compared with the control at the 6-month follow-up (39.5% vs 60%, respectively), whereas this difference disappeared at subsequent follow-ups (at 24 months, 92.7% vs 95.2%, respectively).

Discussion

In this study, we reviewed the current evidence of steroid use in anterior cervical spine surgery. Seven RCTs, one case-control study, and one cohort study were included. The risk of bias assessment showed that the quality of studies was generally low, since both the nonrandomized studies were retrograde and only 2 out of 7 randomized studies had acceptable method of randomization.

Dysphagia significantly decreased with corticosteroids. This finding was confirmed by all studies except the one performed by Nam et al,²⁹ in which they reported no significant difference between the control and 2 steroid groups with different doses. This may be due to their limited inclusion criteria that only recruited patients with 1-level ACDF and excluded the procedures on 2 or more levels. Cancienne et al³³ found significant effects of steroids only in ACDF ≥3 levels; in contrast, Lee et al¹⁶ showed that dysphagia was significantly lowered by steroids in 1- or 2-level ACDF. Despite some controversies, all studies proved steroids to be beneficial in prevention of dysphagia after anterior cervical procedures for more than 2 levels of fusion. This discrepancy implies the importance of steroid trials comparing the outcomes between single- and multilevel procedures. Furthermore, since there is no sufficient evidence on validity of most of the measures of dysphagia that were used in these studies, their findings must be interpreted with caution.

PSTS and airway compromise were reported in less than 50% of studies. PSTS was generally in accordance with findings of dysphagia. Airway compromise is not a common complication and was only reported in 3 studies. There was a vast variation in assessment methods and the results. Surprisingly, although Nam et al²⁹ determined no significant effect of steroids on reduction of dysphagia and PSTS, they reported a significantly lower VAS score for dyspnea in steroid group. The other 2 studies found no significant difference between the steroid group and controls in their assessments for airway compromise.^28,32

Two major concerns regarding the use of corticosteroids are steroid-related complications and reduced/delayed fusion. In those few studies that addressed these outcomes, no complications or long-term reduction of fusion rates were reported. However, as reported by Jeyamohan et al,³¹ the fusion rate was significantly delayed in the steroid group at the 6-month follow-up. As the current evidence is not enough, it is necessary to appraise the effect of steroids on fusion rate in the forthcoming studies with long-term designs.

The form, dose, and type of corticosteroid drug, as well as the methods of outcome evaluation were different in the included studies. This heterogeneity made the data pooling and meta-analysis impossible. Further clinical trials with appropriate design and sample size are needed to reach a definite conclusion.

Conclusion

Current literature consistently supports the use of steroids for prevention of complication such as dysphagia in patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery with fusion. However, these findings are limited by poor methodological quality of the studies, particularly by the indeterminate quality of the outcome measurement instruments. Furthermore, lack of comparisons between single- and multilevel surgeries and limited number of steroid trials that evaluate the fusion rate, airway compromise, and PSTS are the areas of concern that are recommended to be addressed in future studies.

Appendix

Search Strategy

PubMed

(Anterior) AND (“Cervical Vertebrae”[Mesh] OR “Neck”[Mesh] OR cervical OR neck) AND (“Diskectomy”[Mesh] OR “Decompression, Surgical”[Mesh] OR “Intervertebral Disc”[Mesh] OR “Intervertebral Disc Degeneration”[Mesh] OR “Intervertebral Disc Displacement”[Mesh] OR “Discitis”[Mesh] OR “Radiculopathy”[Mesh] OR “Spinal Cord Diseases”[Mesh] OR discectomy OR diskectomy OR decompression OR corpectomy OR radiculopath* OR myelopath* OR radiculomyelopath* OR radiculo-myelopath* OR myeloradiculopath* OR myelo-radiculopath* OR diskitis OR discitis OR discopath* OR ((disc* OR disk*) AND (degenerat* OR displace* OR hernia*)) OR “Spinal Fusion”[Mesh] OR “Arthrodesis”[Mesh] OR fusion OR arthrodesis) AND (“Glucocorticoids”[Mesh] OR “Adrenal Cortex Hormones”[Mesh] OR “Steroids”[Mesh] OR “Dexamethasone”[Mesh] OR “Betamethasone”[Mesh] OR “Hydrocortisone”[Mesh] OR “Cortisone”[Mesh] OR “Prednisolone”[Mesh] OR “Methylprednisolone”[Mesh] OR “Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate”[Mesh] OR “Triamcinolone”[Mesh] OR “Triamcinolone Acetonide”[Mesh] OR “Budesonide”[Mesh] OR “Fludrocortisone”[Mesh] OR “Fluprednisolone”[Mesh] OR “Paramethasone”[Mesh] OR glucocortic* OR gluco-cortic* OR corticosteroid* OR cortico-steroid* OR corticoid* OR steroid* OR corticotropin OR dexamethason* OR dexametason* OR betamethason* OR betametason* OR hydrocortison* OR cortison* OR predniso* OR methylpredniso* OR methyl-predniso* OR triamcinolon* OR budesonid* OR fludrocortison* OR fluprednisolon* OR paramethason*)

Embase

#1. anterior
#2. ‘cervical spine’/exp
#3. ‘neck’/exp
#4. cervical
#5. neck
#6. ‘cervical spine’/exp OR ‘neck’/exp OR cervical OR neck
#7. ‘intervertebral diskectomy’/exp
#8. ‘spinal cord decompression’/exp
#9. ‘intervertebral disk’/exp
#10. ‘intervertebral disk degeneration’/exp
#11. ‘intervertebral disk hernia’/exp
#12. ‘radiculopathy’/exp
#13. ‘cervical myelopathy’/exp
#14. Discectomy
#15. Diskectomy
#16. Decompression
#17. corpectomy
#18. radiculopath*
#19. myelopath*
#20. radiculomyelopath*
#21. ‘radiculo myelopath*’
#22. myeloradiculopath*
#23. ‘myelo radiculopath*’
#24. discopath*
#25. ‘diskitis’/exp
#26. Diskitis
#27. Discitis
#28. disc* OR disk*
#29. degenerat* OR displace* OR hernia*
#30. disc* OR disk* AND (degenerat* OR displace* OR hernia*)
#31. ‘anterior spine fusion’/exp
#32. fusion
#33. Arthrodesis
#34. ‘intervertebral diskectomy’/exp OR ‘spinal cord decompression’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk degeneration’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk hernia’/exp OR ‘radiculopathy’/exp OR ‘cervical myelopathy’/exp OR discectomy OR diskectomy OR decompression OR corpectomy OR radiculopath* OR myelopath* OR radiculomyelopath* OR ‘radiculo myelopath*’ OR myeloradiculopath* OR ‘myelo radiculopath*’ OR discopath* OR ‘diskitis’/exp OR diskitis OR discitis OR (disc* OR disk* AND (degenerat* OR displace* OR hernia*)) OR ‘anterior spine fusion’/exp OR fusion OR arthrodesis
#35. ‘glucocorticoid’/exp
#36. ‘steroid’/exp
#37. ‘corticosteroid’/exp
#38. ‘dexamethasone’/exp
#39. ‘betamethasone’/exp
#40. ‘hydrocortisone’/exp
#41. ‘cortisone’/exp
#42. ‘prednisolone’/exp
#43. ‘methylprednisolone’/exp
#44. ‘methylprednisolone sodium succinate’/exp
#45. ‘triamcinolone’/exp
#46. ‘triamcinolone acetonide’/exp
#47. ‘budesonide’/exp
#48. ‘fludrocortisone’/exp
#49. ‘fluprednisolone’/exp
#50. ‘paramethasone’/exp
#51. glucocortic*
#52. ‘gluco cortic*’
#53. corticosteroid*
#54. ‘cortico steroid*’
#55. corticoid*
#56. steroid*
#57. Corticotropin
#58. dexamethason*
#59. dexametason*
#60. betamethason*
#61. betametason*
#62. hydrocortison*
#63. cortison*
#64. predniso*
#65. methylpredniso*
#66. ‘methyl predniso*’
#67. triamcinolon*
#68. budesonid*
#69. fludrocortison*
#70. fluprednisolon*
#71. paramethason*
#72. ‘glucocorticoid’/exp OR ‘steroid’/exp OR ‘corticosteroid’/exp OR ‘dexamethasone’/exp OR ‘betamethasone’/exp OR ‘hydrocortisone’/exp OR ‘cortisone’/exp OR ‘prednisolone’/exp OR ‘methylprednisolone’/exp OR ‘methylprednisolone sodium succinate’/exp OR ‘triamcinolone’/exp OR ‘triamcinolone acetonide’/exp OR ‘budesonide’/exp OR ‘fludrocortisone’/exp OR ‘fluprednisolone’/exp OR ‘paramethasone’/exp OR glucocortic* OR ‘gluco cortic*’ OR corticosteroid* OR ‘cortico steroid*’ OR corticoid* OR steroid* OR corticotropin OR dexamethason* OR dexametason* OR betamethason* OR betametason* OR hydrocortison* OR cortison* OR predniso* OR methylpredniso* OR ‘methyl predniso*’ OR triamcinolon* OR budesonid* OR fludrocortison* OR fluprednisolon* OR paramethason*
#73. anterior AND (‘cervical spine’/exp OR ‘neck’/exp OR cervical OR neck) AND (‘intervertebral diskectomy’/exp OR ‘spinal cord decompression’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk degeneration’/exp OR ‘intervertebral disk hernia’/exp OR ‘radiculopathy’/exp OR ‘cervical myelopathy’/exp OR discectomy OR diskectomy OR decompression OR corpectomy OR radiculopath* OR myelopath* OR radiculomyelopath* OR ‘radiculo myelopath*’ OR myeloradiculopath* OR ‘myelo radiculopath*’ OR discopath* OR ‘diskitis’/exp OR diskitis OR discitis OR (disc* OR disk* AND (degenerat* OR displace* OR hernia*)) OR ‘anterior spine fusion’/exp OR fusion OR arthrodesis) AND (‘glucocorticoid’/exp OR ‘steroid’/exp OR ‘corticosteroid’/exp OR ‘dexamethasone’/exp OR ‘betamethasone’/exp OR ‘hydrocortisone’/exp OR ‘cortisone’/exp OR ‘prednisolone’/exp OR ‘methylprednisolone’/exp OR ‘methylprednisolone sodium succinate’/exp OR ‘triamcinolone’/exp OR ‘triamcinolone acetonide’/exp OR ‘budesonide’/exp OR ‘fludrocortisone’/exp OR ‘fluprednisolone’/exp OR ‘paramethasone’/exp OR glucocortic* OR ‘gluco cortic*’ OR corticosteroid* OR ‘cortico steroid*’ OR corticoid* OR steroid* OR corticotropin OR dexamethason* OR dexametason* OR betamethason* OR betametason* OR hydrocortison* OR cortison* OR predniso* OR methylpredniso* OR ‘methyl predniso*’ OR triamcinolon* OR budesonid* OR fludrocortison* OR fluprednisolon* OR paramethason*)

OVID

1. Anterior.mp.
2. Cervical Vertebrae/
3. Neck/
4. cervical.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
5. neck.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
6. 2 or 3 or 4 or 5
7. Diskectomy/
8. Decompression, Surgical/
9. Intervertebral Disc/
10. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/ or Intervertebral Disc Displacement/
11. Discitis/
12. Radiculopathy/
13. Spinal Cord Diseases/
14. discectomy.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
15. diskectomy.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
16. decompression.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
17. corpectomy.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
18. discitis.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
19. diskitis.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
20. radiculopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
21. myelopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
22. radiculomyelopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
23. radiculo-myelopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
24. myeloradiculopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
25. myelo-radiculopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
26. discopath*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
27. disc*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
28. disk*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
29. degenerat*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
30. displace*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
31. hernia*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
32. Spinal Fusion/
33. Arthrodesis/
34. fusion.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
35. arthrodesis.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
36. 27 or 28
37. 29 or 30 or 31
38. 36 and 37
39. 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 12 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 38
40. Glucocorticoids/
41. Adrenal Cortex Hormones/
42. Steroids/
43. Dexamethasone/
44. Betamethasone/
45. Hydrocortisone/
46. Cortisone/
47. Prednisolone/
48. Methylprednisolone/
49. Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate/
50. Triamcinolone/
51. Triamcinolone Acetonide/
52. Budesonide/
53. Fludrocortisone/
54. Fluprednisolone/
55. Paramethasone/
56. glucocortic*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
57. gluco-cortic*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
58. corticosteroid*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
59. cortico-steroid*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
60. corticoid*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
61. steroid*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
62. corticotropin.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
63. dexamethason*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
64. dexametason*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
65. betamethason*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
66. betametason*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
67. hydrocortison*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
68. cortison*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
69. predniso*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
70. methylpredniso*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
71. methyl-predniso*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
72. triamcinolon*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
73. budesonid*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
74. fludrocortison*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
75. fluprednisolon*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
76. paramethason*.mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier]
77. 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 or 65 or 66 or 67 or 68 or 69 or 70 or 71 or 72 or 73 or 74 or 75 or 76
78. 1 and 6 and 39 and 77

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Shayan Abdollah Zadegan, Aidin Abedi, Seyed Behnam Jazayeri, Hirbod Nasiri Bonaki, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, and Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Alexander R. Vaccaro: Replication Medica: Stock/stock option ownership interests; DePuy: Consulting/independent contractor; Medtronics: Consulting/independent contractor, Receipt of royalty payments; Stryker Spine: Consulting/independent contractor, Receipt of royalty payments; Globus: Consulting/independent contractor, Receipt of royalty payments, Stock/stock option ownership interests; Paradigm Spine: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Stout Medical: Consulting/independent contractor, Stock/stock option ownership interests; Progressive Spinal Technologies: Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees, Stock/stock option ownership interests; Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Aesculap: Receipt of royalty payments; Spine Medica: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Computational Biodynamics: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Spinology: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Flagship Surgical: Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees, Stock/stock option ownership interests; Cytonics: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Bonovo Orthopaedics: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Electrocore: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Gamma Spine: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Insight Therapeutics: Stock/stock option ownership interests; FlowPharma: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Gerson Lehrman Group: Consulting/independent contractor; Guidepoint Global: Consulting/independent contractor; Medacorp: Consulting/independent contractor; Rothman Institute and Related Properties: Stock/stock option ownership interests; AO Spine: Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees; Innovative Surgical Design: Consulting/independent contractor, Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees, and Stock/stock option ownership interests; Orthobullets: Consulting/independent contractor; Thieme: Receipt of royalty payments; Jaypee: Receipt of royalty payments; Elsevier: Receipt of royalty payments; Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton: Receipt of royalty payments; Expert testimony: Consulting/independent contractor; Vertiflex: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Avaz Surgical: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Clinical Spine Surgery: Deputy editor/editor; Spine Journal: Deputy editor/editor; Prime Surgeons: Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees; Stock/stock option ownership interests; Dimension Orthotics, LLC: Stock/stock option ownership interests; Spine Therapy Network, Inc: Service on scientific advisory board/board of directors/service on committees; Vexim: Consulting/independent contractor, Receipt of royalty payments; SpineWave: Consulting/independent contractor, Receipt of royalty payments.

Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by AOSpine of Middle East (AOSME) and Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran).

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27. Pedram M, Castagnera L, Carat X, Macouillard G, Vital JM. Pharyngolaryngeal lesions in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery through the anterior approach: contribution of methylprednisolone. Eur Spine J. 2003;12:84–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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30. Song KJ, Lee SK, Ko JH, Yoo MJ, Kim DY, Lee KB. The clinical efficacy of short-term steroid treatment in multilevel anterior cervical arthrodesis. Spine J. 2014;14:2954–2958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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32. Edwards CC, Dean C, Phillips D, Blight A. Can dysphagia following anterior cervical fusions with rhBMP-2 be reduced with local depomedrol application? A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:555–562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Cancienne JM, Werner BC, Loeb AE, et al. The effect of local intraoperative steroid administration on the rate of postoperative dysphagia following ACDF: a study of 245,754 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:1084–1088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Koreckij TD, Davidson AA, Baker KC, Park DK. Retropharyngeal steroids and dysphagia following multilevel anterior cervical surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:E530–E534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Krol R, Jach K, Zietek P. Dysphagia in the course of degenerative changes of the anterior wall of the cervical spine [in Polish]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1999;64:251–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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38. Perri B, Cooper M, Lauryssen C, Anand N. Adverse swelling associated with use of rh-BMP-2 in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a case study. Spine J. 2007;7:235–239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Sugar O. Spinal cord malfunction after anterior cervical discectomy. Surg Neurol. 1981;15:4–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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46. Jeyamohan S, Kenning TJ, Feustel P, Petronis K, Dirisio DJ. Dexamethasone’s effect in multiple-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Clin Neurosurg. 2013;60:172–173. [Google Scholar]
47. Tiebel N, Pilgram-Pastor S, De Kruijf D, Felgenhauer H, Boldt-Gäth A, Buhl R. Determinants for prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PVSTS) after anterior cervical fusion (ACF): interim report of the prospective “prevestis”-study. Eur Spine J. 2014;23:2506–2507. [Google Scholar]
48. Weinstein J, Schroeder JE, Sama AA, Girardi FP. Effect of steroid placement on a gelatin sponge and soft tissue swelling following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a radiological analysis. Spine J. 2014;14:S116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. Joaquim AF, Murar J, Savage JW, Patel AA. Dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a systematic review of potential preventative measures. Spine J. 2014;14:2246–2260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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52. Ross DA. Letter to the editor: steroid use in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24:998–1000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. Khajavi K, Shen A. Safety and efficacy of bioabsorbable cervical spacers and low-dose rhBMP-2 in multi-level ACDF. Int J Spine Surg. 2014;8 doi:10.14444/1009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54. von der Hoeh NH, Voelker A, Jarvers JS, Gulow J, Heyde CE. Results after the surgical treatment of anterior cervical hyperostosis causing dysphagia. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(suppl 4):S489–S493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55. Wu B, Song F, Zhu S. Reasons of dysphagia after operation of anterior cervical decompression and fusion [published online June 20, 2016]. Clin Spine Surg. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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[bibr27-2192568217708776] 27. Pedram M, Castagnera L, Carat X, Macouillard G, Vital JM. Pharyngolaryngeal lesions in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery through the anterior approach: contribution of methylprednisolone. Eur Spine J. 2003;12:84–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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[bibr30-2192568217708776] 30. Song KJ, Lee SK, Ko JH, Yoo MJ, Kim DY, Lee KB. The clinical efficacy of short-term steroid treatment in multilevel anterior cervical arthrodesis. Spine J. 2014;14:2954–2958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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[bibr32-2192568217708776] 32. Edwards CC, Dean C, Phillips D, Blight A. Can dysphagia following anterior cervical fusions with rhBMP-2 be reduced with local depomedrol application? A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:555–562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr33-2192568217708776] 33. Cancienne JM, Werner BC, Loeb AE, et al. The effect of local intraoperative steroid administration on the rate of postoperative dysphagia following ACDF: a study of 245,754 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:1084–1088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr34-2192568217708776] 34. Koreckij TD, Davidson AA, Baker KC, Park DK. Retropharyngeal steroids and dysphagia following multilevel anterior cervical surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:E530–E534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr35-2192568217708776] 35. Krol R, Jach K, Zietek P. Dysphagia in the course of degenerative changes of the anterior wall of the cervical spine [in Polish]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1999;64:251–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr36-2192568217708776] 36. Kumar VR, Tripathy DK, Sivashanmugam T, Ravishankar M. Bilateral vocal cord edema following anterior cervical discectomy-usefulness of bonfils retromolar fiberscope. Anesth Essays Res. 2014;8:413–415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr37-2192568217708776] 37. Lee SH, Mesfin A, Riew KD. Delayed esophageal perforation after anterior cervical fusion and retropharyngeal steroid use: a report of two cases. Spine J. 2015;15:e75–e80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr38-2192568217708776] 38. Perri B, Cooper M, Lauryssen C, Anand N. Adverse swelling associated with use of rh-BMP-2 in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a case study. Spine J. 2007;7:235–239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr39-2192568217708776] 39. Sugar O. Spinal cord malfunction after anterior cervical discectomy. Surg Neurol. 1981;15:4–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr40-2192568217708776] 40. Boakye M, Mummaneni PV, Garrett M, Rodts G, Haid R. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion involving a polyetheretherketone spacer and bone morphogenetic protein. J Neurosurg. Spine. 2005;2:521–525. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr41-2192568217708776] 41. Buttermann GR. Prospective nonrandomized comparison of an allograft with bone morphogenic protein versus an iliac-crest autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine J. 2008;8:426–435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr42-2192568217708776] 42. Kukreja S, Ahmed OI, Haydel J, Nanda A, Sin AH. Complications of anterior cervical fusion using a low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Korean J Spine. 2015;12:68–74. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr43-2192568217708776] 43. Lu DC, Tumialan LM, Chou D. Multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with and without rhBMP-2: a comparison of dysphagia rates and outcomes in 150 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18:43–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr44-2192568217708776] 44. Stachniak JB, Diebner JD, Brunk ES, Speed SM. Analysis of prevertebral soft-tissue swelling and dysphagia in multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in patients at risk for pseudarthrosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14:244–249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr45-2192568217708776] 45. Tumialan LM, Pan J, Rodts GE, Mummaneni PV. The safety and efficacy of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with polyetheretherketone spacer and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: a review of 200 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;8:529–535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr46-2192568217708776] 46. Jeyamohan S, Kenning TJ, Feustel P, Petronis K, Dirisio DJ. Dexamethasone’s effect in multiple-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Clin Neurosurg. 2013;60:172–173. [Google Scholar]

[bibr47-2192568217708776] 47. Tiebel N, Pilgram-Pastor S, De Kruijf D, Felgenhauer H, Boldt-Gäth A, Buhl R. Determinants for prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PVSTS) after anterior cervical fusion (ACF): interim report of the prospective “prevestis”-study. Eur Spine J. 2014;23:2506–2507. [Google Scholar]

[bibr48-2192568217708776] 48. Weinstein J, Schroeder JE, Sama AA, Girardi FP. Effect of steroid placement on a gelatin sponge and soft tissue swelling following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a radiological analysis. Spine J. 2014;14:S116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr49-2192568217708776] 49. Joaquim AF, Murar J, Savage JW, Patel AA. Dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a systematic review of potential preventative measures. Spine J. 2014;14:2246–2260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr50-2192568217708776] 50. Siasios I, Fountas K, Dimopoulos V, Pollina J. The role of steroid administration in the management of dysphagia in anterior cervical procedures [published online May 27, 2016]. Neurosurg Rev. doi:10.1007/s10143-016-0741-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr51-2192568217708776] 51. Epstein NE. Commentary on the effect of steroid use in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery: a randomized controlled trial by Shiveindra B, et al. Journal of Neurosurgery Spine 2015;23:137-43. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6(suppl 19):S508–S511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr52-2192568217708776] 52. Ross DA. Letter to the editor: steroid use in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24:998–1000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr53-2192568217708776] 53. Khajavi K, Shen A. Safety and efficacy of bioabsorbable cervical spacers and low-dose rhBMP-2 in multi-level ACDF. Int J Spine Surg. 2014;8 doi:10.14444/1009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr54-2192568217708776] 54. von der Hoeh NH, Voelker A, Jarvers JS, Gulow J, Heyde CE. Results after the surgical treatment of anterior cervical hyperostosis causing dysphagia. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(suppl 4):S489–S493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr55-2192568217708776] 55. Wu B, Song F, Zhu S. Reasons of dysphagia after operation of anterior cervical decompression and fusion [published online June 20, 2016]. Clin Spine Surg. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr56-2192568217708776] 56. Skeppholm M, Ingebro C, Engstrom T, Olerud C. The Dysphagia Short Questionnaire: an instrument for evaluation of dysphagia: a validation study with 12 months’ follow-up after anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37:996–1002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr57-2192568217708776] 57. Belafsky PC, Mouadeb DA, Rees CJ, et al. Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117:919–924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bibr58-2192568217708776] 58. Salassa JR. A functional outcome swallowing scale for staging oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dig Dis. 1999;17:230–234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Corticosteroid Administration to Prevent Complications of Anterior Cervical Spine Fusion: A Systematic Review

Shayan Abdollah Zadegan, MD

Seyed Behnam Jazayeri, MD

Aidin Abedi, MD

Hirbod Nasiri Bonaki, MD

Alexander R Vaccaro, MD, PhD

Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, MD

Abstract

Study Design:

Objectives:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Introduction

Methods

Protocol

Eligibility Criteria

Literature Search and Information Sources

Study Selection

Data Items and Collection Process

Risk of Bias

Data Synthesis

Results

Study Selection

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Risk of Bias

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Outcomes

Table 2.

Dysphagia/Odynophagia

Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling

Airway Compromise

Length of Hospital Stay

Postoperative Steroid Need

Steroid-Related Complications

Fusion

Discussion

Conclusion

Appendix

Search Strategy

PubMed

Embase

OVID

Footnotes

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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