Abstract
The clinical significance of the expression level of serum adrenergic receptor α1 (ADRA1A) in hysterocarcinoma patients was determined. Peripheral serum samples were collected at the Hubei Cancer Hospital from 455 patients affected by hysterocarcinoma and 380 healthy adults, who served as the normal control group. We determined the expression levels of ADRA1A by ELISA and analyzed its correlation to clinical features and prognosis of the patients. Compared with the normal control group, the expression of ADRA1A in the average peripheral serum level of hysterocarcinoma patients was clearly increased (P<0.05). In addition, the expression level of ADRA1A was positively correlated with the FIGO staging for hysterocarcinoma (r=0.312, P=0.014). Furthermore, the expression levels of serum ADRA1A in patients with metastasis were significantly increased compared to the levels of hysterocarcinoma patients without metastasis (P<0.05). Our analyses also showed that the expression levels of serum ADRA1A in hysterocarcinoma patients did not correlate with patient factors such as age, tumor invasive depth, tumor size or tumor differentiation degree (P>0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the median survival time (37.1 months) of patients with a high expression of serum ADRA1A was lower than that of patients with a low expression of serum ADRA1A (68 months) (P<0.05). The three- and five-year survival rates of patients expressing low serum ADRA1A were, respectively, 74.00 and 62.00%; and the three- and five-year survival rates of patients expressing high levels of serum ADRA1A were 52.00 and 32.00%, respectively, with all the differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). ADRA1A was highly expressed in the peripheral serum in patients with hysterocarcinoma and the expression of ADRA1A was associated with FIGO staging and lymph node metastasis status. The expression of serum ADRA1A can be used to assess the survival rate and may be involved in the pathogenesis and metastasis progression of hysterocarcinoma.
Keywords: serum ADRA1A, hysterocarcinoma patients
Introduction
Hysterocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system and it is the main cause of death for female tumor patients in developing countries (1). The occurrence, proliferation and invasion of the tumor are regulated by many factors and complex signaling pathways (2). Hysterocarcinoma is a common gynecological tumor worldwide. There are approximately 500,000 new cases of hystero carcinoma worldwide every year (3,4). Globally, there are approximately 275,000 patients who succumb to cervical cancer every year (5). Therefore, positive intervention measures for hystero carcinoma are of great significance (6–8). At present, treatments for hysterocarcinoma focus mainly on surgical operation, which is assisted by radio- and chemotherapy, but the prognosis for patients is still not high enough.
Adrenergic receptor α1 (ADRA1A) is located on chromosome 8p (9). Previous findings suggested that adrenergic signals on cell pathways can promote the development of cancer (10–12). However, sufficient evidence on the possible effects of ADRA1A in hysterocarcinoma is still lacking.
This study determined the expression levels of serum ADRA1A in hysterocarcinoma patients in order to analyze their potential clinical significance.
Materials and methods
Clinical material
In total, 455 patients diagnosed with hysterocarcinoma in the Gynecology and Oncology Department of Hubei Cancer Hospital (Wuhan, China) were selected for the study from May, 2007 to May, 2012. The patients were confirmed with hysterocarcinoma by pathological section biopsies. All the patients were being treated for the first time and had complete clinical and follow-up visit data. Patients who received adjuvant therapy, and those who suffered local recurrences and complications with other tumors were excluded. The patient were aged from 35 to 65 years (51.6±2.5 on average); individuals in the control group were healthy as confirmed by standard health examinations. There were 380 cases in the control group, ranging in age from 37 to 65 years (52.8±2.3 on average). General data, such as age or socioeconomic status of the individuals in the two groups showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) ensuring the comparability of the levels of ADRA1A among the groups.
The Ethics Committee of Hubei Cancer Hospital approved this research. All enrolled individuals or their legal guardians signed informed consent forms.
Sample collection
Fasting venous blood (5 ml) from each subject were collected in the morning and placed in coagulation-promoting vacuum tubes. After centrifugation for 20 min at 8,000 × g, the separated sera were saved at 20°C. All samples were tested within 24 h.
Testing methods
Serum ADRA1A level was tested using ELISA kits (Shanghai Guangrui Biological Technology, Shanghai, China). All the operations were performed following aseptic operation principles and were conducted according to the manual standards.
Statistical methods
SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data processing. Measurement data were expressed by mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons were made using the t-test. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine the median survival time of patients. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. For correlative analyses, the Spearman's rank correlation was adopted. The numeration correlation coefficient was rs.
Results
Expression of ADRA1A in peripheral serum
Compared with the normal control group, the expression levels of ADRA1A in the peripheral serum of hysterocarcinoma patients were obviously increased (P<0.05) (Table I).
Table I.
Average expression levels of ADRA1A in peripheral serum of individuals in the two groups.
| Groups | No. of cases | ADRA1A (pmol/l) |
|---|---|---|
| Hysterocarcinoma | 455 | 4.164±1.682 |
| Healthy control | 380 | 1.243±0.986 |
P<0.05. ADRA1A, adrenergic receptor α1.
Correlation between the ADRA1A expression level and the FIGO staging for hysterocarcinoma
The levels of ADRA1A in serum of hysterocarcinoma patients increased gradually with higher FIGO stages (from stages I to IV). However, the average level difference between stages II and I and that between stages IV and III had no statistical difference (P>0.05). Notably, the expression level of ADRA1A was positively correlated with the hysterocarcinoma FIGO staging groups I–II or III–IV (r=0.312, P=0.014) (Table II).
Table II.
Average ADRA1A expression levels in each subgroup of hysterocarcinoma staging in patients.
| Hysterocarcinoma staging | No. of cases | Average expression levels of ADRA1A in peripheral serum |
|---|---|---|
| I | 126 | 2.689±1.568 |
| II | 150 | 3.455±1.764 |
| III | 128 | 4.802±1.634 |
| IV | 51 | 5.623±1.792 |
ADRA1A, adrenergic receptor α1.
Correlation between the serum ADRA1A level (high or low) in the hysterocarcinoma group and clinicopathological characteristics
The 455 hysterocarcinoma patients were divided into two groups, according to their serum ADRA1A expression level. A total of 248 cases had expression levels that were lower than the median expression level (4.16 pmol/l) and were allocated to a low expression group. The remaining 207 cases whose expression level of ADRA1A in serum was higher than the median expression level, were allocated to a high expression group. Thus, within the hysterocarcinoma group, comparison of the relative expression levels of ADRA1A between patients with different FIGO staging classification and pelvic lymph node metastasis revealed differences of statistical significance (P<0.05). However, a comparison of the relative expression levels between patients with different age, tissue type, lesion size, invasive depth, and differentiation degrees revealed no differences of statistical significance (P>0.05). Finally, a comparison of the expression levels of ADRA1A between patients with different FIGO staging and those with and without lymph node metastasis revealed that patients with lower staging and no metastasis had lower levels than patients with higher staging and presence of metastasis (P<0.05) (Table III).
Table III.
Correlation between the average serum ADRA1A levels in the hysterocarcinoma group and clinicopathological characteristics.
| Characteristics | No. of cases (n) | Low expression level of serum ADRA1A | High expression level of serum ADRA1A | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.158 | |||
| <50 | 269 | 140 | 129 | |
| ≥50 | 186 | 108 | 78 | |
| Lesion size (cm) | 0.176 | |||
| <4 | 231 | 98 | 133 | |
| ≥4 | 224 | 150 | 74 | |
| Stage (FIGO) | 0.019 | |||
| I–II | 276 | 178 | 98 | |
| III–IV | 179 | 29 | 150 | |
| Differentiation degree | 0.201 | |||
| High | 172 | 70 | 102 | |
| Middle and low | 283 | 178 | 105 | |
| Myometrial invasion depth | 0.191 | |||
| <1/2 | 242 | 102 | 140 | |
| ≥1/2 | 213 | 146 | 67 | |
| Pelvic lymph node metastasis | 0.031 | |||
| Yes | 179 | 39 | 140 | |
| No | 276 | 168 | 108 | |
| Tissue type | 0.215 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 368 | 176 | 192 | |
| Non-squamous cell carcinoma | 87 | 72 | 15 |
ADRA1A, adrenergic receptor α1.
Correlation between the relative expression level of serum ADRA1A and the prognosis of hysterocarcinoma patients
The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the median survival time (37.1 months) in patients with high expression of serum ADRA1A was lower than that in patients with low expression of serum ADRA1A (68 months), with differences of statistical significance (P<0.05). Additionally, the three-year and five-year survival rates of patients with low expression of serum ADRA1A were, respectively, 74.00 and 62.00%; and the three- and five-year survival rates of patients with a high expression of serum ADRA1A were, respectively, 52.00 and 32.00% (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Correlation between the relative expression level of serum ADRA1A and the prognosis of hysterocarcinoma in patients. ADRA1A, adrenergic receptor α1.
Discussion
The ADRA1A gene encodes the α-epinephrine receptors (13) for ligands such as epinephrine, catecholamine and norepinephrine. These receptors play important roles in the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system (14). Previous findings have revealed that the expression of ADRA1A receptors can be fine-tuned to regulate the differentiation and apoptosis of epithelial cells (15,16). Additionally, He and Huang suggested that the high expression of ADRA1A exerts a carcinogenetic effect (17). The pathogenesis mechanisms of hysterocarcinoma are dependent on the development of metaplasia of local epithelial cells. The results of the present study suggest that the expression level of serum ADRA1A in patients with hysterocarcinoma is higher than that in healthy individuals, which is in agreement with a published study on the high expression of ADRA1A in prostate cancer (18). We believe the simple testing of ADRA1A in the peripheral blood of hysterocarcinoma patients can be of use as a new reference for hysterocarcinoma screening.
Clinically, the definition of hysterocarcinoma staging usually follows the standard of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). In this study, it was found that the expression level of ADRA1A was positively correlated with the FIGO staging of hysterocarcinoma (r=0.312, P=0.014). Furthermore, the serum ADRA1A level was closely correlated with the prognosis in patients. High expression levels of serum ADRA1A indicate a poorer prognosis and a significant reduction in the survival rate. A literature review revealed it is possible that the inhibition of adrenergic receptors can inhibit metastasis in liver cancer, which means that the expression level of adrenergic receptors is increased in liver cancer metastasis patients (19). The results of the present study showed that the level of serum ADRA1A in patients with hysterocarcinoma is higher and the total prognosis is poorer, which may be related to the fact that the increased expression of ADRA1A somehow promotes tumor metastasis. Moreover, the survival analysis results of the present study showed the three-and five-year survival rates of patients with low expression of serum ADRA1A were respectively 52.00 and 32.00%, and this is basically in agreement with reported results on the survival rate of hysterocarcinoma patients (20,21). On the other hand, the increased serum ADRA1A expression levels predict a poor prognosis for patients. Accordingly, the levels of ADRA1A in serum could be used to predict prognosis in patients.
From the fact that the serum ADRA1A level was positively correlated with the FIGO staging status, it is possible to indirectly associate the correlation between serum ADRA1A level and survival prognosis. However, the conventional FIGO staging adopted in clinical practice does not take into consideration the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Accuracy of clinical staging is imperative in treatment guidance and prognosis. Nevertheless, imaging examination for the condition of lymph node metastasis (22) facilitates prognosis evaluation. Therefore, in the present study, we included this variable and also found that patients with lymph node metastasis demonstrated higher serum ADRA1A levels, which obviously occurs in conjunction with a poorer prognosis. Similarly, the serum ADRA1A level seemed to indicate a poor prognosis in cervical cancer (23). We therefore suggest that the determination of serum ADRA1A expression levels should aid doctors in correctly evaluating the hysterocarcinoma staging, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. Nevertheless, limitations of this approach include the lack of data needed to correctly establish standard high and low expression levels of ADRA1A or survival analysis. Consequently, further studies should be carried out to determine these factors.
To conclude, the results of the present study have shown that the serum ADRA1A level is closely correlated with the occurrence and development of hysterocarcinoma. The level can serve as a potential index for the screening for hysterocarcinoma, assist in its diagnosis and serves as a biological index for prognosis evaluation. Testing of serum ADRA1A should therefore be popularized and expanded to include a wider population.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
LP wrote the manuscript and analyzed blood sample. WP contributed to ELISA. PH and HFZ helped with statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Ethics Committee of the Hubei Cancer Hospital (Wuhan, China) approved the present. All enrolled individuals or their legal guardians signed informed consent forms.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.