Short abstract
Patients enrolled in the phase 3 TOWER study (NCT00751881) of teriflunomide had variable treatment durations (48–173 weeks). This has led to challenges when interpreting results in the context of other phase 3 trials of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis, which typically have a fixed 2-year duration. This communication reports clinical outcomes in TOWER over a fixed 2-year period. Reductions in annualised relapse rates and 12-week confirmed disability worsening associated with teriflunomide were comparable between overall intent-to-treat and fixed 2-year study populations in TOWER. Consistency in outcomes supports the inclusion of TOWER data in comparative analyses with other disease-modifying therapies.
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00751881.
Keywords: Teriflunomide, multiple sclerosis, clinical trial, phase 3, disease-modifying therapy, outcomes assessment
Introduction
Teriflunomide is a once-daily oral immunomodulator approved in 80 countries for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In two phase 3 studies in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS) – TEMSO1 (NCT00134563) and TOWER2 (NCT00751881) – teriflunomide 14 mg significantly reduced the annualised relapse rate (ARR) and risk of 12-week confirmed disability worsening (CDW), compared with placebo. Results from the phase 4 Teri-PRO study (NCT01895335) demonstrated high levels of patient satisfaction with teriflunomide treatment in both treatment-naïve patients and those switching from a prior disease-modifying therapy.3 Teriflunomide has a well characterised safety and tolerability profile,1,2 which remained consistent with long-term exposure.4,5
Patients in TOWER had variable treatment durations, ranging from 48 to 173 weeks,1 with the trial ending 48 weeks after the last patient was randomised. Some health technology assessments and systematic reviews have excluded results from the TOWER dataset in meta-analyses of RMS studies, likely because, in contrast to most phase 3 trials, TOWER did not have a fixed 2-year treatment duration.6–8 Therefore, we re-evaluated the TOWER dataset to determine whether clinical outcomes for a fixed 2-year duration and the full treatment period were consistent.
Methods
TOWER was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice9 and the Declaration of Helsinki.10 Study protocols were approved by central and local ethics committees and each site’s institutional review board. All patients gave written consent prior to participation. Patients with RMS were randomised 1:1:1 to receive placebo or teriflunomide 7 mg or 14 mg (double-blind) for a minimum of 48 weeks; inclusion criteria for the study have previously been described.1 The primary endpoint was ARR, and the key secondary endpoint was 12-week CDW (Expanded Disability Status Scale score increase of ≥1 point for baseline scores ≤5.5, or ≥0.5 points for baseline scores >5.5, sustained for a minimum of 12 weeks).
In this post hoc analysis, we compared ARR and 12-week CDW from the overall intent-to-treat (ITT) population with a study design that would fit a fixed 2-year study duration. The fixed-duration population included patients from the TOWER ITT population, based on their randomisation date, who could have received treatment for a minimum of 96 weeks. In the 2-year study analysis, data were censored at 96 weeks for patients whose treatment extended beyond this period. As the 14-mg dose of teriflunomide is the most widely approved and used dose in clinical practice, data presented here focus on outcomes in the 14-mg group only.
Results
Of the 758 patients in the ITT population (placebo and teriflunomide 14-mg groups only), 451 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the fixed 2-year study, of whom 228 patients were randomised to the placebo group and 223 were randised to the teriflunomide 14-mg group. Patient demographics and baseline disease characteristics were similar between the overall ITT population and the fixed 2-year study population, and between the two treatment groups in both populations (Table 1); the only exception was a greater proportion of white patients in the 2-year placebo group versus the ITT population (P=0.0132). Patient disposition is reported in Supplementary Table 1.
Table 1.
Demographics and baseline disease characteristics for patients receiving placebo and teriflunomide 14 mg in the overall ITT and fixed 2-year study populations.
| TOWER ITT population |
TOWER 2-year study population |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=758)a | Placebo (n=388) | Teriflunomide 14 mg (n=370) | (N=451)b | Placebo (n=228) | Teriflunomide 14 mg (n=223) | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.1 (9.3) | 38.1 (9.1) | 38.2 (9.5) | 38.3 (9.3) | 38.2 (9.2) | 38.4 (9.4) |
| Women, n (%) | 530 (69.9) | 273 (70.4) | 257 (69.5) | 313 (69.4) | 160 (70.2) | 153 (68.6) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 629 (83.0) | 317 (81.7) | 312 (84.3) | 405 (89.8) | 207 (90.8) | 198 (88.8) |
| Asian | 108 (14.2) | 60 (15.5) | 48 (13.0) | 32 (7.1) | 15 (6.6) | 17 (7.6) |
| Black | 14 (1.8) | 7 (1.8) | 7 (1.9) | 10 (2.2) | 4 (1.8) | 6 (2.7) |
| Other | 7 (0.9) | 4 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) |
| Time since first symptoms of MS, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.9 (6.7)c | 7.6 (6.7) | 8.2 (6.7)d | 8.3 (6.9) | 8.2 (7.3) | 8.5 (6.6)e |
| Time since first diagnosis of MS, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.1 (5.8)c | 4.9 (5.7) | 5.3 (5.9)d | 5.3 (5.8) | 5.1 (6.1) | 5.6 (5.5)e |
| Number of relapses in past 1 year | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.7)f | 1.4 (0.8)g | 1.4 (0.7)d | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7)e |
| MS subtype, n (%) | ||||||
| Relapsing–remitting | 742 (98.1)f | 378 (97.4) | 364 (98.9)h | 441 (98.0)i | 222 (97.4) | 219 (98.6) |
| Secondary progressive | 6 (0.8) | 4 (1.0) | 2 (0.5) | 4 (0.9) | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) |
| Progressive relapsing | 8 (1.1) | 6 (1.5) | 2 (0.5) | 5 (1.1) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) |
| Baseline EDSS score | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.4) |
aOverall ITT population includes all patients randomised to placebo or teriflunomide 14 mg in the core TOWER study who received at least one dose of study drug.
bTwo-year study population includes patients treated for 96 weeks relative to individual randomisation dates and is extracted from the TOWER ITT population.
cN=757.
dn=369.
cn=222
fN=756.
gn=387.
hn=368.
iN=450.
EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; ITT: intent-to-treat; MS: multiple sclerosis; SD: standard deviation.
Teriflunomide 14 mg significantly reduced ARR by 36.3% (P=0.0001) and 40.2% (P=0.0004) versus placebo in the overall ITT population and 2-year study population, respectively (Figure 1(a)). The risk of 12-week CDW was also significantly reduced in both populations versus placebo, by 31.5% (P=0.0442) and 38.7% (P=0.0479) in the overall ITT population and 2-year population, respectively (Figure 1(b)). Similarity between the overall ITT cohort and the 2-year subpopulation was also observed with respect to confirmed relapse, based on time-to-event analysis. Teriflunomide 14 mg reduced the risk of confirmed relapse by 36.9% for the ITT population versus placebo (P<0.0001, Figure 1(c)), and by 36.6% versus placebo for the 2-year study population (P=0.0027, Figure 1(d)).
Figure 1.
Efficacy results in the overall intent-to-treat (ITT) and 2-year study populations. aThe overall ITT population includes all patients randomly assigned to placebo or teriflunomide 14 mg in the core TOWER study, who received at least one dose of study drug. bThe 2-year study population includes patients treated for 96 weeks relative to individual randomisation dates and is extracted from the TOWER ITT population; the same statistical analysis was used as for the overall ITT population. cObserved number of patients (%) with 12-week confirmed disability worsening in placebo versus teriflunomide 14 mg groups: in ITT population, 65/388 (16.8%) versus 44/370 (11.9%); in 2-year study population, 42/228 (18.4%) versus 26/223 (11.7%). The 12-week confirmation of disability worsening should have occurred within the 2-year study period. ARR: annualised relapse rate; CI: confidence interval; RR: relative risk; RRR: relative risk reduction.
Similar proportions of patients in each population reported adverse events (Supplementary Table 2).
Discussion
The variable duration of treatment in TOWER presents a challenge when conducting comparative analyses with other clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies for MS. The main purpose of health technology assessments is to assimilate health and clinical data in order to inform policy decision-makers. These policies may result in allocation of funding to support new health interventions or to develop medical technologies. The exclusion of key results from a pivotal study could create bias in assessment conclusions, resulting in disadvantageous decisions for reimbursement for the treatment in question and potentially adversely impacting patient management.
This post hoc analysis demonstrates similar effects of teriflunomide between the fixed 2-year study population and the overall ITT population on the primary and key secondary outcomes of TOWER, which were also consistent with results from TEMSO, thereby supporting the inclusion of these results in future meta-analyses.
As in any clinical trial or post hoc analysis, there is the possibility of selection bias if patients with poor clinical outcomes discontinue. Nevertheless, in our analysis, the clinical outcomes were similar between the two populations studied. The consistency of results demonstrated between the two analysis populations may be of value when considering the design of future trials with respect to variable or fixed-duration treatment. Variable-duration trials may offer higher statistical power in detecting treatment differences compared with a fixed-duration treatment owing to the valuable additional follow-up time that contributes to analyses of ARR and the time to disability-worsening endpoints.
Conclusions
In the TOWER clinical trial of teriflunomide in patients with RMS, teriflunomide 14 mg significantly reduced ARR, and the risk of relapse and 12-week CDW compared with placebo, regardless of whether treatment duration was fixed or variable. The similarity of outcomes between the overall ITT population and the 2-year subpopulation in our report provides insight about the consistency of results of a clinical trial with variable treatment duration versus a fixed duration.
Supplemental Material
Supplemental material, Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 for Clinical efficacy of teriflunomide over a fixed 2-year duration in the TOWER study by Mark S Freedman, Julia Morawski and Karthinathan Thangavelu in Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational and Clinical
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Sanofi. This paper was reviewed by Larisa Miller of Sanofi. Editorial assistance was provided by Louise Gildea of Fishawack Communications Ltd., also funded by Sanofi.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: MSF received research/educational grant support (Genzyme); honoraria/consulting fees (Actelion, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Chugai, EMD Canada, Genzyme, Hoffman La-Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva Canada Innovation); and is a member of company advisory boards/board of directors/other similar group (Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Chugai, Clene Nanomedicine, Merck, MedDay, Novartis, Sanofi, Teva Canada Innovation). JM is an employee of Sanofi. KT is an employee of Sanofi, with ownership interest.
Funding
The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by Sanofi.
Supplemental material
Supplementary material for this article is available online.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplemental material, Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 for Clinical efficacy of teriflunomide over a fixed 2-year duration in the TOWER study by Mark S Freedman, Julia Morawski and Karthinathan Thangavelu in Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational and Clinical