Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). To the best of our knowledge, the function and regulatory role of miR-532-5p in human CRC remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the role and regulation of miR-532-5p in CRC. Using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, it was demonstrated that miR-532-5p was upregulated, whereas runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) was downregulated in CRC tissues. The upregulated miR-532-5p was associated with the downregulated RUNX3. Furthermore, the two biomarkers were associated with numerous clinicopathological characteristics of CRC, including tumor stage, lymph node involvement, differentiation, vessel invasion and tumor recurrence. The in vitro luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that transfection with miR-532-5p mimic markedly downregulated the RUNX3 mRNA and protein levels, via specific binding to the 5′-untranslated region of RUNX3 in human HT-29 CRC cells. In addition, an MTT assay and a colony formation assay demonstrated that miR-532-5p overexpression led to increased tumor cell viability and colony formation ability of HT-29 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that miR-532-5p may function as an oncogenic miRNA by promoting cell growth in human CRC cells, and such promotion is associated with the targeted inhibition of RUNX3.
Keywords: microRNA-532-5p, human colorectal cancer, runt-related transcription factor 3
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer or bowel cancer, is the third most common type of cancer in males and the second most common in females worldwide in 2015 (1). In total 1,200,000 individuals develop CRC worldwide and 600,000 patients succumbed to the disease annually in 2014 (2). In total >50% of the western population develops a colorectal tumor by the age of 70 years and for ~10% of these individuals the tumors become malignant (3). Treatment approaches for patients with CRC have undergone marked changes in the last decade yet, despite the decline in mortality rates, CRC remains the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (4,5). Previous research has identified the potential exploitation of microRNAs (miRNAs) as CRC biomarkers and demonstrated that aberrantly expressed miRNAs serve a role in CRC (4). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated previously that miRNAs may be involved in carcinogenesis (6).
miRNAs are a class of non-coding small single-stranded RNAs of between 18 and 25 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression by binding to specific sites at the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. miRNAs are involved in numerous cellular and pathological processes including regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. MiRNAs also participate in tumor initiation and the progression of several human malignancies including CRC (7). It is becoming clear that miRNA expression is altered in numerous types of cancer, associates with tumor cell proliferation and may serve an oncogenic role in the cellular processes of cervical cancer (8–10).
miRNA-532-5p is located at human chromosome Xp11.23 and mature miRNA-532-5p consists of 22 nucleotides, with its sequence conserved between numerous species, indicating its importance (11). miR-532-5p is a regulatory factor of runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) expression and RUNX3 is a known tumor suppressor gene of several types of carcinoma (12). Furthermore, miR-532-5p and RUNX3 are defined as cancer markers and therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment (13). To the best of our knowledge, the functional and regulatory role of miR-532-5p in human CRC remains unknown.
The present study was undertaken to reveal the regulatory role of miR-532-5p in CRC proliferation and to identify its association with the tumor suppressor gene RUNX3. The results of the present study suggest that miR-532-5p promotes tumor cell growth via direct targeting of the 5′UTR of RUNX3 and functions in an oncogenic role in human CRC.
Materials and methods
CRC specimens, cell culture and reagents
The present study included 63 patients with CRC, who were registered at the Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China). The use of CRC samples was approved by the institutional review board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University according to the guidelines of the Dutch Federation of Medical Research Associations (14). Written informed consent was obtained from all 63 patients for the use of their CRC samples for research purposes. A total of 63 CRC tissues and 63 peri-CRC tissues (1 cm away from the edge of tumors) were collected during eradication surgery from the patients with CRC who were registered in The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University between August 12th 2012 and October 24th 2014. No patients were subject to any radical resection or chemotherapy prior to surgery. Clinicopathological characteristics including age, sex, location, stage, differentiation and vessel invasion are presented in Table I.
Table I.
Association of miRNA-532-5p level with clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer.
| miR-532-5p | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | Mean ± standard error of the mean | P-value |
| Sex | 0.1711 | ||
| Male | 35 | 1.823±0.1273 | |
| Female | 28 | 1.586±0.1140 | |
| Age, years | 0.6342 | ||
| ≤55 | 30 | 1.735±0.1284 | |
| >55 | 33 | 1.652±0.1158 | |
| Location | 0.1964 | ||
| Colon | 36 | 1.788±0.1239 | |
| Rectum | 27 | 1.563±0.1098 | |
| T stage | 0.0125a | ||
| T1+T2 | 19 | 1.371±0.1022 | |
| T3+T4 | 44 | 1.830±0.1083 | |
| N stage | 0.0145a | ||
| ≤N1 | 21 | 1.399±0.1183 | |
| >N1 | 42 | 1.838±0.1078 | |
| Differentiation | 0.0818 | ||
| High | 24 | 1.502±0.1463 | |
| Low | 39 | 1.808±0.1019 | |
| Vessel invasion | 0.1803 | ||
| Positive | 66 | 1.366±0.1667 | |
| Negative | 7 | 1.732±0.0929 | |
P<0.05. T stage, tumor stage; N stage, lymph node involvement; miR, microRNA.
The human HT-29CRC cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in McCoy's 5a medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), which was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. For the miR-532-5p manipulation, 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic or control miRNA (Ctrl miRNA; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were transfected with Lipofectamine RNAiMax (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) into HT-29 cells at 85% confluence.
Preparation and quantitative analysis of mRNA and miRNA samples
mRNA and miRNA samples from CRC tissues or from HT-29 cells were prepared respectively with the Recover All Total Nucleic Acid Isolation kit (Ambion; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) or with the mirPremier™ microRNA Isolation kit (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), according to the manufacturer's protocol. For the quantitative analysis of miR-532-5p, the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed with the mirVana qRT-PCR miRNA Detection kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for each miRNA sample, with 5S rRNA as internal control. For the quantitative analysis of mRNA levels of RUNX3, RT-qPCR was performed with the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), with GAPDH as an internal control. The ∆∆Cq method was used for relative quantification (15).
Western blot analysis for RUNX3
Cellular protein in HT-29 cells was prepared using a NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and was treated with a Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (catalog no. ab65621; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). The protein level of RUNX3 was evaluated using western blot analysis. In brief, protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE (11% gel) and transferred onto a hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The RUNX3 band on the membrane was detected using the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), following the first incubation with rabbit anti-human RUNX3 antibody (1:300; cat. no. ab49117; Abcam) or GAPDH (1:1,000; cat. no. ab9485; Abcam) at 4°C for 8 h and the second incubation with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G antibody (1:2,000; cat. no. A16104SAMPLE; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at room temperature for 1 h. Prior to each incubation, membranes were washed four times in PBS.
Luciferase activity assay
miR-523-5p-targeted and control sequences were inserted into the 5′UTRs of the cytomegalovirus promoter of the luciferase reporter plasmid. For the luciferase reporter assay, 85% confluent 293T cells, which were isolated from human embryonic kidneys and transformed with large T antigen (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA), were transfected for 6 h at 37°C with 20 or 40 nM miRNA-523-5p or Ctrl miRNA. Medium was replaced with fresh Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 2% FBS for a 24 h incubation at 37°C. Cells were then harvested with a cell scraper (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) for luciferase analysis. Luciferase activity was detected using a Rapid Detection of Firefly Luciferase Activity kit (cat. no. E1500; Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).
Cell proliferation and colony formation assay
To investigate the regulatory action of miRNA-523-5p on the proliferation of CRC cells, a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) and colony forming assay were performed for the HT-29 cells with miRNA-523-5p upregulation. HT-29 cells at 85% confluence were transfected with 0 or 40 nM miRNA-523-5p mimic or Ctrl miRNA and incubated at 37°C for another 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. Cells were then incubated in CCK-8 reagent (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.). The 450 nm absorbance of each cell well was detected after the occurrence of visual color. For the cell colony formation assay, 100 HT-29 cells were incubated in 12-well plates and then transfected with 0 or 40 nM miR-523-5p mimic or Ctrl miRNA for 72 h of incubation. Colonies were stained with 0.002% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and were counted using the naked eye.
Statistical analysis
SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Student's t-test was performed to evaluate the difference between two groups. Multiple comparisons between the groups were performed using the Student-Newman-Keuls method. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between variables. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR-532-5p and RUNX3 mRNA levels are increased and decreased, respectively, in human CRC tissues compared with peri-CRC tissues
To investigate miR-532-5p and RUNX3 mRNA levels in human CRC tissues, RT-qPCR was performed. The relative miR-532-5p levels to 5S rRNA in 63 human CRC tissues were significantly increased compared with 63 peri-CRC tissues (P<0.0001; Fig. 1A); and the relative RUNX3 mRNA levels in 63 human CRC tissues compared with 63 peri-CRC tissues were significantly decreased (P=0.0003; Fig. 1B). Furthermore, the scatter plot of the relative level association between miR-532-5p and RUNX3 mRNA from the 63 CRC tissue samples revealed a negative association via Spearman's correlation (R2=0.3939; P<0.0001; Fig. 1C). These results demonstrated that the expression level of miR-532-5p was increased and the expression level of RUNX3 mRNA was decreased in human CRC tissues.
Figure 1.
Increased miR-532-5p and decreased RUNX3 levels in human CRC tissues. (A) Relative miR-532-5p level to 5S rRNA in human CRC tissues (n=63), with peri-tumor tissues (n=63) as a control. (B) Relative mRNA level of RUNX3 to GAPDH in CRC (n=63) or in peri-tumor tissues (n=63). (C) Correlation of the increased miR-532-5p level with the decreased RUNX3 level in CRC tissues. miR, microRNA; RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3; CRC, colorectal cancer.
RUNX3 mRNA and protein levels are associated inversely with miR-532-5p levels in HT-29 CRC cell lines
To investigate whether transfected miR-532-5p mimic affects RUNX3 levels, HT-29 cells were transfected with 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic or Ctrl miRNA for 12 h. The relative miR-532-5p and RUNX3 mRNA levels were examined using RT-qPCR. Significantly increased levels of miR-532-5p were observed in 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic-transfected HT-29 cells (Fig. 2A). The level of RUNX3 mRNA was significantly decreased in the transfected cell lines (Fig. 2B). To determine whether miR-532-5p had an effect on RUNX3 protein levels, western blot analysis was used. There was a decrease in RUNX3 protein quantities in 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic-transfected cells (Fig. 2C). Quantification and statistical analysis of expression levels determined the decrease to be significant (Fig. 2D). These results demonstrated that miR-532-5p downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of RUNX3 in HT-29 CRC cell lines.
Figure 2.
miR-532-5p downregulates RUNX3 expression in HT-29 CRC cells. HT-29 cells were transfected with 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic or Ctrl miRNA for 12 h. The relative miR-532-5p level to 5S rRNA (A) and the relative mRNA level of RUNX3 to GAPDH (B) were examined. (C) Western blot analysis of the RUNX3 protein level in the miR-532-5p mimic- or the Ctrl miRNA-transfected (for 24 h) HT-29 cells. (D) Expression levels of RUNX3 relative to GAPDH expression levels in HT-29 cells transfected with 20 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic and Ctrl miRNA. Results are the mean ± standard error of the mean from three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ****P<0.0001. miR, microRNA; RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3; CRC, colorectal cancer; Ctrl, control.
Targeting inhibition on RUNX3 expression by miR-532-5p
We hypothesize that RUNX3 may be a target of miR-532-5p. Homo sapiens miR-532-5p aligns with the target sequences with in the 5′UTR of H. sapiens RUNX3 (Fig. 3A). The luciferase reporter assay revealed a significant decrease in the relative activity value of the 5′UTR of RUNX3 in HT-29 cells following transfection with miR-532-5p mimic when compared with those transfected with Ctrl miRNA. The mutant 5′UTR of RUNX3 group exhibited no significant difference between the relative activity values of cells transfected with miR-532-5p and cells transfected with Ctrl miRNA (Fig. 3C). These data suggest that the 5′ UTR of RUNX3 is a functional target site for miR-532-5p in HT-29 CRC cells.
Figure 3.
Targeting inhibition by miR-532-5p on the expression of RUNX3, with the luciferase reporting assay in HT-29 cells. (A) Alignment of Homo sapiens miR-532-5p with the target sequences within the 5′UTR of H. sapiens RUNX3 and a schematic diagram of the luciferase reporter with the 5′UTR of RUNX3 (wild-type or mutant 5′UTR of RUNX3). Relative luciferase activity of the reporter with the (B) 5′UTR of RUNX3 or (C) mutant 5′UTR of RUNX3 in the HT-29 cells, following transfection with miR-532-5p mimic or with Ctrl miRNA. Experiments were performed in triplicate. **P<0.01, ns, not significant. SV40, simian virus 40; GLuc, Gaussia luciferase; SeAP, secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase; CMV, cytomegalovirus; miR, microRNA; RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3; Ctrl, control; UTR, untranslated region.
miR-532-5p promotes the growth of HT-29 CRC cells
miR-532-5p is upregulated in CRC, therefore it may serve a role in the proliferation of CRC cells. An MTT assay and colony formation assay were performed. The relative cellular viability was significantly increased in cells transfected with miR-532-5p mimic compared with Ctrl miRNA from 24 h after transfection onwards (Fig. 4A). Additionally, the colony formation assay analysis revealed that following transfection with miR-532-5p and Ctrl miRNA for 48 h, the visible cultures of cells transfected with miR-532-5p covered more of the plate compared with those transfected with Ctrl miRNA (Fig. 4B). Quantification of the colony counts of the HT-29 cells also identified significantly upregulated quantities inmiR-532-5p-transfected cells (Fig. 4C). These results suggest that miR-532-5p may serve an oncogenic role in the proliferation and colony formation of CRC cells.
Figure 4.
miR-532-5p promotes the proliferation and the colony formation of HT-29 cells. (A) Time-dependent promotion of the relative cellular proliferation of HT-29 cells by miRNA-532-5p mimic. (B) Morphology and (C) counting of the HT-29 cell colonies, which were transfected with 0 or 40 nM miR-532-5p mimic or Ctrl miRNA, for 48 h. The experiments were performed in triplicate. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ns, not significant. miR, microRNA; Ctrl miRNA, control miRNA.
Discussion
miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, involved in numerous cellular processes. There have been >200 mammalian miRNAs identified to date, with evidence suggesting that aberrantly expressed miRNAs are associated with a variety of diseases and serve roles in cell growth and apoptosis, including CRC (4,16–18). RUNX3 has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor and exhibits anti-cancer activity (19). Previous studies have demonstrated that aberrantly expressed miR-532-5p promoted cell growth in vitro (11) and regulated RUNX3 expression (12). However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-532-5p in CRC.
In the present study, aberrant expression of miR-532-5p and RUNX3, the association between the two biomarkers, the target of miR-532-5p in CRC tissues and influence of miR-532-5p on the HT-29 cell viability and colony formation were investigated. Using RT-qPCR, it was identified that miR-532-5p was upregulated in CRC tissue; however, the RUNX3 miRNA level was downregulated in CRC tissue.miR-532-5p (Table I) and RUNX3 (Table II) were associated with several clinicopathological characteristics of CRC, including tumor stage, lymph node involvement, differentiation, vessel invasion and tumor recurrence.
Table II.
Association of RUNX3 mRNA level with clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer.
| Relative RUNX3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | Mean ± standard error of the mean | P-value |
| Sex | 0.0623 | ||
| Male | 35 | 0.8251±0.0553 | |
| Female | 28 | 0.6842±0.0458 | |
| Age, years | 0.3925 | ||
| ≤55 | 30 | 0.7284±0.0492 | |
| >55 | 33 | 0.7935±0.0564 | |
| Location | 0.4270 | ||
| Colon | 36 | 0.7887±0.0550 | |
| Rectum | 27 | 0.7277±0.0488 | |
| T stage | 0.0355a | ||
| T1+T2 | 19 | 0.8822±0.0838 | |
| T3+T4 | 44 | 0.7108±0.0381 | |
| N stage | 0.0592 | ||
| ≤N1 | 21 | 0.8718±0.0591 | |
| >N1 | 42 | 0.7079±0.0477 | |
| Differentiation | 0.0079a | ||
| High | 24 | 0.8878±0.0681 | |
| Low | 39 | 0.6854±0.0399 | |
| Vessel invasion | 0.0359a | ||
| Positive | 66 | 0.7348±0.0358 | |
| Negative | 7 | 0.9846±0.1695 | |
| Tumor recurrence | 0.0613 | ||
| Positive | 43 | 0.7125±0.0461 | |
| Negative | 20 | 0.8700±0.0665 | |
P<0.05. RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3; T stage, tumor stage; N stage, lymph node involvement.
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that both the mRNA and protein level of RUNX3 were significantly downregulated in miR-532-5p mimic-transfected HT-29 cells. Therefore, as previously reported, miR-532-5p is a regulatory factor of RUNX3 expression (20). The specific target site of miR-532-5p was also investigated in the present study. The 5′UTR of RUNX3 was demonstrated to be a functional target site for miR-532-5p in HT-29 cells using an in vitro luciferase reporting assay. Additionally, tumor cell viability and colony formation ability were promoted in overexpressed miR-532-5p HT-29 cells. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that the tumor suppressor RUNX3 is negatively regulated by miR-532-5p at the 5′UTR of RUNX3. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-532-5p in CRC cells.
To conclude, it was revealed that miR-532-5p was positively regulated in CRC cells; by contrast, RUNX3 mRNA levels were negatively regulated in CRC cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that miR-532-5p significantly downregulated mRNA and protein levels of RUNX3. It was also identified that miR-532-5p may serve an oncogenic role in CRC proliferation and colony formation via targeting of the specific site at the 5′UTR of RUNX3. The results of the present study may provide insight into novel therapeutic approaches towards CRC.
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