A homozygous loss-of-function CAMK2A mutation causes growth delay, frequent seizures and severe intellectual disability

Abstract

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) plays fundamental roles in synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory. Here, we describe a new recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome with global developmental delay, seizures and intellectual disability. Using linkage analysis and exome sequencing, we found that this disease maps to chromosome 5q31.1-q34 and is caused by a biallelic germline mutation in CAMK2A. The missense mutation, p.His477Tyr is located in the CAMK2A association domain that is critical for its function and localization. Biochemically, the p.His477Tyr mutant is defective in self-oligomerization and unable to assemble into the multimeric holoenzyme.In vivo, CAMK2A^H477Y failed to rescue neuronal defects in C. elegans lacking unc-43, the ortholog of human CAMK2A. In vitro, neurons derived from patient iPSCs displayed profound synaptic defects. Together, our data demonstrate that a recessive germline mutation in CAMK2A leads to neurodevelopmental defects in humans and suggest that dysfunctional CAMK2 paralogs may contribute to other neurological disorders.

eLife digest

Each year, some children are born with developmental disorders and intellectual disabilities. These conditions are often caused by mutations in specific genes. Sometimes both copies of a gene – one inherited from each parent – need to be mutated for the symptoms to develop. These mutations are known as recessive mutations.

Here, Chia, Zhong, Niwa et al. diagnosed two siblings in their clinical care with a new form of neurological disease that affects the development of the brain and leads to frequent seizures. To test whether the young patients shared a genetic mutation that could explain their condition, the researchers analyzed the DNA of the children and compared the results with the DNA from their parents and healthy siblings. The results showed that the two children with the condition had inherited a recessive mutation in a gene called CAMK2A. The protein this gene encodes helps nerve cells to form connections and communicate with each other, and it has been shown to be essential for learning and memory.

The CAMK2A enzyme is made up of several identical subunits that form a complex. Chia et al. discovered that the mutation prevented these subunits from joining together properly, resulting in a faulty protein. CAMK2A and other related proteins are crucial for the health of the brain in a wide range of animals. Indeed, experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm commonly used to study neurons, confirmed that the mutation inherited by the children indeed caused similar neurological defects in the worms. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the children’s condition is caused by the mutation in both copies of the CAMK2A gene.

For patients born with inherited diseases, it is often difficult to pinpoint exactly which mutation is responsible for the specific disorder. These findings could therefore help pediatric geneticists recognize this newly defined syndrome and reach the correct diagnoses. These results could also be the starting point for studies that look into restoring the activity of the defective CAMK2A protein.More broadly, identifying genes that are critical for the healthy development of the brain could shed light on common neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and autism.

Introduction

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) is a calcium-activated serine/threonine kinase that is extremely abundant in the brain, comprising as much as 0.3% of the total brain protein content (Bennett et al., 1983). CAMK2 is highly enriched at the synapses and is necessary for the process of long-term potentiation (LTP), the activity-dependent strengthening and modulation of synaptic activity that is thought to be the molecular basis of some forms of learning and memory (Kandel et al., 2014; Lisman et al., 2002). In humans, there are four genes encoding distinct CAMK2 iso-enzymes. CAMK2A and CAMK2B are the predominant isoforms in the nervous system, with CAMK2A being expressed 3–4 times higher than CAMK2B (Hanson and Schulman, 1992). Each enzyme comprises a kinase domain, a regulatory domain and an association domain. Structurally CAMK2 holoenzymes are homo- or hetero-oligomers, consisting of 12 or 14 CAMK2 subunits (Hudmon and Schulman, 2002b). The holoenzyme assembly requires the carboxy-terminal association domain, which forms stacked pairs of hexameric or heptameric rings with the regulatory and kinase domain projecting radially to interact with other essential proteins for CAMK2 function and localization (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016). In the absence of calcium signalling, CAMK2 is inactive, as the regulatory domain inhibits kinase function (Yang and Schulman, 1999). This auto-inhibition is relieved when calcium-loaded calmodulin binds to the regulatory domain, thereby exposing the kinase domain and allowing it to phosphorylate target substrates (Meador et al., 1993). Ca²⁺-Calmodulin binding also exposes Thr286 on the regulatory domain of CAMK2A, which becomes phosphorylated in trans by adjacent subunits. Once this residue is phosphorylated, the enzyme is persistently active, even in the absence of continual Ca²⁺-Calmodulin signaling (Rich and Schulman, 1998; Stratton et al., 2013). This switch from auto-inhibition to autonomous, persistent activity is thought to constitute a biochemical form of memory, which marks the neuron for having experienced a previous calcium influx (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016; Stratton et al., 2014; Stratton et al., 2013).

Mice that are homozygous null for CAMK2A are viable and display impaired spatial memory and reduced LTP in the hippocampus (Silva et al., 1992a, 1992b). The heterozygous mutant (Camk2a^+/-) show a significant deficit in spatial working memory and contextual fear memory (Frankland et al., 2001; Matsuo et al., 2009). More recently, it was demonstrated that mice with neuron-specific conditional knock-out of CAMK2A similarly displayed learning deficits and defects in LTP that were comparable to the complete knockout mice (Achterberg et al., 2014). These findings suggest that neuron-intrinsic CAMK2A function is indispensable during the period of learning for memory formation. CAMK2 is conserved in invertebrates, such as D. melanogaster and C. elegans, where the kinase also plays critical roles in behavioral and cognitive traits (Cho et al., 1991; Hudmon and Schulman, 2002a; Reiner et al., 1999; Rongo and Kaplan, 1999). In C. elegans, the only CAMK2 is encoded by the unc-43 gene, which is essential for synaptic function (Rongo and Kaplan, 1999). Loss of unc-43 causes worms to have flaccid muscle tone, locomotion defects and spontaneous body contractions that resemble seizures (Reiner et al., 1999).

In pediatric care, global developmental delay in infants is defined as a significant functional delay in two or more developmental domains including gross and fine motor function, speech and language, cognition, social development and personal skills (Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology et al., 2003). These defects are detected at an early age in children age five years or under, and can persist throughout life (Shevell, 2008). About 25–50% of identified case are caused by germline genetic changes, including chromosomal abnormalities, copy number variants and monogenic mutations (Srour and Shevell, 2014; van Bokhoven, 2011). For many patients with global neuro-developmental delay, the genetic etiology remains unknown.

Results

Here, we report the identification of a consanguineous family from Jordan with two affected children manifesting global neuro-developmental delay with frequent seizures and convulsions. The two affected siblings had no dysmorphic features but failed to develop the ability to walk or speak (Figure 1A,B, Figure 1—figure supplement 1A). They displayed progressive psychomotor retardation with hypotonic muscles (Supplemental Material, Videos 1 and 2). Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis revealed abnormal epileptiform transients (Figure 1C, Figure 1—figure supplement 1B), consistent with frequent myoclonic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed no major structural defects in the brain of proband II:4 (Figure 1—figure supplement 1C). Serum metabolite levels were normal, ruling out potential lysosomal storage disorders.

Figure 1. A new syndrome of global neuro-developmental delay with seizures caused by a biallelic mutation in CAMK2A.

(A) Pedigree of a consanguineous Jordanian family with two affected siblings with germline homozygous mutations in CAMK2A. The genotypes of all individuals were verified by Sanger sequencing. (B) Photographs of the two affected siblings with normal head circumferences. (C) EEG graph of patient II.I showing abnormal epileptiform transients (red boxes) (D) Homozygosity mapping delineates one candidate locus on chromosome 5. (E) CAMK2A exonic structure and CAMK2A protein domains. Patients II:1 and II:4 carry biallelic missense mutation p. H477Y located in CAMK2A association domain (AD). Nucleotide change c.1429 C > T refers to position on CAMK2A cDNA.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Genetic and clinical findings from the two patients with global developmental delay.

(A) Clinical table detailing the growth parameters and learning deficits of the two affected children. (B) EEG of patient II.4 showing abnormal waveforms (red box). (C) MRI images of patient II.4 showing no gross structural abnormalities in the brain. (D) Graphs showing homozygous regions identified through IBD mapping for each family member prior to filtering (E) Table of 4 homozygous genes that lie within the Chr. 5 IBD region.

Video 1. Video of patient II.1.

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32451.005

Video 2. Video of patient II.4.

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32451.006

Assuming autosomal recessive inheritance, we performed identity-by-descent (IBD) homozygosity mapping using genomic DNA from both parents, two affected probands and three healthy siblings. Only one candidate locus greater than 5 cM on chromosome 5 spanning 28 Mb was delineated (Figure 1D, Figure 1—figure supplement 1D). Whole-exome sequencing was subsequently performed on index case II:1. After filtering for variants with low quality and low sequencing coverage, 72 homozygous variants were identified, out of which four lie within the Chr. 5 IBD region (Table 1). Three of the homozygous variants had been previously annotated as known polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies > 0.0001. In addition, healthy individuals who are homozygous for the minor alleles had been identified in genomic sequencing databases such as dbSNP and gnomAD (Figure 1—figure supplement 1E). We therefore filtered out these variants as non-pathogenic. The fourth homozygous variant within the IBD region mapped to the CAMK2A gene (MIM: 114078), resulting in a missense mutation p.His477Tyr that has never been observed in previous large-scale sequencing databases and our in-house ethnically-matched cohort (Figure 1E, Figure 1—figure supplement 1E). Using Sanger sequencing, this private mutation was confirmed to segregate with the disease in all seven family members (Figure 1A,D).

Table 1. List of homozygous variants identified by Whole Exome Sequencing.

Chr	Position	Gene	cDNA variant	Protein variant
1	33,476,435	AK2	c.*45–1G > T
1	36,752,343	THRAP3	c.512C > T	p.Ser171Phe
1	36,932,102	CSF3R	c.2273C > T	p.Thr758Ile
1	39,758,439	MACF1	c.1931G > T	p.Gly644Val
1	145,365,316	NBPF10	c.9941G > A	p.Gly3314Glu
2	11,758,842	GREB1	c.3841G > A	p.Ala1281Thr
2	29,404,617	CLIP4	c.1976G > A	p.Arg659Gln
2	64,779,195	AFTPH	c.587G > A	p.Gly196Glu
2	238,277,211	COL6A3	c.4895G > A	p.Arg1632Gln
2	241,987,827	SNED1	c.1369G > A	p.Glu457Lys
3	38,348,802	SLC22A14	c.574G > A	p.Ala192Thr
3	44,672,687	ZNF197	c.524C > T	p.Ala175Val
3	47,452,772	PTPN23	c.3484C > T	p.Arg1162Trp
3	52,556,184	STAB1	c.6403C > G	p.Pro2135Ala
3	67,426,232	SUCLG2	c.1235T > C	p.Ile412Thr
3	197,422,844	KIAA0226	c.1366C > T	p.Arg456Trp
4	9,174,981	FAM90A26P	c.83T > G	p.Val28Gly
4	9,175,603	FAM90A26P	c.211C > G	p.Pro71Ala
4	10,089,539	WDR1	c.743A > G	p.His248Arg
4	15,529,151	CC2D2A	c.1231T > G	p.Ser411Ala
5	74,021,852	GFM2	c.1820_1825delTTGAGT	p.Glu608_Phe609del
5	78,610,479	JMY	c.2464C > A	p.Pro822Thr
5	149,602,589	CAMK2A	c.1429C > T	p.His477Tyr
5	154,199,950	C5orf4	c.928G > A	p.Glu310Lys
5	156,456,715	HAVCR1	c.1090G > A	p.Ala364Thr
5	156,479,452	HAVCR1	c.590_592delCAA	p.Thr198del
6	26,509,392	BTN1A1	c.1571G > A	p.Gly524Glu
6	27,215,709	PRSS16	c.119G > A	p.Ser40Asn
6	32,806,007	TAP2	c.4C > T	p.Arg2Trp
6	33,260,924	RGL2	c.1876G > A	p.Gly626Arg
6	38,704,952	DNAH8	c.221C > A	p.Ala74Asp
6	43,412,643	ABCC10	c.2807C > T	p.Pro936Leu
6	129,932,746	ARHGAP18	c.1054C > T	p.Arg352Ter
6	131,946,054	MED23	c.235C > T	p.Leu79Phe
6	151,674,121	AKAP12	c.4595_4596insGGC	p.Asp1532delinsGluAla
6	168,479,677	FRMD1	c.98A > C	p.Glu33Ala
7	5,352,665	TNRC18	c.7851_7856dupCTCCTC	p.Ser2618_Ser2619dup
7	45,123,857	NACAD	c.1922T > C	p.Val641Ala
7	143,884,437	ARHGEF35	c.1040C > T	p.Thr347Ile
7	149,422,981	KRBA1	c.1304C > T	p.Ala435Val
7	151,680,130	GALNTL5	c.428A > G	p.Tyr143Cys
8	12,285,064	FAM86B1|FAM86B2	c.310T > C	p.Ser104Pro
8	12,285,250	FAM86B2	c.808C > T	p.Arg270Trp
8	86,574,132	REXO1L1	c.1595A > C	p.Asp532Ala
9	12,775,863	LURAP1L	c.149_150insTGGCGG	p.Gly49_Gly50dup
9	40,706,047	FAM75A3	c.3704A > G	p.His1235Arg
9	41,323,425	FAM75A4	c.1908C > T	p.Arg637Trp
9	41,323,469	FAM75A4	c.1864G > A	p.Gly622Asp
9	43,822,668	CNTNAP3B	c.1222C > T	p.Leu408Phe
10	51,748,684	AGAP6	c.209G > A	p.Arg70Gln
10	81,471,741	FAM22B	c.2137T > C	p.Trp713Arg
11	1,651,198	KRTAP5-5	c.129_137delAGGCTGTGG	p.Gly44_Gly46del
11	12,316,388	MICALCL	c.1408_1410dupCCT	p.Pro470dup
12	7,045,917	ATN1	c.1488_1508delGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCA	p.Gln496_Gln502del
12	7,045,920	ATN1	c.1491_1508delGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCA	p.Gln497_Gln502del
13	99,461,564	DOCK9	c.1271_1272insA	p.Leu425LeufsTer?
13	114,503,875	FAM70B	c.500_509 + 72delCCTGCGGGAGG TGAGGGGCACCGGGGACCCCCATATC TACACCTGCGGGAGGTGAGGGGC GCTGGGGACCCCCGTATCTACA
14	105,411,514	AHNAK2	c.10274C > T	p.Ala3425Val
14	106,994,118	IGHV3-48	c.47G > A	p.Gly16Asp
16	29,496,359		c.916T > C	p.Ser306Pro
16	30,772,988	C16orf93	c.82G > A	p.Ala28Thr
16	70,215,817	CLEC18C	c.521C > T	p.Ala174Val
17	39,211,189	KRTAP2-2	c.275G > C	p.Cys92Ser
19	1,026,716	CNN2	c.56A > C	p.Lys19Thr
19	10,084,460	COL5A3	c.3584T > C	p.Val1195Ala
19	14,517,213	CD97	c.1892G > A	p.Ser631Asn
21	36,042,462	CLIC6	c.776_805delGCGTAGAAGCGGGGGTCCCGGCGGGGGACA	p.Val260_Ser269del
22	18,834,773		c.329C > T	p.Thr110Ile
X	48,920,059	CCDC120	c.110A > G	p.Asp37Gly
X	55,116,478	PAGE2	c.25T > A	p.Ser9Thr
X	150,832,702	PASD1	c.954_971delCCCAATGGACCAGCAGGA	p.Pro319_Asp324del
X	153,050,158	SRPK3	c.1_5delGACAG	p.Thr2LeufsTer57
X	154,010,046	MPP1	c.978A > C	p.Glu326Asp

CAMK2A is a neuron-specific, highly abundant serine/threonine kinase that plays critical roles in synaptic plasticity. To understand how neuronal function is affected due to the mutation in CAMK2A, we reprogrammed primary dermal fibroblasts from patient II.4 into iPSCs, differentiated them into neurons and measured population-level neuronal activity using a multi-electrode array (MEA) system (Figure 2A). Compared to H1 embryonic stem cell derived neurons and an unrelated CAMK2A wild-type iPSC control, the patient’s iPSCs were equally efficient in differentiating into mature neurons expressing neuronal markers TUJ1 and MAP2 after 21 days of in vitro differentiation (Figure 2B). When these differentiated neurons were plated on MEA plates to measure spontaneous action potentials, we observed a significant reduction in both the total number of spontaneous spikes (Figure 2C, left) and the mean firing rate (Figure 2C, right) in the patient-derived neurons harboring the p.H477Y mutation compared to the wild-type controls, suggesting that CAMK2A^H477Y causes a profound functional defect in cultured neurons.

Figure 2. CAMK2A mutant iPSC-derived neurons are functionally less active.

(A) Schematic of the hPSC-derived neuronal activity assay with representative image of iPSC-derived neurons plated on a multi-electrode array (B) Representative confocal images of immunofluorescence staining of neuronal lineage markers TUJ1 (green) and MAP2 (red) show efficient differentiation of iPSCs into neurons. Scale bar represents 20 µm. (C) Graphs showing the number of neuron-evoked spikes and mean firing rate detected by multi-electrode arrays. (n = 7 per line per time-point; Values shown as mean ±SEM; Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test; *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001).

The CAMK2A enzyme consists of an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain, a Ca²⁺-calmodulin-binding regulatory domain and a C-terminal association domain (AD) that is necessary for the assembly of the 12- or 14-subunit holoenzyme. The identified mutation, p.H477Y is located in the association domain (Figure 1E) and affects a histidine residue that is invariant across all vertebrate and invertebrate CAMK2A homologues. It is also conserved in other human CAMK2 paralogs with a similar association domain such as CAMK2B, CAMK2D and CAMK2G (Figure 3A, Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). In addition, this mutation is predicted to be deleterious by both SIFT, PolyPhen and MCAP algorithms. Structurally, His477 is located at the dimeric interface that forms part of the extensive interaction surface at the ‘equatorial’ plane of the CAMK2A holoenzyme (Figure 3B). Based on prior findings that CAMK2A oligomerization through its association domain is indispensable for substrate phosphorylation and synaptic localization (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016), we hypothesize that the p.H477Y allele is hypomorphic and that biallelic loss-of-function in CAMK2A is the direct cause for the neurodevelopmental phenotypes in the two probands.

Figure 3. p.H477Y affects CAMK2A oligomerization and protein stability.

(A) Sequence conservation of CAMK2A homologs. Histidine 477 (H477) is highlighted in red. (B) X-ray crystal structure of human CAMK2A AD tetradecamer (PDB: 5IG3). H477 (red) is located at the equatorial dimer interface. (C) Defective oligomerization of the p.H477Y mutant. 293 T cells were transiently transfected with FLAG tagged wild-type CAMK2A and CAMK2A^H477Y. A third mutant, CAMK2A^H477X which lacks part of the AD (a.a. 478–489) was used as positive control. (D) Defective self-association of the p.H477Y mutant. The indicated FLAG- and HA-tagged CAMK2A wild-type and mutant proteins were synthesized in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte lysate. FLAG-GFP was used a negative control. FLAG-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG M2 agarose resin in the presence of 1% NP40. Co-immunoprecipitated proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. *, IgG light chain. ^, IgG heavy chain. (E) p.H477Y mutation lowers expression of CAMK2A in cells. 293 T cells were transfected with reporter plasmids encoding GFP-tagged wild-type CAMK2A, CAMK2A^H477Y and CAMK2A^H477X mutants, followed by T2A peptide and mCherry. Representative confocal images show lower expression of mutant GFP- CAMK2A^H477Y compared to wild-type. Scale bar represents 100 µm. (F). p.H477Y decreases CAMK2A stability via proteasomal degradation. 293 T cells were transfected as in (E) and treated with 10 µM MG132 or DMSO for 16 hr. 10 µg total cell lysate was used for SDS-PAGE and Western blot.

Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Decreased stability and defective cytoplasmic localization of the CAMK2A^H477Y mutant.

(A) Sequence conservation of CAMK2 paralogs. His477 (red) is invariant in all human CAMK2 paralogues with an association domain. (B) p.H477Y mutant is subject to proteasomal degradation. 293 T cells were transfected with plasmids encoding GFP-tagged wild-type CAMK2A, p.H477Y and p.H477X mutants. Cells were incubated with DMSO or 2.5 μM MG132 for 16 hr 1 day post transfection. GFP intensity in the cells is increased in the CAMK2A p.H477Y and p.H477X mutants after MG132 treatment. Scale bar represents 100 µm.

To measure the oligomerization potential of the CAMK2A^H477Y mutant in cells, we transiently expressed FLAG-tagged wild-type CAMK2A and CAMK2A^H477Y mutant in 293 T cells, which do not express endogenous CAMK2A. A third mutant CAMK2A^H477X, which lacks amino acids 477–489 and thus encodes a truncated association domain, was used as an additional control. Using native lysis conditions that preserve non-covalent macromolecular interactions, we found that wild-type CAMK2A forms a prominent complex with an apparent molecular weight ~1 MDa (Figure 3C, Native-PAGE, lane 2), which is consistent with the 12- or 14- subunit CAMK2A holoenzyme (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016). As compared to wild-type CAMK2A, the ~1 MDa, putatively oligomeric species was drastically reduced for the p.H477Y mutant and was undetectable for the p.H477X mutant (Figure 3C, Native-PAGE, lane 3 and 4 vs. lane 2). Next, we examined the ability of in vitro translated CAMK2A to self-oligomerize in a cell-free system. In contrast to the negative control protein GFP, wild-type FLAG-CAMK2A efficiently co-immunoprecipitated with HA-CAMK2A (Figure 3D, Lane 10 vs 11). This self-association was preserved between CAMK2A^WT and CAMK2A^H477Y (Figure 3D, lanes 12 and 15), but was completely lost between wild-type CAMK2A and the p.H477X mutant (Figure 3D, lane 13). In contrast, we could not detect any self-association between FLAG- CAMK2A^H477Y and HA- CAMK2A^H477Y (Figure 3D, Lane 16). Taken together, these results suggest that the missense p.H477Y partially disrupts the self-association between identical CAMK2A molecules, which had been shown to be required for holoenzyme assembly. The partial loss of function of the p.H477Y mutant, as compared to a more severe mutation p.H477X, is consistent with the observed autosomal recessive inheritance of the disease in the family, where the heterozygous carriers do not display apparent neuro-developmental symptoms.

During the course of this analysis, we noticed that both p.H477Y and p.H477X mutants had reduced protein abundance. This effect on the p.H477Y mutant was, however, subtle and could not readily explain the difference in the CAMK2A oligomer observed in the native gel (Figure 3C, SDS-PAGE). As it is known that in general fully assembled oligomeric complexes have enhanced stability in vivo compared to partially assembled complexes with disrupted folding like CAMK2A^H477Y (Lord, 1996; Oromendia et al., 2012), we hypothesized that the p.H477Y mutant may exhibit reduced stability and undergo proteasomal degradation. To test this, 293T cells were transfected with reporter constructs that encode GFP tagged wild-type and mutant CAMK2A followed by a self-cleaving peptide T2A and mCherry (Figure 3E). The intensity of GFP fluorescence was used as a direct quantitative measure of CAMK2A stability with the mCherry as an internal control for transfection and translational efficiency. We observed a significant reduction in GFP intensity in cells expressing CAMK2A^H477Y and CAMK2A^H477X as compared to wild-type CAMK2A or GFP alone (Figure 3E) despite comparable mCherry fluorescence levels. This reduction was rescued when we treated the cells with MG132, which blocked proteasomal degradation. MG132 treamentled to enhanced accumulation of the p.H477Y and p.H477X mutant, with a greater effect on p.H477X (Figure 3F, lane 3, 4 vs lane 7, 8, Figure 3—figure supplement 1B). By contrast, the level of the wild-type protein was reduced, likely due to the toxic effects of MG132 (Figure 3F, lane 2 vs. lane 6). These results suggest that in addition to causing reduced holoenzyme assembly, the p.H477Y mutation might also directly or indirectly reduce the overall CAMK2A levels by compromising its half-life.

To unequivocally demonstrate the pathogenicity of the p.H477Y allele in vivo, we performed rescue experiments using C. elegans. A single ortholog of CAMK2, encoded by unc-43, is present in the worm genome and its functions in the nervous system are welldocumented (Reiner et al., 1999). To study the neuronal defects caused by loss of unc-43, we focused on motor neuron, DA9, which has its cell body located in the pre-anal ganglion with a dendrite that extends anteriorly and a posteriorly oriented axon extending via a commissure into the dorsal nerve cord, where it proceeds anteriorly to form approximately 25 en passant synapses onto body wall muscles and reciprocal inhibitory neurons (Figure 4A) (Klassen and Shen, 2007; Maeder et al., 2014). Using mCherry-tagged UNC-43, we observed that UNC-43 could be found along the entire DA9 neuron but concentrated at synaptic boutons (Figure 4B). The homologous patient-specific mutation p.H466Y in UNC-43 (homologous to p.H477Y in human CAMK2A) significantly disrupted the synaptic localization of UNC-43 and caused the protein to be dispersed throughout the entire axon (Figure 4B). To test the consequence of UNC-43 mutation on DA9 synaptic function, we used the itr-1 pB promoter to express the fluorescently conjugated synaptic vesicle marker RAB-3 (RAB3::GFP) within DA9 in both the wild-type and unc-43 mutant background. In wild-type animals, RAB-3::GFP accumulated in discrete puncta along the axon of DA9 at stereotyped synaptic locations. In the canonical unc-43(e408) loss-of-function mutant, we observed a reduction in individual pre-synaptic puncta fluorescence intensity as compared to wild-type animals. This phenotype could be rescued by cell-autonomous expression of wild-type unc-43 in DA9. However, expression of unc-43 harboring the homologous patient mutation UNC-43^H466Y failed to rescue this defect (Figure 4C,D). In addition, transgenic expression of human wild-type CAMK2A fully rescued this defect, confirming the high degree of functional conservation between CAMK2A homologs, while the patient-derived human CAMK2A^H477Y failed to do so (Figure 4C, bottom panels). These results suggest that the p.H477Y mutation is defective in supporting pre-synaptic function in C. elegans.

Figure 4. CAMK2A^H477Y mutant fails to rescue synaptic defects in unc-43 C. elegans neurons.

(A) Schematic drawing of C. elegans motor neuron, DA9 in the tail region. DA9 extends a dendrite (red) anteriorly and an axon (blue) that extends posteriorly crosses the midline of the animal and anteriorly in the dorsal nerve cord (DNC). It forms approximately 20 en passant synapses within a discrete stretch along the DNC (blue box). DA9 presynaptic vesicles were marked with RAB-3 (GFP::RAB-3). The asynaptic region (yellow box) is devoid of any synaptic vesicle accumulation. (B) The localization of mCherry::UNC-43 and mCherry::UNC-43(H466Y) in DA9 synapses. Note that UNC-43 accumulates at synaptic boutons while UNC-43(H466Y) is diffusely localized. Fluorescent intensity of mCherry::UNC-43 was measured at synaptic boutons and along the axonal shaft. Graph plots the ratio of fluorescence intensity at synaptic boutons compared to the axonal shaft of 30 synapses from three animals. Graph shows the mean and error bars show SEM, ***p-value 6.32e⁻¹⁹, Student’s T-test. (C) Representative confocal images demonstrating presynaptic puncta size changes between WT and unc-43(e408) mutants. unc-43 mutants have smaller presynaptic puncta along the DNC. This defect is rescued by expression of either UNC-43 or CAMK2A in DA9 whilst the mutated UNC-43^H466Y and CAMK2A^H477Y fail to rescue. (D) Quantification of average puncta intensity from WT and unc-43(e408) animals. Error bars represent SEM with number of synaptic puncta quantified n > 80, N.S. is not significant, ***p-value<0.001 (uninjected vs unc-43 p-value 5.0e⁸, uninjected vs unc-43^H466Y p-value 4.17, uninjected vs CAMK2A p-value 4.25e⁻¹², uninjected vs CAMK2A^H477Y p-value 9.40), One-Way ANOVA with Bonferroni posthoc test. (E) Representative confocal images showing mislocalization of GFP::RAB-3 into the asynaptic region (yellow box) in unc-43 DA9 neuron. (F) Rescue of the unc-43(e408) phenotype by DA9 cell-specific expression of UNC-43 or CAMK2A. UNC-43^H466Y and CAMK2A^H477Y fail to rescue the unc-43 phenotype. Graph shows the percentage of animals with the WT and unc-43 mutant phenotypes. ***p<0.001 (unc-43 vs unc-43^H466Y p-value 2.13e⁻⁵¹, CAMK2A vs CAMK2A^H477Y p-value 3.77e⁻⁵⁰), Fisher Exact test with n = 100 animals scored for each line. (G) Behavioral rescue by expressing wild-type UNC-43 or UNC-43^H466Y in unc-43(e408) mutants. The behavior was scored as either wild-type or unc-43. Two independent worm lines were analyzed for each condition. *** p-value 5.29e⁻⁴¹, Fisher Exact test with n = 100 animals scored for each line.

Immediately posterior to the stretch of presynaptic puncta is an asynaptic domain within the DA9 axon that is devoid of any RAB-3::GFP fluorescence in wild-type animals (Figure 4E, top panel). Loss of unc-43 results in the mislocalization of the synaptic marker RAB3::GFP into this asynaptic region (Figure 4E, bottom panel). This defect could also be rescued by cell autonomous expression of either unc-43 or human CAMK2A. Patient derived mutation CAMK2A^H477Y or the worm homologous mutation UNC-43^H466Y both failed to rescue this phenotype (Figure 4E). In addition, expression of UNC-43^H466Y in wild-type animals did not cause any synaptic defect or mislocalizaton of RAB3::GFP, suggesting that the mutation does not have dominant negative effects (Figure 4F).

We further tested if the patient derived mutation in CAMK2A impacted worm locomotor behavior. Null mutants for unc-43 are flaccid in posture and move with a flattened uncoordinated waveform. The animals are variably convulsive, often spontaneously contracting and relaxing their body-wall muscles in brief repeating bursts that resemble seizures (Reiner et al., 1999). We expressed either wild-type UNC-43 or UNC-43^H466Y in the muscles and neurons of unc-43(e408) mutant worms and scored the behavior of young adults in a double-blind experiment. Only the wildtype UNC-43 was able to rescue the movement defects in unc-43(e408) animals, but not UNC-43^H466Y, suggesting that UNC-43^H466Y is not functional (Figure 4G). Together, the data show that CAMK2A^H477Y is a loss-of-function mutation which fails to support synaptic function in vivo.

In summary, we have identified an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by growth delay, frequent seizures and severe intellectual disability that is caused by a biallelic germline loss-of-function mutation in CAMK2A. Mechanistically this mutation disrupts CAMK2A self-oligomerization and holoenzyme assembly via its association domain. Our functional results are consistent with the high degree of evolutionary conservation of the affected residue H477 in CAMK2A orthologs, as well as previous structural data demonstrating that His477 is located in the interface between two stacked CAMK2A subunits, which together form the basic repeat unit of the ring-shaped holoenzyme (Bhattacharyya et al., 2016; Stratton et al., 2014). The pathogenicity of the biallelic p.H477Y mutation is furthered highlighted by rescue experiments in C. elegans, where in contrast to wild-type human CAMK2A the p.H477Y mutant failed to rescue the neuronal and behavioral defect in unc-43 (CAMK2 ortholog) null worms. Together, these data demonstrate that the loss of function of CAMK2A is the most plausible genetic cause for the neurodevelopmental defects observed in the two affected siblings.

Discussion

CAMK2 plays important and evolutionary conserved roles in synaptic plasticity, neuronal transmission and cognition in near all model organisms examined, and several groups have shown that somatic mutations in human CAMK2 isoforms may contribute to neurological disorders (Ghosh and Giese, 2015; Robison, 2014; Takemoto-Kimura et al., 2017). Notably, a de novo p.E183V mutation in the CAMK2A catalytic domain was shown to cause autism spectrum disorder (Stephenson et al., 2017). This mutation was shown to act in a dominant-negative manner to reduce wild-type CAMK2A auto-phosphorylation and localization to dendritic spines. While this manuscript was under revision, S. Küry et al. reported multiple families with intellectual disability caused by de novo, heterozygous mutations in both CAMK2A and CAMK2B kinase and auto-regulatory domains, which disrupted CAMK2 phosphorylation and caused neuronal migratory defects in murine models (Küry et al., 2017).

Our discovery of a novel neuro-developmental syndrome caused by biallelic CAMK2A mutations further broadens the spectrum of human neurological disorders caused by the CAMK2 family of kinases. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first Mendelian human disease caused by biallelic CAMK2A mutations. Our functional characterization of the novel mutation p.H477Y in vitro and in vivo also reveal novel insights on how the CAMK2A holoenzyme regulates neuronal function. In contrast to all previously reported mutations in CAMK2A in intellectual disability syndromes, the p.H477Y is located within the C-terminal association domain and results in a partial but significant disruption of self-oligomerization, suggesting that the assembly of CAMK2A oligomers, in addition to its kinase function is required for neuronal function. Interestingly, the CAMK2A^H477Y mutant retains the ability to interact with wild-type CAMK2A but not with itself (Figure 3D). CAMK2A displays very specific cellular and subcellular expression patterns that is important for regulating substrate phosphorylation in cells (Liu and Murray, 2012; Tsui et al., 2005). The p.H477Y missense affects the subcellular localization in neurons and this may affect its ability to function efficiently. These biochemical results provide a mechanistic basis for the autosomal recessive nature of the disease in our family: the p.H477Y allele is hypomorphic and becomes pathogenic when recessively inherited in the homozygous state. We speculate that heterozygous carriers retain sufficient CAMK2A activity for proper neuronal function. As compared to the milder disease phenotypes reported by Kury et. al., the symptoms afflicting the p.H477Y patients likely represent the most severe manifestation of the CAMK2A dysfunction in humans.

Due to the high degree of conservation of CAMK2A across evolution, we employed the established C. elegans unc-43 mutant to prove the pathogenicity of the p.H477Y mutation. UNC-43 is the worm homologue of vertebrate CAMK2. We demonstrated wild-type human CAMK2A could rescue the locomotive defects of the unc-43 mutants, while the p.H477Y mutant failed to do so, likely due to its inability to localize into neuronal synapses (Figure 4). We anticipate this in vivo functional assay in C. elegans to be widely applicable to assess the pathogenicity of newly discovered CAMK2 alleles found in human diseases.

Materials and methods

Key resources table.

Reagent type (species) or resource	Designation	Source or reference	Identifiers	Additional information
Gene (human)	CAMK2A Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Alpha	Uniprot: Isoform B (identifier: Q9UQM7-2)	Q9UQM7-2
Gene (C. elegans)	unc-43 Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase type II	Protein UNC-43 isoform d (Wormbase CDS K11E8.1d)	K11E8.1d
Strain, strain background (C. elegans)	Worm (C. elegans) N2 Bristol Strain;unc-43(e408)	Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) PMID: 17941711	17941711
Recombinant DNA	pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1α-Neo	Systems Biosciences (SBI)	CD514B-1
Recombinant DNA	pSM vector (a derivative of pPD49.26 with additional cloning sites)	Modified for this paper	NA	ADDGENE https://media.addgene.org/cms/files/Vec95.pdf
Recombinant DNA	pCDH-CMV-CAMK2A-T2A-mCherry	This paper; based on pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1α-Neo	NA
Recombinant DNA	pMIG-hOCT4	Addgene	Plasmid #17225
Recombinant DNA	MSCV h c-MYC IRES GFP	Addgene	Plasmid #18119
Recombinant DNA	pMIG-hKLF4	Addgene	Plasmid #17227
Recombinant DNA	pMIG-hSOX2	Addgene	Plasmid #17226
Cell line (human)	Patient derived iPS neurons	This paper	NA
Cell line (human)	293T	Lab stock	NA
Chemical compound, drug	MG132	Sigma-Aldrich	M7449
Commercial kit	NativeMark PAGE	ThermoFisher	BN1002BOX
Commercial kit	TnT Quick Coupled Transcription/Translation System	Promega	L1170
Antibody	Anti-FLAG Clone M2	Sigma-Aldrich	F3165
Antibody	Anti-HA Clone Y-11	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-7392
Antibody	Anti-GADPH	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-47724
Antibody	Anti-Tuj1	Covance Research	MMS-435P
Antibody	Anti-MAP2	Synaptic Systems	188 004
Cell culture reagent	20% Knock Out Serum Replacement	Thermo Fisher	10828–028
Cell culture reagent	bFGF	Stemgent	37316
Cell culture reagent	Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix	Corning	354234
Cell culture reagent	mTeSR1	STEMCELL Technologies	85850
Cell culture reagent	CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit	ThermoFisher	A16517
Cell line (human)	H1 embryonic stem cells	Gift from Dr. Lawrence W. Stanton, WiCell	RRID:CVCL_C813
Antibody	Alexa Fluor 594 secondary Ab	ThermoFisher	Cat# A-11076, RRID:AB_2534120
Antibody	Alexa Fluor 488 secondary Ab	ThermoFisher	Cat# A-11001, RRID:AB_2534069
Assay system/kit	Maestro MEA System	Axion Biosystem	-

Disease diagnosis and informed consent

Patients were identified and diagnosed by clinical geneticists at King Hussein Medical Centre, Amman, Jordan. Informed consent was obtained from the families for genetic testing in accordance with approved institutional ethical guidelines (Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, NUS-IRB reference code 10–051). For patients in Figure 1, informed consent to publish photographs and videos was obtained from parents. Genomic DNA samples were isolated from saliva using the Oragene DNA collection kit (OG-500, DNAGenotek) and a punch skin biopsy was taken from patient II.4.

Whole exome sequencing

Whole exome sequencing of proband II-1 was performed using the Illumina TruSeq Exome Enrichment Kit for exome capture using 1 ug of genomic DNA. Illumina HiSeq2000 High-output mode was used for sequencing as 100 bp paired-end runs at the UCLA Clinical Genomics Centre and at the UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Centre as previously described (Hu et al., 2014). An average coverage of 34X was achieved across the exome with 87% of these bases covered at ≥10X. After filtering, a total of 73 homozygous, 125 compound heterozygous and 493 heterozygous variants were protein-changing variants with population minor allele frequencies < 1%.

Homozygosity mapping

Both parents and their five children were genotyped using Illumina Humancore-12v1 BeadChips following manufacturer’s instructions. Call rates were above 99%. Gender and relationships were verified using Illumina BeadStudio. Mapping was performed by searching for shared regions that are homozygous and identical-by-descent (IBD) in the two affected children using custom programs written in the Mathematica (Wofram Research, Inc.) data analysis software (Source code file 1 - IBD linkage program). Candidate regions were further refined by exclusion of common homozygous segments with any unaffected family members. The confidence criteria to identify IBD blocks were a minimum of 5 cM. We identified one shared candidate loci on chromosome 5.

Cell culture and plasmid transfection

HEK 293 T cells (ATCC Cat# CRL-3216, RRID:CVCL_0063, from Lab Stock) were cultured in DMEM media (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS. Cell line identity was authenticated by commercial human STR profiling with ATCC (ATCC, #135-XV). All cell lines used in this paper tested negative for mycoplasma using Lonza MycoAlert (Lonza LT07). For transient transfection, 6 × 10⁵ cells per well were seeded in 6 well plates 24 hr before being transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher)-complexed plasmids in OPTIMEM (ThermoFisher). To construct the CAMK2A expression plasmids, human CAMK2A cDNA was PCR-amplified from ImageClone with AscI and PacI restriction sites and cloned into pCDNA3.1 with an N-terminal 3xFLAG or 3xHA tag. All CAMK2A mutants were generated using QuikChange XL (Agilent). Cells were treated with MG132 (Sigma, M8699) at 5 µM to block proteasome degradation.

Generation of iPSCs

Control iPSCs from an unrelated but ethnically and sex-matched individual

Fibroblasts were transduced with OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC (Addgene plasmids #17225, #17226, #17227 were gifts from George Daley, and #18119 a gift from John Cleveland) as previously described (Park et al., 2008). After 4 days, transduced cells were reseeded onto irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast in human ES cell medium (DMEM/F12 (Sigma, D6421) supplemented with 20% Knock Out Serum Replacement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 10828–028), 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 21985–023), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 25030), 0.2 mM NEAA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11140–050) and 5 ng/mL bFGF (Stemgent, 03–0002). iPSC colonies were picked between days 17–28 and maintained in matrigel (Corning, 354234) and mTeSR1 (STEMCELL Technologies, 85850) for expansion.

Patient-derived iPSC from proband, II.4

Dermal primary fibroblasts were reprogrammed using the CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A16517) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were passaged and plated onto irradiated mouse embryonic feeders 7 days after viral transfection in human ES cell medium (DMEM/F12 (Sigma, D6421) supplemented with 20% Knock Out Serum Replacement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 10828–028), 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 21985–023), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 25030), 0.2 mM NEAA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11140–050) and 5 ng/mL bFGF (Stemgent, 03–0002). iPSC colonies were picked between days 17–28 and maintained in Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix (Corning, 354234) and mTeSR1 (STEMCELL Technologies, 85850) for expansion.

Neuronal differentiation and Multi-electrode Array Recordings

iPSCs-derived NPCs were differentiated into neurons for 21 days using a previously published protocol (Xu et al., 2017a). Briefly, NPCs were plated at a density of 50,000 cells/cm² in a poly-L-ornithine and laminin-coated plates, cultured in N2B27 medium supplemented BDNF (20 ng/ml), GDNF (20 ng/ml), cAMP (N6,2’-O-dibutyryladenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate; Sigma; 0.3 mM) and ascorbic acid (0.2 mM). H1 embryonic stem cells (Gift from Lawrence W. Stanton, WiCell, RRID:CVCL_C813) were also differentiated into neurons to use as controls. H1 embryonic stem cells were verified by karyotyping (Cytogenetics Laboratory, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore) and checked for pluripotency by differentiation into the three germ layers marked by Nestin (ectoderm), AFP (endoderm) and ASM-1 (mesoderm). For the immunofluorescence staining, neurons were fixed for 15 min in ice cold 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde. Permeabilization using 0.3% (v/v) Triton-X in 1X PBS was performed for 10 min then incubated with 1:1000 mouse anti-Tuj1 (Covance Research Products Inc Cat# MMS-435P, RRID:AB_2313773), 1:1500 guinea pig anti-MAP2 (Synaptic Systems Cat# 188 004, RRID:AB_2138181) overnight at 4°C in 5% (w/v) BSA diluted with 1X PBS. For visualization, 1:1000 secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 594 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11076, RRID:AB_2534120) or Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11001, RRID:AB_2534069) was applied. Counter staining for nuclei were performed using Dapi. Images were captured using the FV3000 Olympus confocal.

For the multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings, neurons on day 21 were dissociated and replated on 0.1 polyethylenimine (Sigma)-coated 48 well MEA plates (Axion Biosystems) in BrainPhys media supplemented with BDNF, GDNF, cAMP and ascorbic acid as previously described (Xu et al., 2017b). Spontaneous neuronal activity was observed and recorded at 37°C for 5 min every 2–3 days using the Maestro MEA System (Axion Biosystem). Independent measurements were taken from seven wells for each condition (technical replicates).

In vitro transcription/translation and co-immunoprecipitation

CAMK2A proteins were synthesized in vitro using TNT T7 Quick Coupled Transcription/Translation (Promega) with 1 μg of plasmids in 20 μl reaction volumes for 90 mins at 30°C. For co-immunoprecipitation, the reactions were diluted 10x in TBS (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 8, 150 mM NaCl) with 1% Nonidet P40 (NP40) and incubated with 10 μl anti-FLAG M2 agarose beads (Sigma) at 4°C overnight. Proteins were eluted with 1x Laemmli buffer after 3 washes in the 1xTBS with 1% NP40.

Protein electrophoresis and immunoblotting

Total protein lysate was quantified using a standard Bradford assay and 10 μg of lysate was used for immunoblotting experiments. For Blue Native PAGE, cells were lysed in 1x Sample Preparation buffer (ThermoFisher) containing 1% digitonin. 1% SDS was supplemented for SDS-PAGE. All proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes using TurboBlot (Bio-rad) at 2.5 mA for seven mins. The primary antibodies used were anti-FLAG (M2, Sigma-Aldrich Cat# F3165, RRID:AB_259529), anti-GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-47724, RRID:AB_627678) and anti-HA (Y-11, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-805, RRID:AB_631618). The secondary antibodies were anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 111-035-003, RRID:AB_2313567), anti-mouse IgG-HRP (light chain specific) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 205-032-176, RRID:AB_2339056) and anti-mouse IgG-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 115-035-003, RRID:AB_10015289).

Worm strains

All strains were maintained at 20°C on OP50 E. coli nematode growth medium plates as described (Brenner, 1974). N2 Bristol strain worms (WB Cat# CB4852, RRID:WB-STRAIN:CB4852) were used as the WT reference, and the unc-43(e408) mutant was used. To visualize synaptic vesicles in DA9 neuron, wyIs85 [Pitr-1::GPF::RAB-3] was used (Klassen and Shen, 2007).

Transgenic lines

OTL70 wyIs85[Podr-1::dsred, Pitr-1::gfp::rab-3]; jpnEx40[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43]

OTL71 wyIs85; jpnEx41[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43]

OTL72 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx44[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43(H466Y)]

OTL73 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx45[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43(H466Y)]

OTL74 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx42[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43]

OTL75 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx43[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::unc-43]

OTL76 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx47[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::CAMK2A]

OTL77 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx48[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::CAMK2A]

OTL78 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx49[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::CAMK2A^H477Y]

OTL79 unc-43(e408); wyIs85; jpnEx50[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::CAMK2A^H477Y]]

OTL82: jpnEx54[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::mcheery::unc-43]

OTL83: jpnEx55[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::mcherry::unc-43]

OTL84: jpnEx56[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y)]

OTL85: jpnEx57[Podr-1::gfp, Pmig-13::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y)]

OTL86: unc-43(e408); jpnEx58[Punc-122::dsred, Punc-104::mcherry::unc-43, Phlh-1::mcherry::unc-43]

OTL87: unc-43(e408); jpnEx59[Punc-122::dsred, Punc-104::mcherry::unc-43, Phlh-1::mcherry::unc-43]

OTL88: unc-43(e408); jpnEx60[Punc-122::dsred, Punc-104::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y), Phlh-1::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y)]

OTL89: unc-43(e408); jpnEx61[Punc-122::dsred, Punc-104::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y), Phlh-1::mcherry::unc-43(H466Y)]

Plasmids for transgenic expression in worms

Expression plasmids for transgenic worm lines were made using the pSM vector (C. Bargmann), a derivative of pPD49.26 (A. Fire). The mig-13 promoter was cloned between SphI/AscI, and C.elegans unc-43 isoform d or human CAMK2α was cloned between NheI/KpnI or AscI/NheI, respectively. P.H466Y and p.H477Y mutations were introduced by PCR-based mutagenesis using KOD-plus- high fidelity DNA polymerase (TOYOBO, Tokyo, Japan). Transgenic worms were generated as described (Mello, 1995). Plasmids were injected into animals at 10 ng/μl (in the case of Pmig-13::unc-43) and 50 ng/μl (in the case of Pmig-13::CAMK2α) together with coinjection markers at 90 ng/μl.

Fluorescence quantification and confocal imaging

All fluorescence images of DA9 were taken in live worms immobilized with 5% agar pad, 10 μM levamisol (Sigma) and 0.1 mm polystylene beads (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA, USA) with a 63×/1.4 NA objective on a Zeiss Axioplan 2 Imaging System or a Plan-Apochromat 63×/1.3 objective on a Zeiss LSM710 confocal microscope using similar imaging parameters for the same marker across different genotypes. Fluorescence quantification was determined using Image J software (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070).

Behavioral analysis

mcherry::unc-43 or mcherry::unc-43(H466Y) were expressed in unc-43(e403) mutant worms using both unc-104 promoter (neuron-specific promoter) and hlh-1 promoter (muscle-specific promoter). Two independent lines were established and analyzed. The behavioral phenotype of the transgenic worms was scored in a double-blind manner using a stereo microscope (SZX16, Olumpus, Tokyo, Japan). From the movement behavior on OP50 feeder NGM plates, each worm was classified to behave like ‘wild-type’ or ‘unc-43’. 100 worms were observed for each genotype on the same day from two independently derived transgenic lines.

Funding Statement

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Funding Information

This paper was supported by the following grant:

• Agency for Science, Technology and Research GODAFIT Strategic Positioning Fund to Bruno Reversade.