Table 1. Characteristic of included studies.
| Study | Total
patient |
Androgen Deprivation
Therapy |
Follow - up time | Survival outcome | Significance Prognostic
Factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bello 2017 25 | M1 = 79 | • Orchiectomy
• LHRH agonist |
NM | Median OS was 40.3 months | • NSAID use
• PSA nadir |
| Choueiri 2009 5 | M1 = 179 | • LHRH agonist with or
without AA • Orchiectomy |
Median follow up
48 months |
Median OS was 84 months | • GS
• TTN • PSA Nadir |
| Glass 2003 9 | M1 = 1,076 | Bilateral orchiectomy with
or without AA (flutamide) |
NM | Median OS was 32 months | • Initial PSA
• Presence appendicular bone disease • GS • Presence of bone pain • PS |
| Hong 2012 10 | M1 = 131 | CAB using LHRH agonist
plus AA |
Median follow up
30 months |
Median CSS
• PSA nadir < 2 ng/ml was 91.7 months • PSA nadir ≥ 2 ng/ml 49.8 |
• PSA nadir
• TTN |
| Hussain 2006 11 | M1 = 1,345 | CAB using LHRH agonist
(gosereline) plus AA (bicalutamide) |
Median follow up
was 38.0 months |
Median OS of PSA after
7 months ADT • ≤ 0.2 ng/ml was 75 months • 0.2 < PSA ≤ 0.2 ng/ml was 44 months • PSA > 4.0 ng/ml was 13 months |
• PSA after 7 months
of ADT • ECOG • Presence of bone pain • GS |
| Kadono Y, 2015 4 | M1a = 224,
M1b = 4386, M1c =278 |
• LHRH agonist with or
without AA • Orchiectomy |
Mean follow up
3.3 years |
The 5-year OS was
• 57.5% in M1a • 54.0% in M1b • 40.0% in M1c |
• GS
• PSA • Age |
| Kim KH, 2015 18 | M1 = 398 | • CAB (LHRH agonist
plus AA) |
Median follow up
44 months |
Median CSS was 65 months | • GS
• PSA nadir • TTN • PSA Half Life • N1 |
| Kimura, 2014 24 | M1 = 3006 | • Type of ADT was not
clear |
Median followed
up in young, middle and elderly group was 25.5, 35.3 and 38.5 months |
The 5-years OS
• Young age was 26.6% • Middle age was 59.7% • Elderly age was 55.3% |
• GS
• Concomitant bone and visceral metastasis • Age • Clinical T |
| Koo, 2014 17 | M1b = 248 | • Type of ADT was not
clear |
Median follow up
39.3 months |
Median CSS in PSA nadir
• < 0.2 ng/ml was 70 months • ≥ 0.2 ng/ml was 50 months |
• PSA nadir
• ALP • ECOG |
| Kwak 2002 23 | M1 = 145 | • LHRH agonist with or
without AA • Orchiectomy |
Median follow up
39 months |
Median survival of patients
with Nadir PSA (months) • < 0.2, = 53 • 0.2 to 1.0 = 42 • 1.1 to 10 = 24 • >10.1 = 15 |
• Nadir PSA |
| Miller 1992 25 | M1 = 48
patients |
• Orchiectomy
• LHRH agonist • Diethylatibestrol |
Median follow up
42 months |
Median PFS 19 months | • Nadir PSA |
| Miyamoto 14 | M1 – 94 | • LHRH agonist with AA | Median follow up
38.8 months |
5-yr OS rate 62.5% | • PSA
• Gleason Grade |
| Nayyar 2010 16 | M1 = 412 | • Surgical castration
• Medical castration • Antiandrogen |
Median follow up
55 months |
Median OS 5.7 years | • GS
• PSA doubling time |
| Park, 2009 15 | M1 = 131 | • LHRH agonist with or
without AA • Orchiectomy |
Median follow up
was 53.0 months |
Median CSS
• Short PSA doubling time was 35 months • Long PSA doubling time 95 months |
• High Nadir PSA
• Short PSA half time • Short PSA doubling time after nadir |
| Sasaki 2011 22 | M1 = 412 | • Bilateral orchiectomy
• LHRH agonist |
NM | Median OS 5.7 years | • PSA half time
• PSA doubling time • GS |
| Teoh 2017 21 | M1b = 419 | • LHRH agonist
• Bilateral orchiectomy |
Median follow up
was 48 months |
Median OS was 28 months | • PSA nadir ≥ 2 ng/ml
• TTN < 9.09 months |
| Tomiokoa 2014 20 | M1 = 236 | • LHRH agonist
• surgical castration • AA monotherapy • CAB |
Median follow up
47 months |
The 5-years OS was 63% | • Nadir PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/ml
• TTN < 6 month |
ADT = androgen deprivation therapy; LHRH = luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; AA = anti androgen; CAB = combined anti androgen; PSA = prostate specific antigen; OS = overall survival; GS = Gleason score; TTN = time to nadir; NM = not mentioned; NSAID = non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug; ECOG PS = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; PS = Performance Status; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; N1= regional nodal metastasis