Abstract
Background
Open heart surgery is associated with high occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), subsequently increasing the risk of post-operative ischemic stroke. Concomitant with open heart surgery, a cardiac ablation procedure is commonly performed in patients with known AF, often followed by left atrial appendage closure with surgery (LAACS). However, the protective effect of LAACS on the risk of cerebral ischemia following cardiac surgery remains controversial. We have studied whether LAACS in addition to open heart surgery protects against post-operative ischemic brain injury regardless of a previous AF diagnosis.
Methods
One hundred eighty-seven patients scheduled for open heart surgery were enrolled in a prospective, open-label clinical trial and randomized to concomitant LAACS vs. standard care. Randomization was stratified by usage of oral anticoagulation (OAC) planned to last at least 3 months after surgery. The primary endpoint was a composite of post-operative symptomatic ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack or imaging findings of silent cerebral ischemic (SCI) lesions.
Results
During a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, 14 (16%) primary events occurred among patients receiving standard surgery vs. 5 (5%) in the group randomized to additional LAACS (hazard ratio 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8, p = 0.02). In per protocol analysis (n = 141), 14 (18%) primary events occurred in the control group vs. 4 (6%) in the LAACS group (hazard ratio 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–1.0, p = 0.05).
Conclusions
In a real-world setting, LAACS in addition to elective open-heart surgery was associated with lower risk of post-operative ischemic brain injury. The protective effect was not conditional on AF/OAC status at baseline.
Trial registration
LAACS study, clinicaltrials.gov NCT02378116, March 4th 2015, retrospectively registered.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13019-018-0740-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, Heart surgery, Left atrial appendage closure, Stroke
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after open heart surgery and is associated with both early perioperative and late post-operative stroke [1–5]. Previous studies report incident AF in 10 to 65% of patients after open heart surgery [1, 6], with highest incidences after a combination of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve surgery [7]. In patients with non-operative AF, the risk of ischemic stroke is markedly reduced by adequate OAC [8]. However, the management of post-operative AF is still a challenge and is by some regarded as a transient phenomenon not requiring intervention [9, 10]. The risk of bleeding poses a significant limitation to the use of OAC, which consequently increases focus on left atrial appendage (LAA) closure [11, 12], as the LAA is a predilection site for thrombus formation during AF [13, 14]. Importantly, the patient population undergoing open heart surgery is often frail and carry comorbidities such as hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which add risk of future AF and stroke complications [15]. Moreover, a large fraction of these elderly individuals also have subclinical AF that portends an adverse prognosis comparable to recognized AF [16]. It is therefore conceivable that LAACS in conjunction with open heart surgery could mitigate the risk of stroke both in patients with and without overt AF at time of surgery. Notwithstanding, the evidence for routine use of LAACS during elective open-heart surgery is controversial. Accordingly, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of LAACS on cerebral ischemia following scheduled open-heart surgery. We hypothesized that surgical LAACS protects against cerebral ischemia in the following years regardless of AF status at time of surgery.
Methods
Study design
From August 2010 to September 2015, we conducted a prospective, randomized, open label study on patients scheduled for open heart surgery to receive either concomitant LAACS or standard care. The LAACS study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02378116). The study was initiated at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Gentofte, Denmark. During 2010, the Department of Thoracic Surgery was transferred and merged with the equivalent department at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, where the study continued. Patients were randomized the day before surgery after signing informed consent. To ensure a balanced distribution of patients receiving OAC between the two study-arms, randomization was stratified according to ongoing use of anti-coagulation. This included patients undergoing surgical biological valve replacement until January 2012, as post-operative anti-coagulation was no longer recommended [17].
Patients were randomized 1:1 by a computer-generated randomization in blocks of 16 patients. Since we expected substantial cross-over, procedures were monitored at the end of each operation for cross-over. If one of the study groups reached a discrepancy of 4 between randomization allocation and the actual operation, the randomization block was suspended and substituted by a 3:1 randomization in the next block (n 16) to compensate for the difference.
The study protocol recommended double closure with both purse string and running suture, although this closure method was not mandatory. Patients were invited to pre-surgery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (MRI-0) whenever possible. Immediately after discharge, all patients were invited for a post-operative baseline brain MRI scan (MRI-1) scheduled between 2 and 4 weeks after discharge and a follow-up MRI (MRI-2) performed at least 6 months after surgery.
Study population
Consecutive patients undergoing planned first-time open-heart surgery (CABG, valve surgery or a combination of both) during the study period were asked to participate in the trial, provided that their residence was within 40 km radius from the hospital. Major exclusion criteria included endocarditis and implanted pacemaker (see Additional file 1: Table S1 for full inclusion and exclusion criteria). All patients in the LAACS arm were invited to undergo post-operative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) by a senior cardiologist to visualize the LAA and the quality of the closure. Patients could decline TEE and remain in the study for follow-up.
MRI analyses
The brain MRI included imaging of cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. All MRIs were reviewed by a fellow in radiology with years of experience, and the possibility of consulting unclear cases with a neuro radiologist. Radiologists were blinded to randomization. MRI-criteria for silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) were equivalent to those in the Framingham offspring study, i.e., cavitating lesions ≥3 mm with CSF-like signal intensities on T1, T2 and FLAIR [17]. Both acute and old SCIs were included. Differentiation from dilated Virchow-Robins spaces (dVRS) was attempted using the location criterion (i.e., excluding lesions along perforating or medullary arteries or in the lower third of the basal ganglia) and shape criterion (i.e. oval lesions criteria along the penetrating arteries with intensity close to CSF were considered dVRS) [18].
Endpoint definitions
The pre-specified endpoint protocol was post-operative cerebral ischemic events defined as a composite of first ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (ICD-10: DG450–9), increased amount of SCI between MRI-1 and MRI-2 and post-operative findings of SCI by brain imaging (computed tomography [CT] or MRI) performed in clinical settings unrelated to study enrollment.
Secondary outcomes were strict symptomatic ischemic strokes. That is, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, excluding cerebral ischemic events classified solely on imaging findings and all-cause mortality. We followed all patients for at least 1 year after surgery. The clinical outcomes Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack were ascertained by following the patient’s electronic records yearly. Patients vital status were obtained using data from the Central Office of Civil Registration, which comprises all citizens in Denmark. Additionally, telephone interviews were performed after minimum 1 year to ascertain whether the patients had experienced signs of clinically unrecognized cerebral ischemia. If so, it would be registered as a transient ischemic attack.
Power calculation
We based our power calculations on the incidence of AF among patients undergoing open heart surgery and the expected variation in a combined end-point of clinical stroke, transitory ischemic attack (TIA), and occurrence of silence infarctions, which included findings of newly silent lacunar infarctions with imaging in clinical settings and changes on number of lacunar infarctions from baseline MRI (at discharge) to MR2. Incident stroke occurs in 1–5% of heart surgery patients [19–21], often within the first months following surgery [22]. At the initiation of the study, there were almost no studies with long-term MRI follow-up after open heart surgery [23]. Around 50% of patients undergoing surgery of carotid arteries have lacunar infarctions on MRI [24], and the presence of AF roughly doubles the risk of strokes [25]. We assumed an equivalent prevalence of 50–70% of infarctions counting both subclinical and clinical peri-operative strokes/TIA. This is equivalent to findings on CABG surgery [26] and valve surgery [23], respectively, where MRI changes occur in 40–70% of patients. Therefore, we assumed that closure of the LAA would reduce findings on MRI scans and clinical strokes/TIA from a total of 60 to 35% with a 5% margin. With a significance level of 5%, we calculated that we could demonstrate this benefit with a 5% margin and 90% power by including 90 patients. After the initiation of the study, it became apparent that MRI scans were not feasible for many patients. Hence, we recalculated the number of patients needed based on newer data on occurrence of stroke after heart surgery [27–30], considering a three- to five-fold increased risk of stroke in patients with non-contracting, patent LAA who had undergone MAZE-procedure during surgery [31] combined with an occurrence of images of infarction after CABG over 20% [32], the latter including MRI changes [23, 26]. Without other available evidence on truly long-term follow-up studies after heart surgery associated to AF, we calculated that we could investigate the protective effect of LAACS based on any signs of cerebral infarction (stroke, TIA or imaging evidence of silent cerebral ischemia) through randomization of 400 patients, if LAACS could reduce events from 65 to 45% with a significance level of 5 and 91% power. With 88% power, a second calculation showed a necessity of including 100 patients in each group. Therefore, we maintained our plan to randomize 200 patients.
Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed using SAS statistical software package version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Continuous variables are presented as mean±standard deviation and categorical variables as number and percentages. After inspection for normality, differences between the LAACS and control group were evaluated by Student’s t-test (continuous variables) and by Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables) where appropriate. Cause specific Cox time to event analysis was used to estimate the rate ratios for incident stroke and all-cause mortality according to randomization. A cumulative probability plot of incident stroke according to randomization was generated by Fine and Gray competing risk regression using death as a competing event [33]. All outcome analyses were performed as intention to treat and per protocol. Patients were considered to have complied with the treatment protocol when LAAC was performed according to randomization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate model dependence on imaging findings by comparing overall results with a model that only included events due to symptomatic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Ethics
The project was approved by Regional Ethics Committee of Capital Region Denmark (protocol number H-3-2010-017) and follows the Helsinki declaration.
Results
Of 914 patients invited to participate, 205 (22.4%) were enrolled. Of those, 187 (91.2%) were randomized and 141 (75.4%) ultimately followed the treatment protocol (see Additional file 2: Figure S1). During the second year of the study, discrepancy between randomization and performed procedure reached a difference of four (due to overweight of patients randomized to LAACS who did not undergo closure), and the following randomization blocks of 16 patients were switched to 3:1 randomization. The rest of the study randomization continued 1:1.
Two patients randomized to additional LAACS crossed over due to technical difficulties during the operation, and the LAACS procedure was avoided. In five patients with known paroxysms of AF, the surgeons changed the planned operation adding intra-operative ablation and closing the left appendage, despite randomization to the control group. Baseline characteristics of randomized participants are showed in Table 1. No adverse events such as bleeding due to LAACS procedure were recorded. 75 (40%) patients underwent both of the planned brain MRIs. Thirty patients had brain infarctions in pre-surgery MRI. Of 74 patients who underwent subsequent MRI shortly after discharge, 11 had SCI at post-discharge MRI. Among 75 available sets of post-discharge and long-term MRI, only two had new SCI, one in each group.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to randomized left atrial appendage closure
| Variable | Not closed (n = 86) | Closed (n = 101) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age – years | 69.3 ± 8.8 | 67.6 ± 9.6 | |
| Men - n (%) | 75 (87.2) | 84 (83.2) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Congestive heart failure - n (%) | 15 (17.9) | 16 (15.8) | |
| Atrial fibrillation - n (%) | 12 (12.8) | 18 (16.8) | |
| Diabetes - n (%) | 19 (22.1) | 31 (30.7) | |
| Hypertension - n (%) | 60 (69.8) | 75 (74.3) | |
| CHADS-VASc – unit | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | |
| Prior stroke - n (%) | 15 (17.4) | 11 (10.9) | |
| Chronic kidney diseasea - n (%) | 14 (16.3) | 15 (14.9) | |
| Medicine | |||
| ASA - n (%) | 69 (80.2) | 75 (74.3) | |
| Clopidogrel - n (%) | 14 (16.3) | 19 (18.8) | |
| OAC | |||
| VKA - n (%) | 26 (30.2) | 36 (35.6) | |
| NOAC - n (%) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Beta-blocker - n (%) | 47 (54.7) | 61 (60.4) | |
| Verapamil - n (%) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Calcium-blocker - n (%) | 19 (21.3) | 34 (33.7) | |
| Digoxin - n (%) | 5 (5.6) | 3 (3.0) | |
| Renin-angiotensin system blocker - n (%) | 40 (46.5) | 54 (53.5) | |
| Amiodarone - n (%) | 23 (26.7) | 18 (17.8) | |
| Statin - n (%) | 74 (86.0) | 81 (80.2) | |
| Procedural characteristics | |||
| Surgery type | |||
| AVR only - n (%) | 17 (19.1) | 17 (16.8) | |
| AVR with CABG - n (%) | 20 (22.5) | 22 (21.8) | |
| AVR with aortic surgery - n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) | |
| AVR with MVR - n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Aortic surgery only - n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
| CABG only - n (%) | 40 (46.5) | 50 (49.5) | |
| CABG with MVR - n (%) | 2 (2.3) | 2 (2.0) | |
| MVR only - n (%) | 4 (4.5) | 7 (6.9) | |
| Tricuspid surgery only - n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Perioperative atrial fibrillation - n (%) | 52 (60.5) | 50 (50.0) | |
Abbreviations CHADS-VASc Congestive heart failure, hypertension, age [≥75 years], diabetes, stroke – peripheral vascular disease, age [≥65 years], sex-category, OAC Oral anticoagulation, VKA Vitamin K-antagonist, NOAC Novel oral anticoagulation, IQR: interquartile range
aeGFR< 30 ml/min
There were no detectable differences in randomization to LAACS, age or gender between patients that had the planned brain MRI scans vs. those that did not (all p > 0.35, Additional file 3: Table S2). 10 patients from the LAACS group accepted the invitation to undergo TEE (mean 524 days after surgery date). In none of the cases could the lumen of the LAA or any flow from the appendage orifice be identified.
Clinical outcomes
Follow up was up to 6 years, mean 3.7 ± 1.6 years (totaling 684 patient years of follow-up). End of study was 1 year after reaching our pre-specified sample size of 200 patients. Five patients were lost to follow-up for the primary endpoint and 24 (13%) died. At end of study telephone-interviews, no patient was suspected to have suffered a clinically unrecognized ischemic cerebral event. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there were 5 (5%) primary events in the LAACS-group and 14 (16%) in the control group (hazard ratio 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8, p = 0.02, Table 2, Fig. 1 and Additional file 4: Table S3 Contingency table of individual events). Tests of interaction revealed no dependency of the preventative effect of LAACS on baseline AF status, CHA2DS2-VASc score or use of OAC (p = 0.55, p = 0.56 and p = 0.49 for interaction, respectively). Secondary outcome analysis revealed no detectable difference in all-cause mortality (p = 0.79) between the LAACS group (n = 12, 12%) vs. the controls (n = 12, 14%, Table 2). Similarly, in a sensitivity analysis that excluded the eight patients that underwent primary events only based on radiological findings, there was a trend but no longer a significant reduction in ischemic strokes among patients randomized to LAACS (p = 0.08, Table 2 and Fig. 2).
Table 2.
Proportion of patients meeting endpoints according to randomized left atrial appendage closure, stratified by use of anti-coagulants
| Endpoint | Not closed (n = 86) | Closed (n = 101) | Hazard ratio | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary eventsa | 14 (16.3%) | 5 (5.0%) | 0.3 [95% CI: 0.1–0.8] | 0.0168 |
| Clinical strokeb | 8 (10.0%) | 3 (3.0) | 0.3 [95% CI: 0.1–1.1] | 0.0763 |
| Death | 12 (14.0%) | 12 (11.9%) | 0.8 [95% CI: 0.43–1.9] | 0.6562 |
aDefined as first of postoperative symptomatic ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack or imaging evidence of new silent infarct
bExcluding 8 patients that were classified as primary events due to imaging findings
Fig. 1.
Cumulative probability of primary events (combined ischemic stroke, transitory ischemic stroke or silent ischemic images) according to randomized LAACS (left atrial appendage closure with surgery)
Fig. 2.
Cumulative probability of symptomatic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (image findings excluded) according to randomized LAACS (left atrial appendage closure with surgery)
In the per protocol sensitivity analysis (Table 3), there were 4 (6%) primary events in the LAACS group vs. 14 (18%) in the control arm (hazard ratio 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–1.0, p = 0.05). Of note, in the control group, 9 (64%) of the 14 primary events occurred beyond the first year of follow-up (Fig. 1). Secondary outcome analyses again revealed no detectable difference in overall survival or strict symptomatic ischemic strokes between the two study-arms (Table 3).
Table 3.
Proportion of patients meeting endpoints according to per-protocol left atrial appendage closure stratified by use of anti-coagulants
| Endpoint | Not closed (n = 77) |
Closed (n = 64) |
Hazard ratio | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary eventsa | 14 (18.2%) | 4 (6.3%) | 0.3 [95% CI: 0.1–0.9] | 0.0237 |
| Clinical strokeb | 8 (11.3%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.3 [95% CI: 0.1–1.3] | 0.0907 |
| Death | 10 (13.0%) | 6 (9.4%) | 0.7 [95% CI: 0.3–2.3] | 0.7067 |
aDefined as first of postoperative symptomatic ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack or imaging evidence of new silent infarct
bExcluding 8 patients that were classified as primary events due to imaging findings
The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Discussion
This is the first randomized study where LAACS in addition to first-time open-heart surgery (CABG, valve or combination of both) seems to protect against post-operative cerebral ischemic events several years after surgery. Despite a substantial number of cross-overs, results were consistent in the intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Furthermore, the impact during long-term follow-up should become visible in patients with AF, which may be offset with effective anticoagulation.
Thus, LAACS seems as a safe, low cost and easily feasible procedure that may mitigate risk of post-operative cerebral ischemia among patients undergoing planned heart surgery.
Although encouraging, these results must be interpreted cautiously. The study is not powered to demonstrate a protection against stroke. Furthermore, the rationale for including SCI in the composite primary endpoint is rather indirect [34, 35]. Yet, we found a trend towards higher stroke and TIA events in the control group (p = 0.07), which seems to support the relevance of SCI as true brain damage.
Comparing our findings to available literature, it is generally accepted that there is very little evidence on the effects of surgical closure of the LAA [36]. A previous study from 2000 by Johnson et al. showed no safety issues regarding LAACS among the 437 patients included, where of which 43 appendages were stapled and 391 were sutured. [37] In a recent systematic review of LAA closure, the authors concluded that there are no randomized clinical trials and that published evidence is insufficient to assess the benefits of LAACS but there is seemingly no adverse risk associated with the procedure [36].
Of note, most of the primary events in the present control group were late ischemic strokes well clear of the time of surgery and the complex array of risk factors related to perioperative stroke. This is in support of the theory that post-operative ischemic events by large are unrelated to the surgical procedure per se, but instead originate from LAA thrombus formation induced by AF. The facts that LAA is a prevalent site of thrombus formation during AF and that the incidence of AF after open heart surgery is as high as 50–60% further supports this hypothesis [38]. In turn, this may also explain why the effect of LAACS was not altered by baseline AF status, as there is a general consensus that post-operative AF is associated with late post-operative stroke [1, 22, 39]. Thus, LAACS may act by blocking a causal mechanism for late ischemic strokes induced by either pre- or post-operative AF.
A major concern of surgical versus percutaneous LAA closure is the risk of incomplete closure [40], although there is very little evidence that supports this notion [11]. In our study, we found no signs of incomplete LAACS among the 10 participants that underwent TEE. With any of the surgical techniques, there is a risk of incomplete LAACS, though it varies greatly depending upon the surgical technique utilized and the definition of surgical failure [41]. Nevertheless, a recent experimental study in vitro comparing epicardial closure supports double closure with both purse string and running suture as recommended in our protocol [42].
Study limitations
The study was halted before reaching the planned randomization of 200 patients due to competing studies recruiting patients for heart surgery. Nevertheless, according to our findings, it would be sufficient to include 35 patients in each group with 90% power to find a difference on the combination of stroke, TIA and SCI 2 years after surgery with a significance level of 5%. Furthermore, due to the frailty of the patients included, the discomfort of cerebral MRI and the physically- and mentally challenging period postoperatively, it was only possible to perform full sets of MRI scans in 75 patients. However, the patients who were not able to participate in all MRI scans agreed to stay active in the study for future clinical follow up. The fact that all patients did not undergo the planned MRI scans may have introduced a selection-bias, as frail patients may be more prone to decline the brain MRI scans. However, results from sensitivity analyses restricted to symptomatic ischemic strokes support the results that included imaging findings. Another limitation is the fact that only 10 patients accepted postoperative TEE. An unnoticed incomplete LAA closure, may thus have provoked events.
Conclusion
In a real-world setting, LAACS during elective open-heart surgery was associated with a lower risk of ischemic cerebral events following open heart surgery.
Additional files
Table S1. Complete inclusion/exclusion criteria. Table listing inclusion and exclusion criteria. (DOCX 13 kb)
Figure S1. Flow-chart. Figure showing the flow-chart from screening until randomization (DOCX 50 kb)
Table S2. Baseline characteristics among patients that underwent planned brain MRI scans vs. those that did not. Table showing characteristics of patients who underwent MRI compared to those who did not. (DOCX 19 kb)
Table S3. Breakdown of primary events according to randomized treatment. Table showing brake-down of events in patients with closed LAA compared with the control group where LAA remained open. (DOCX 19 kb)
Acknowledgements
The study group would like to thank senior radiographer Jakob Moeller for his extraordinary work and advise with the MRI part of the study. Thanks to neuro-radiologist Dr. Bodil Damgaard for consultancy regarding MRI analysis. We would also like to thank Dr. Mie Jonsson for assisting with patient recruitment and senior neurologist Dr. Thomas Truelsen for consultancy regarding follow-up.
Funding
Det Medicinske Selskab i København (research grant), Research Council in Herlev Hospital (research grant) and Research Council in Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (research grant). Pfizer sponsored one of the meetings of the LAACS group.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- AF
Atrial fibrillation
- CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting
- CI
Confidence interval
- CT
Computed tomography
- dVRS
Dilated Virchow-Robins spaces
- eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
- HR
Hazard ratio
- ICD
International classification of diseases
- IQR
Inter-quartile range
- LAA
Left atrial appendage
- LAACS
Left atrium appendage closure with surgery
- MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NOAC
Novel oral anticoagulation
- OAC
Oral anti-coagulants
- SCI
Silent cerebral infarcts
- TEE
Transesophageal echocardiography
- TIA
Transitory ischemic attack (TIA)
- VKA
Vitamin K-antagonist
Authors’ contributions
All authors meet ICMJE guidelines for contribution: made substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. HD conceived the research. HD and AI designed the study, with subsequent collaboration from SVJH, CLC, CK and ER. AMG and HD performed statistical analysis. JPH, HD, SVJH, CLC, BN, JSRC, ASN and RGCR gathered data. Each author has participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was accepted by the National Ethics Committee in Denmark (H-3-2010-017). All subjects provided a signed informed consent for participation and accepted the publication of the results.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Footnotes
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13019-018-0740-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Contributor Information
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Table S1. Complete inclusion/exclusion criteria. Table listing inclusion and exclusion criteria. (DOCX 13 kb)
Figure S1. Flow-chart. Figure showing the flow-chart from screening until randomization (DOCX 50 kb)
Table S2. Baseline characteristics among patients that underwent planned brain MRI scans vs. those that did not. Table showing characteristics of patients who underwent MRI compared to those who did not. (DOCX 19 kb)
Table S3. Breakdown of primary events according to randomized treatment. Table showing brake-down of events in patients with closed LAA compared with the control group where LAA remained open. (DOCX 19 kb)
Data Availability Statement
The dataset analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.