Fig. 1.

Reasons for the difference in longevity (days) by each factor between the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) presented separately by gender. Explained difference in longevity (days) was calculated from the results in online Supplementary Tables 9 and 10: socioeconomic status (model 1 minus model 2), family-based social relationships (model 1 minus model 3), friendships-based social relationships (model 1 minus model 4), physical activity (model 5 minus model 6), alcohol drinking (model 5 minus model 7), smoking (model 5 minus model 8), and BMI (model 5 minus model 9).