Abstract
Background
Limited data on elderly patients with squamous advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) preclude optimal treatment. Here, we report the outcomes of a retrospective analysis of a subset of patients ≥70 years with squamous histology from the Phase III trial that evaluated nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Patients and methods
Patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC received (1:1) nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 or paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 on day 1, both with carboplatin area under the curve 6 mg×min/mL on day 1 every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was independently assessed overall response rate as per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.0. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety.
Results
Sixty-five patients ≥70 years with squamous histology were included (nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin, n=35; paclitaxel/carboplatin, n=30). nab-Paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin, respectively, resulted in an overall response rate of 46% vs 20% (response rate ratio, 2.29, P=0.029) and a median overall survival of 16.9 vs 8.6 months (hazard ratio, 0.50, P=0.018). No difference was observed in median progression-free survival (5.7 months for both). Incidences of grade 3/4 neutropenia (50% vs 63%), leukopenia (29% vs 37%), fatigue (3% vs 13%), and peripheral neuropathy (3% vs 13%) were lower, but those of thrombocytopenia (21% vs 10%) and anemia (21% vs 7%) were higher with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Conclusion
nab-Paclitaxel/carboplatin was efficacious and tolerable in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC. These results build upon prior analyses, indicating that nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin is effective for this difficult-to-treat patient subgroup.
Keywords: taxanes, comorbidities, age, chemotherapy, histology
Introduction
Although elderly patients account for a large percentage of those diagnosed with lung cancer (median age at diagnosis is 70 years), treatment of this population remains challenging and the median age at death is 72 years.1,2 Treatment of elderly patients or those with comorbidities may be complicated by perceptions of increased susceptibility to toxicity.3 Patients ≥70 years are also underrepresented in clinical trials, resulting in few tested treatment options for this patient population.4,5 Single-agent therapy was once considered a standard of care for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, evidence has demonstrated that platinum-doublet chemotherapy can also benefit these patients.6–9 Thus, platinum-doublet therapy is recommended as first-line treatment for elderly patients with NSCLC. According to the European Society for Medical Oncology, platinum-based chemotherapy is preferred for elderly patients, including those with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2.8 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network does not provide specific recommendations for elderly patients with NSCLC, but platinum doublets are recommended for all age groups as first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC.10 The recent advent of immuno-oncology agents has improved the treatment landscape of NSCLC, but treatment options for elderly patients remain limited. To date, there has been no randomized immuno-oncology study devoted specifically to the elderly population, with results available only from retrospective analyses of the main trials. Therefore, the impact of these agents on elderly patients with NSCLC has yet to be fully determined. The programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor pembrolizumab was recently added to the recommended treatments for first-line therapy by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network for patients (all ages) with advanced NSCLC and PD-L1-positive and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)-, ROS1-negative/unknown tumors.10
The relationship between histology and treatment outcomes in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC remains to be determined. Two separate analyses of Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results data – one that included >316,000 patients with lung cancer and the other one that included >51,000 patients with stage IV NSCLC – indicated that at least 20% of patients ≥70 years had squamous NSCLC.11,12 Although results likely vary by treatment type and line of therapy, patients with squamous histology may have worse outcomes compared with patients with other histologic subtypes; therefore, improved treatment options for this patient subset are necessary.12 Some agents are not indicated or recommended in patients with squamous NSCLC, and patients with squamous histology are not likely to have sensitizing EGFR mutations, further limiting their treatment options.10 Chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with squamous histology,14,15 making it an important option for these patients. Taken together, a treatment regimen that improves outcomes in patients with advanced squamous NSCLC who are ≥70 years is important for improving care in this patient subset.
nab-Paclitaxel, a microtubule inhibitor, is a nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel bound to human albumin. Results from the Phase III registrational trial of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin in advanced NSCLC indicate that this regimen may be an effective and safe treatment option for patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC.13 In a subset analysis of elderly patients, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin demonstrated a nearly 20-month median overall survival (OS; 19.9 months), which was almost double that observed with paclitaxel/carboplatin (10.4 months).5 Treatment with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin also resulted in a significant improvement in the overall response rate (ORR) compared with paclitaxel/carboplatin in the subgroup of patients with squamous histology (41% vs 21%; P<0.001).14 No new safety signals were observed with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment relative to the intent-to-treat (ITT) population.
This exploratory analysis of the Phase III trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin in elderly patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. Although this analysis focused on patients ≥70 years, some data for patients ≥60 and ≥65 years are provided for comparison.
Patients and methods
Patients, study design, and methods of the Phase III trial (NCT00540514)13 were described previously. Briefly, patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed stage IIIB or IV NSCLC, measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.0, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–1 were eligible. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive first-line nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 plus carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) 6 mg×min/mL on day 1 or paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 on day 1 with carboplatin AUC 6 mg×min/mL on day 1 – both given every 3 weeks. Stratification factors included disease stage (IIIB vs IV), age (<70 vs ≥70 years), sex (male vs female), histology (squamous vs adenocarcinoma vs other), and geographic region (North American vs Russia/Ukraine vs Japan vs Australia). Completion of ≥6 cycles of treatment was encouraged, and treatment could continue in the absence of disease progression and unacceptable toxicity at the investigator’s discretion. All relevant ethical approvals from institutional review boards/independent ethics committees were obtained prior to study commencement (see Supplementary material for details). Informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to study entry.
The primary endpoint was independently assessed ORR (complete and partial response) as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.0. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS; independent review), OS (overall survival followed up for 18 months posttreatment), and safety. Tumor assessment via computed tomography scans occurred every 6 weeks until tumor progression. Efficacy was evaluated in all randomized patients (ITT population); safety was evaluated in all patients who received ≥1 dose of the study drug.
Statistical methods
The comparison of response rates between regimens was assessed using the chi-square test. PFS and OS were described using Kaplan–Meier methods. Differences in Kaplan–Meier curves were assessed using the log-rank test stratified by geographic region and histology of primary diagnosis. Treatment differences in OS were also analyzed by age groups (from ≥60 to ≥70 years in 1-year increments) using a log-rank test stratified by geographic region to examine the age-related trend. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their CIs were estimated using a stratified (region) Cox proportional hazard model.
Results
Patients
Baseline characteristics of patients with squamous histology stratified by age (≥60, ≥65, and ≥70 years) are summarized in Table 1. Baseline characteristics were comparable across the age groups, regardless of treatment, with a few exceptions. A higher percentage of patients aged ≥60 years was from Eastern Europe, whereas a higher percentage of patients aged ≥70 years was from North America or the Asia/Pacific region. Within each age group, baseline characteristics between treatment arms were generally well balanced. In patients aged ≥70 years, a higher percentage of patients treated with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin was from the Asia/Pacific region and had never smoked, whereas a higher percentage of patients treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin was white, from Eastern Europe, and had smoked and were still smoking.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients ≥60, ≥65, and ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC
| Characteristic | ≥60 years
|
≥65 years
|
≥70 years
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nab-P/C (n=106) |
P/C (n=110)a |
nab-P/C (n=67) |
P/C (n=70)b |
nab-P/C (n=35) |
P/C (n=30)c |
|
| Age, median (range), years | 67 (60–81) | 67 (60–84) | 70 (65–81) | 69 (65–84) | 72 (70–81) | 72 (70–84) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 91 (86) | 94 (85) | 59 (88) | 60 (86) | 30 (86) | 26 (87) |
| Female | 15 (14) | 16 (15) | 8 (12) | 10 (14) | 5 (14) | 4 (13) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 89 (84) | 103 (94) | 53 (79) | 66 (94) | 26 (74) | 28 (93) |
| Black or African American | 5 (5) | 2 (2) | 5 (7) | 1 (1) | 3 (9) | 0 |
| Other | 12 (11) | 5 (5) | 9 (13) | 3 (4) | 6 (17) | 2 (7) |
| ECOG PS, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 24 (23) | 19 (17) | 16 (24) | 12 (17) | 7 (20) | 8 (27) |
| 1 | 82 (77) | 91 (83) | 51 (76) | 58 (83) | 28 (80) | 22 (73) |
| Region, n (%) | ||||||
| Eastern Europe | 74 (70) | 83 (75) | 41 (61) | 48 (69) | 17 (49) | 17 (57) |
| North America | 23 (22) | 22 (20) | 19 (28) | 19 (27) | 13 (37) | 11 (37) |
| Asia/Pacific | 9 (8) | 5 (5) | 7 (10) | 3 (4) | 5 (14) | 2 (7) |
| Australia/New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never smoked | 16 (15) | 16 (15) | 11 (16) | 9 (13) | 7 (20) | 3 (10) |
| Smoked and quit smoking | 35 (33) | 38 (35) | 26 (39) | 27 (39) | 14 (40) | 11 (38) |
| Smoked and currently smokes | 55 (52) | 54 (50) | 30 (45) | 33 (48) | 14 (40) | 15 (52) |
Notes:
n=108 for smoking status;
n=69 for smoking status;
n=29 for smoking status.
Abbreviations: ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Efficacy results
Median OS increased with age in patients treated with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin (11.8, 13.9, and 16.9 months for patients ≥60, ≥65, and ≥70 years, respectively), but remained stable with paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment (~9 months; Table 2). In patients aged ≥70 years with squamous histology, treatment with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin resulted in a significantly longer OS vs paclitaxel/carboplatin (median, 16.9 vs 8.6 months; HR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.275–0.896; P=0.018; Figure 1A). However, PFS was similar between treatment arms in elderly patients (median, 5.7 months for both groups; HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.347–1.339; P=0.267; Figure 1B). ORR increased 2-fold with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (46% vs 20%; response rate ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.025–5.095; P=0.029; Table 2). More patients in the nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin arm than in the paclitaxel/carboplatin arm had deeper radiological responses, as measured by the best change from baseline in target lesion diameters (Figure 2); this observation corroborates the results in all patients with squamous NSCLC, regardless of age (Figure S1).
Table 2.
Efficacy summary for patients ≥60, ≥65, and ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC (randomized patients)
| Outcome | ≥60 years | ≥65 years | ≥70 years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nab-P/C (n=106) | P/C (n=110) | nab-P/C (n=67) | P/C (n=70) | nab-P/C (n=35) | P/C (n=30) | |
| ORR, % | 45 | 25 | 46 | 26 | 46 | 20 |
| Ratio of ORR (95% CI) P-value | 1.85 (1.251–2.721) 0.001 | 1.80 (1.120–2.892) 0.012 | 2.29 (1.025–5.095) 0.029 | |||
| Median OS, months | 11.8 | 9.5 | 13.9 | 9.4 | 16.9 | 8.6 |
| HR (95% CI) P-value | 0.70 (0.510–0.961) 0.027 | 0.62 (0.411–0.928) 0.019 | 0.50 (0.275–0.896) 0.018 | |||
| Median PFS, months | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| HR (95% CI) P-value | 0.71 (0.499–1.014) 0.059 | 0.70 (0.443–1.102) 0.121 | 0.68 (0.347–1.339) 0.267 | |||
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin; PFS, progression-free survival.
Figure 1.
(A) OS and (B) PFS in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC.
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OS, overall survival; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin; PFS, progression-free survival.
Figure 2.
Best change from baseline in the total length of target lesions in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC.
Abbreviations: nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Treatment exposure
Taxane dose intensity was higher with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment in patients with squamous histology who were aged ≥70 years (76.69 vs 63.16 mg/m2/week; Table 3). The median number of cycles administered was similar between the treatment groups (five and six for nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin and paclitaxel/carboplatin, respectively).
Table 3.
Treatment exposure in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC
| Parameter | nab-P/C (n=34) |
P/C (n=30) |
|---|---|---|
| Median number of cycles administered | 5 | 6 |
| Median dose intensity | ||
| Taxane, mg/m2/week | 76.69 | 63.16 |
| Carboplatin, AUC/week | 1.45 | 1.89 |
| Median cumulative dose | ||
| Taxane, mg/m2 | 1,175.0 | 1,200.0 |
| Carboplatin, AUC | 26.3 | 36.0 |
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Safety
In patients aged ≥70 years with squamous histology, grade 3/4 adverse events were mainly hematologic (Table 4). nab-Paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment resulted in less grade 3/4 neutropenia (50% vs 63%), leukopenia (29% vs 37%), and fatigue (3% vs 13%), but more thrombocytopenia (21% vs 10%) and anemia (21% vs 7%). Treatment-related grade 3/4 peripheral neuropathy occurred in 3% and 13% of patients treated with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin and paclitaxel/carboplatin, respectively.
Table 4.
Selected safety data for patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC (treated patients)
| Adverse events, % | nab-P/C (n=34) |
P/C (n=30) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1/2 | Grade 3/4 | Grade 1/2 | Grade 3/4 | |
| Hematologic | ||||
| Neutropenia | 32 | 50 | 23 | 63 |
| Leukopenia | 59 | 29 | 50 | 37 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 32 | 21 | 53 | 10 |
| Anemia | 79 | 21 | 90 | 7 |
| Nonhematologic | ||||
| Fatigue | 32 | 3 | 20 | 13 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 50 | 3 | 60 | 13 |
Abbreviations: nab-P/C, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; P/C, paclitaxel/carboplatin.
Discussion
In this exploratory analysis of the Phase III registrational trial, first-line nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin was efficacious and tolerable in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC compared with paclitaxel/carboplatin. These results support the role of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin as a treatment option in NSCLC and may help address an unmet need – the lack of data on clinical outcomes in elderly patients with squamous NSCLC.
The efficacy and safety results from this analysis are consistent with the data reported separately for the elderly and squamous populations in previous publications from the Phase III trial.5,13,14 In the Phase III trial, the ORR in patients ≥70 years was numerically higher with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin (34% vs 24%, P=0.196); OS was significantly improved (median, 19.9 vs 10.4 months, P=0.009), and PFS trended in favor of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin (median, 8.0 vs 6.8 months, P=0.134) in these patients.5 In a subset analysis that assessed outcomes by histology (regardless of age), patients with squamous histology experienced a significantly higher ORR with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin than with paclitaxel/carboplatin (41% vs 24%, P<0.001).14 nab-Paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment also resulted in a numerically longer OS vs paclitaxel/carboplatin in these patients (median, 10.7 vs 9.5 months, P=0.310), but no difference in PFS was observed between the regimens. Safety findings reported in these patient populations were similar to those of the ITT population.13 Furthermore, two separate retrospective analyses of the Phase III trial indicated that nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin was effective and tolerable in patients with renal impairment and diabetes.16,17 These findings are relevant to the elderly population because this patient population is often at higher risk of comorbidities.
Platinum-doublet therapy, including nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin, is the preferred first-line option for both elderly and squamous populations.8–10 However, few studies have assessed platinum-doublet therapy in the elderly/squamous patient subgroup. A subset analysis of a Phase III trial evaluating paclitaxel/carboplatin vs vinorelbine or gemcitabine monotherapy (n=451) demonstrated that first-line platinum-doublet chemotherapy was associated with a survival benefit compared with monotherapy in elderly patients with non-adenocarcinoma histology (mainly squamous, but included “other” non-adenocarcinoma histologies).18 In a subset analysis of a Phase III trial of patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC (n=1,093), the addition of necitimumab to platinum-doublet chemotherapy did not demonstrate superior OS compared with platinum-doublet treatment in patients ≥70 years.19 Although, historically, prospective data on platinum doublets in elderly patients with squamous NSCLC are lacking, a recent Phase I/II dose-finding study prospectively evaluated first-line biweekly gemcitabine/carboplatin treatment in patients ≥70 years with advanced or metastatic squamous NSCLC (n=69).15 In the Phase I part of the study, the maximum tolerated dose was not reached, and dose-limiting toxicities included grade 5 renal toxicity and grade 3 thrombocytopenia (both in the same patient); one death occurred (renal failure). In the Phase II part of the study, biweekly gemcitabine/carboplatin was administered at the last dose level tested (gemcitabine 1,100 mg/m2, carboplatin AUC 2.5). The ORR (primary endpoint) was 36% (95% CI, 23.0%–48.8%), the median PFS was 6.7 months (95% CI, 4.2–8.8 months), and the median OS was 13.3 months (95% CI, 7.1–19.6). Grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 12% and 7% of patients, respectively, and grade 2/3 fatigue was observed in 18% of patients. This Phase I/II study demonstrated the feasibility of a modified platinum-doublet regimen as a treatment option for patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC; however, toxicity remains an important factor for this patient subset. The current analysis of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin vs paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment of patients ≥70 years of age with squamous histology from the Phase III trial adds to the limited body of knowledge on safe and effective first-line platinum-doublet options for this patient population.
Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option for patients with advanced NSCLC, including those with squamous histology.20–22 However, data for patients ≥70 years treated with these agents in the first line are limited and based only on retrospective analyses of the main trials. Some early insights can be gleaned from a recent Phase III trial evaluating pembrolizumab vs investigator’s choice of platinum-based chemotherapy (n=305) in patients with metastatic NSCLC and PD-L1 expression on at least 50% of tumor cells with no EGFR or ALK mutations.23 In the trial, pembrolizumab treatment was associated with a survival benefit vs platinum-based chemotherapy in most patient subgroups, including patients aged ≥65 years and those with squamous histology. Although safety data were not reported for these patient subsets, grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events in the overall population were less frequent with pembrolizumab vs platinum-based chemotherapy (27% vs 53%). Additional prospective studies are needed to evaluate immunotherapeutic agents as first-line treatment of elderly patients with squamous NSCLC.
Although these results support the use of nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin in elderly patients with squamous histology, it is important to note the limitations associated with this analysis. This was a post hoc evaluation, which could have introduced statistical bias. Furthermore, this analysis included a small number of patients; therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. In addition, this analysis did not factor in the use of second-line treatment, which could have affected OS outcomes in these patients. Prospective data are needed to confirm the results described here.
Conclusion
The results of this analysis suggest that nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin is an effective treatment option for patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC. In this retrospective analysis, nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin was more efficacious than paclitaxel/carboplatin, resulting in a greater ORR, longer OS, and favorable toxicity. These findings are consistent with those observed in the ITT population and with those in a subset from the previously published Phase III trial.
Clinical practice points
Treatment of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC is challenging due to comorbidities and concerns about increased toxicity. Although some evidence suggests that outcomes may be worse for elderly patients with squamous histology than for other histological subtypes, the impact of histology on treatment outcomes in this patient population remains to be fully investigated.
nab-Paclitaxel combined with carboplatin is approved for the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, including elderly patients and those with squamous histology.
This retrospective analysis from the Phase III registrational trial demonstrated that nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin resulted in longer survival and was well tolerated compared with paclitaxel/carboplatin in patients ≥70 years with squamous NSCLC.
These results also align with previously reported outcomes observed in the Phase III ITT population and with data published separately for the elderly and squamous subsets. Future studies will provide insight on whether a nab-paclitaxel–based regimen is suitable for combination with immunotherapy agents in this patient population.
Acknowledgments
Medical writing assistance was provided by Dena Jacob, PhD, MediTech Media, Ltd, funded by Celgene Corporation. The authors were fully responsible for all content and editorial decisions for this manuscript. This work was supported by Celgene Corporation.
Footnotes
Disclosure
TC, AK, TJO: employment or leadership position and stock ownership, Celgene Corporation. MEO: advisory role, Celgene, GSK, BMS, Pierre Fabre, Medimmune, MSD, Pfizer, Daichii Sankyo. MAS: honoraria and speaker’s bureau, Celgene. PEP: advisory board member of Celgene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Halozyme, Teva, Clovis Oncology, Eli Lilly. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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