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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health logoLink to International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
. 2018 Apr 26;15(5):869. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15050869

Correction: Renzaho, A.M.N., et al. The Synergetic Effect of Targeted Resource Transfers for Families, Child Sensitive Social Protection Programs, and Capacity Building for Effective Social Protection on Children’s Nutritional Status in Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1502

Andre M N Renzaho 1,2,*, Stanley Chitekwe 3, Wen Chen 1,4, Sanjay Rijal 3, Thakur Dhakal 3, Pradiumna Dahal 3
PMCID: PMC5981908  PMID: 29701717

The authors wish to add the following corrections to their paper published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [1]. During the galley proof process, the production of the paper omitted the minus sign for the 95% CI of the results section on the project’s impact on child underweight, wasting, and stunting in the abstract (p. 1) and the manuscript (p. 15).

In the abstract, the sentence regarding the result should be:

“Propensity score matched/weighted models produced better results than the unmatched analyses, and hence we report findings from the radius matching. The intervention resulted in a 5.2 (adjusted difference-in-difference [ADID] = −5.16; 95% CI: −9.55, −0.77), 7.4 (ADID: −7.35; 95% CI: −11.62, −3.08) and 2.8 (ADID = −2.84; 95% CI: −5.58, −0.10) percentage point reduction in the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting among children under the age of five, respectively. The intervention impact was greater in boys than girls for stunting and wasting; and greater in girls than boys for underweight. The intervention also resulted in a 6.7 (ADID = −6.66; 95% CI: −12.13, −1.18), 11.4 (ADID = −11.4; 95% CI: −16.66, −6.13), and 4.1 (ADID = −4.10; 95% CI: −6.43, −1.78) percentage point reduction in the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting among older children (≥24 months). No impact was observed among younger children (<24 months).”

The last two paragraphs in page 15 should be:

Our results suggest that the three matching estimators produced different effects on outcomes. The radius matching algorithm produced more robust results than the nearest neighbor or kernel matching estimators, and hence we report findings from the radius matching. The intervention had a positive impact on height-for-age z-scores (adjusted difference-in-difference (ADID) = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.27, p < 0.05), weight-for-age z-scores (ADID = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.19, p < 0.01), and weight-for-height z-scores (ADID = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.30, p < 0.05).

The intervention resulted in a 5.2 (ADID = −5.16; 95% CI: −9.55, −0.77), 7.4 (ADID: −7.35; 95% CI: −11.62, −3.08) and 2.8 (ADID = −2.84; 95% CI: −5.58, −0.10) percentage point reduction in the proportion of children under the age of five who were stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. Among boys, the intervention resulted in a 6.2 (ADID = −6.15; 95% CI: −11.76, −0.53) and 3.3 (ADID = −3.33; 95% CI: −6.16, −0.49) percentage point reduction in the prevalence of stunting and wasting respectively, but no impact was observed for underweight. Among girls, improvements were observed only for underweight, with a 9.0 (ADID = −9.02; 95% CI: −15.10, −2.94) percentage point reduction in the prevalence of underweight. No impact was observed for stunting or wasting. The analysis by children’s age groups revealed that the intervention resulted in a 6.7 (ADID = −6.66; 95% CI: −12.13, −1.18), 11.4 (ADID = −11.40; 95% CI: −16.66, −6.13), and 4.1 (ADID = −4.10; 95% CI: −6.43, −1.78) percentage point reduction in the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting among older children (≥24 months). No impact was observed among children younger than two years (Table 4; radius matching).

We deleted the word “baseline” in Figure 1:

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Flow diagram detailing the intervention implementation plan and data collection phases.

We also made some changes on Tables 2–4; therefore, the Tables should be as follows:

Table 2.

Summary statistics of the matching variables and estimates of logit regression models for stage 1 of propensity score matching.

Matching Variables All Intervention Control Logit Model
Baseline Follow-Up Baseline Follow-Up
N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD Coefficient SE p-Value
People per household 3000 750 750 750 750
4 people or less 15.3% 36.0% 13.5% 34.2% 21.2% 40.9% 15.3% 36.1% 15.3% 36.1% 0.40 0.14 0.004
5–8 people 63.8% 48.1% 64.8% 47.8% 65.2% 47.7% 60.5% 48.9% 60.5% 48.9% 0.16 0.10 0.111
9 people or above 20.8% 40.6% 21.7% 41.3% 13.6% 34.3% 24.1% 42.8% 24.1% 42.8% Ref
Household wealth index 2899 724 710 731 731
Poor 60.0% 49.0% 89.1% 31.2% 54.2% 49.9% 10.1% 30.2% 10.1% 30.2% 2.17 0.13 0.000
Middle class 20.0% 40.0% 9.7% 29.6% 35.9% 48.0% 23.9% 42.7% 23.9% 42.7% 2.08 0.15 0.000
Rich 20.0% 40.0% 1.2% 11.1% 9.9% 29.8% 65.9% 47.4% 65.9% 47.4% Reference
Child’s age in months 3000 27.98 15.53 750 28.66 15.36 750 28.4 15.71 750 28.08 15.4 750 28.08 15.4 0.01 0.00 0.045
Child’s gender 3000 750 750 750 750
Girl 43.4% 49.6% 44.8% 49.8% 43.6% 49.6% 43.7% 49.6% 43.7% 49.6% Reference
Boy 56.6% 49.6% 55.2% 49.8% 56.4% 49.6% 56.3% 49.6% 56.3% 49.6% −0.08 0.08 0.322
Ethnicity 3000 750 750 750 750
Disadvantage ethnic groups 0.4% 6.6% 1.5% 12.0% 0.1% 3.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.04 1.04 0.050
Dalit Hill/Terai 21.1% 40.8% 21.3% 41.0% 25.5% 43.6% 16.8% 37.4% 16.8% 37.4% 0.01 0.10 0.911
Upper caste Group 78.5% 41.1% 77.2% 42.0% 74.4% 43.7% 83.2% 37.4% 83.2% 37.4% Reference
Father’s education 3000 750 750 750 750
Intermediate or higher 12.6% 33.2% 2.1% 14.5% 16.8% 37.4% 5.6% 23.1% 25.9% 43.8% Reference
Secondary level 30.0% 45.8% 33.1% 47.1% 22.3% 41.6% 38.3% 48.6% 26.4% 44.1% −0.05 0.14 0.744
Primary or less 57.4% 49.5% 64.8% 47.8% 60.9% 48.8% 56.1% 49.7% 47.7% 50.0% 0.27 0.14 0.052

Table 3.

Evaluation of standardized differences in matched sample.

Intervention Comparison % Bias
Unmatched Matched Unmatched Matched
No. of people per household
4 people or less 0.159 0.082 0.128 0.118 −10.30
5–8 people 0.657 0.664 0.629 0.659 1.20
9 people or more 0.184 0.254 0.243 0.223 7.40
Household wealth index
Poor 0.717 0.648 0.484 0.683 −7.40
Middle class 0.227 0.275 0.174 0.240 8.80
Rich 0.056 0.077 0.342 0.077 0.00
Child’s age in months 28.341 25.429 27.476 27.602 −14.00
Child’s gender
Girl 0.438 0.395 0.429 0.421 5.30
Boy 0.562 0.605 0.571 0.579 −5.30
Ethnicity
Disadvantage ethnic groups 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.00
Dalit Hill/Terai 0.224 0.208 0.179 0.212 −1.00
Upper caste Group 0.768 0.791 0.820 0.787 1.00
Father’s education
Primary or less 0.630 0.496 0.519 0.540 −8.90
Secondary level 0.277 0.378 0.323 0.338 8.70
Intermediate or higher 0.093 0.127 0.158 0.122 −1.20

Table 4.

Program impact on child undernutrition.

Original Dataset Matched Dataset: Matching Algorithms
Comparison Intervention Comparison Intervention Kernel ! Nearest Neighbor ! Radius !#
N = 748 N = 743 N = 749 N = 750 ADID 95% CI ADID 95% CI ADID 95% CI ADID 95% CI
Girls a
Height 77.2 (10.3) 77.8 (10.9) 78.7 (11.1) 78.8 (11.7) 0.17 −0.05 0.40 0.65 −0.87 2.18 0.01 −1.43 1.45 0.69 −0.99 2.36
Weight 9.3 (2.4) 9.3 (2.5) 9.7 (2.6) 9.8 (2.9) 0.31 *** 0.22 0.40 0.32 −0.06 0.71 0.13 −0.25 0.51 0.33 * 0.06 0.6
HAZ −2.3 (1.3) −2.6 (1.4) −2.1 (1.3) −2.2 (1.3) 0.21 −0.01 0.44 0.11 −0.06 0.27 0.07 −0.18 0.32 0.15 −0.06 0.36
WAZ −1.7 (1.0) −2.1 (1.1) −1.5 (1.1) −1.6 (1.1) 0.33 *** 0.23 0.44 0.17 * 0.06 0.28 0.13 −0.1 0.37 0.19 * 0.09 0.29
WHZ −0.5 (0.9) −0.8 (1.1) −0.5 (1.0) −0.4 (1.0) 0.31 *** 0.15 0.46 0.17 * 0.05 0.3 0.13 −0.06 0.33 0.18 −0.01 0.36
Stunting 61.9 68 55.5 61 −3.98 −15.44 7.48 −2.65 −9.15 3.85 −5.07 −11.78 1.63 −4.24 −10.4 1.93
Underweight 37.1 53.1 30.8 34.9 −16.25 *** −24.12 −8.38 −7.83 *** −14.39 −1.26 −8.89 −18.96 1.17 −9.02 *** −15.1 −2.94
Wasting 4.5 9.3 7 4.9 −9.29 *** −15.86 −2.72 −2.62 −6.33 1.09 −3.31 −8.2 1.58 −2.47 −5.9 0.95
Boys a
Height 80.2 (11.2) 80.6 (11.2) 82.4 (11.2) 81.6 (11.8) −0.05 −1.17 1.06 0.21 −1.31 1.74 0.13 −1.13 1.39 0.22 −0.9 1.35
Weight 10.2 (2.6) 10.2 (2.7) 10.9 (2.8) 10.7 (3.0) 0.17 −0.17 0.52 0.23 −0.11 0.57 0.21 −0.23 0.66 0.25 −0.09 0.6
HAZ −2.4 (1.3) −2.6 (1.5) −2.0 (1.3) −2.2 (1.4) 0.14 −0.14 0.43 0.16 * 0 0.31 0.08 −0.17 0.33 0.22 * 0.08 0.35
WAZ −1.7 (1.0) −2.1 (1.1) −1.4 (1.1) −1.6 (1.1) 0.26 0.01 0.51 0.19 ** 0.1 0.29 0.17 * 0.01 0.32 0.25 * 0.08 0.42
WHZ −0.6 (0.9) −0.9 (1.2) −0.3 (1.1) −0.4 (1.0) 0.27 *** 0.08 0.47 0.21 * 0.06 0.36 0.20 * 0.02 0.38 0.21 * 0.07 0.36
Stunting 63.7 65.7 50.8 58.8 0.69 −14.00 15.37 −4.14 −10.48 2.19 −1.27 −10.49 7.95 −6.15 * −11.76 −0.53
Underweight 37.4 48.8 27.5 34.8 −9.74 −23.38 3.90 −5.03 −11.19 1.13 −3.39 −13.45 6.67 −6.49 −13.15 0.16
Wasting 6.6 15.3 *** 5.9 6.4 −9.55 *** −14.46 −4.64 −3.11 −6.4 0.19 −3.54 −8.31 1.23 −3.33 * −6.16 −0.49
<2 years b
Height 70.0 (6.5) 69.6 (6.7) 70.8 (7.4) 69.2 (7.4) −0.28 −1.16 0.60 −0.85 * −1.67 −0.02 −0.91 −2.45 0.63 −0.81 * −1.6 −0.02
Weight 7.8 (1.5) 7.5 (1.6) 8.1 (1.8) 7.6 (1.8) 0.03 −0.30 0.37 −0.15 −0.38 0.08 −0.17 −0.45 0.11 −0.14 −0.36 0.08
HAZ −2.0 (1.4) −2.2 (1.5) −1.6 (1.4) −1.9 (1.5) 0.03 −0.21 0.28 0.12 −0.09 0.33 −0.1 −0.37 0.18 0.13 −0.08 0.33
WAZ −1.5 (1.1) −2.0 (1.2) −1.2 (1.2) −1.6 (1.2) 0.18 −0.04 0.41 0.08 −0.06 0.22 −0.01 −0.24 0.23 0.09 −0.08 0.27
WHZ −0.6 (0.9) −1.1 (1.3) −0.5 (1.1) −0.7 (1.1) 0.18 −0.04 0.41 0.05 −0.09 0.2 0.1 −0.15 0.34 0.07 −0.08 0.21
Stunting 52 58.2 39.8 50.8 2.76 −5.16 10.68 −2.48 −8.1 3.14 1.61 −6.44 9.66 −3.57 −10.37 3.23
Underweight 32.6 47.1 23.8 37.1 −5.39 −18.43 7.66 −0.46 −7.8 6.89 1.86 −8.42 12.15 −1.24 −8.08 5.6
Wasting 6.7 18.8 6.8 10.3 −9.19 *** −15.81 −2.57 −1.2 −5.16 2.76 −1.91 −6.88 3.05 −1.03 −4.2 2.13
≥2 years b
Height 87.1 (7.1) 86.4 (7.9) 88.3 (7.1) 87.9 (7.6) 0.53 −0.12 1.18 0.41 −0.18 1.01 0.59 −0.45 1.63 0.74 −0.16 1.64
Weight 11.7 (1.9) 11.4 (2.0) 12.1 (2.0) 12.1 (2.1) 0.39 *** 0.12 0.66 0.36 *** 0.12 0.6 0.44 ** 0.18 0.69 0.44 *** 0.25 0.63
HAZ −2.6 (1.1) −2.8 (1.2) −2.4 (1.1) −2.4 (1.3) 0.15 −0.02 0.31 0.17 * 0.06 0.28 0.12 −0.03 0.28 0.21 * 0.06 0.35
WAZ −1.9 (1.0) −2.1 (1.1) −1.6 (1.0) −1.6 (1.0) 0.28 *** 0.12 0.44 0.28 *** 0.18 0.37 0.27 ** 0.13 0.41 0.30 *** 0.19 0.41
WHZ −0.5 (0.9) −0.6 (1.0) −0.3 (1.0) −0.2 (0.9) 0.29 *** 0.11 0.47 0.26 *** 0.17 0.35 0.29 ** 0.12 0.46 0.27 *** 0.14 0.4
Stunting 73 73.1 62.8 65.8 0.05 −6.01 6.11 −4.82 −10.23 0.6 −4.05 −12.54 4.44 −6.66 ** −12.13 −1.18
Underweight 41.5 53.3 32.8 33.3 −14.87 *** −23.27 −6.46 −10.45 *** −16.02 −4.88 −9.2 −18.52 0.11 −11.40 *** −16.66 −6.13
Wasting 4.9 8.2 6.1 2.7 −8.51 *** −13.91 −3.11 −3.86 ** −5.98 −1.74 −6.22 ** −9.22 −3.22 −4.10 ** −6.43 −1.78
All c
Height 78.9 (10.9) 79.3 (11.1) 80.8 (11.3) 80.3 (11.9) 0.11 −0.51 0.72 0.42 −0.68 1.52 −0.11 −1.08 0.86 0.48 −0.33 1.28
Weight 9.8 (2.6) 9.8 (2.7) 10.4 (2.8) 10.3 (3.0) 0.26 ** 0.05 0.47 0.27 * 0 0.55 0.17 −0.12 0.47 0.29 −0.01 0.6
HAZ −2.3 (1.3) −2.6 (1.4) −2.1 (1.3) −2.2 (1.4) 0.17 * 0.03 0.31 0.14 * 0.03 0.25 0.05 −0.12 0.23 0.18 * 0.09 0.27
WAZ −1.7 (1.0) −2.1 (1.1) −1.4 (1.1) −1.6 (1.1) 0.29 *** 0.15 0.44 0.19 ** 0.11 0.28 0.18 * 0.07 0.29 0.22 ** 0.15 0.29
WHZ −0.5 (0.9) −0.8 (1.1) −0.4 (1.1) −0.4 (1.0) 0.29 *** 0.15 0.42 0.18 * 0.09 0.28 0.24 * 0.08 0.4 0.19 * 0.09 0.3
Stunting 63 66.7 52.9 59.8 −1.34 −7.12 4.44 −3.51 −7.83 0.82 −2.18 −10.22 5.87 −5.16 * −9.55 −0.77
Underweight 37.3 50.7 28.9 34.8 −12.54 *** −19.82 −5.25 −6.29 *** −10.96 −1.62 −5.19 −10.75 0.37 −7.35 *** −11.62 −3.08
Wasting 5.8 12.7 6.4 5.7 −9.32 *** −14.86 −3.79 −2.86 * −4.91 −0.8 −4.84 *** −8.62 −1.06 −2.84 ** −5.58 −0.1

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. ADID = Adjusted difference-in-differences. a Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, child age, caste/ethnicity, and family size; weighted with bootstrapping; b Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, caste/ethnicity, gender, and family size, weighted with bootstrapping; c Adjusted for father’s educational attainment, household wealth index, caste/ethnicity, gender, child age in month, and family size, weighted with bootstrapping. # Radius = 0.02; ! Weighted with bootstrapping. Z scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-height (WHZ).

We apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by this error.

Author Contributions

This study was designed and implemented by UNICEF Nepal. A.M.N.R. carried out the analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for intellectual contents, and read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Reference

  • 1.Renzaho A.M.N., Chitekwe S., Chen W., Rijal S., Dhakal T., Dahal P. The Synergetic Effect of Cash Transfers for Families, Child Sensitive Social Protection Programs, and Capacity Building for Effective Social Protection on Children’s Nutritional Status in Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017;14:1502. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14121502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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