Abstract
Background
Knowledge on periprosthetic infection and mortality rate following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is essential for justifying this treatment in patients with cancer; however, relevant data from population-based studies are lacking. Therefore, we examined 1-year periprosthetic infection, mortality, and 5-year relative survival rates in cancer patients who underwent TKA.
Methods
This is a population-based cohort study based on analysis of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. We enrolled a total of 2294 cancer patients and 131,849 patients without cancer (control group) who underwent TKA between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011. All patients were followed until death, infection, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance, or December 31, 2012.
Results
The periprosthetic knee joint infection rate in cancer patients (1.73%) was not significantly higher than that in the control group (1.87%). However, the 1-year mortality rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the cancer group (4.10%) than in the control group (1.66%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 93.10% as compared with those without cancers.
Conclusion
Low periprosthetic knee joint infection rates and high 5-year relative survival rates indicate the feasibility of TKA in cancer patients. However, the surgeon should take into account a higher mortality rate in the first year following TKA.
Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty; Cancer survivors; Survival rate, revision rate
Background
The prevalence of cancer continues to increase because of the aging population, sedentary lifestyles, increased obesity, and improved survival amongst cancer patients. In 2011, the Health Promotion Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan reported that there were approximately 100,000 new cancer patients every year in this country, translating to an annual incidence of about 0.41% [1]. The median age of patients diagnosed with cancer was 62 years [1]. The survival rates for some cancers have increased because of advances in treatment as well as in cancer prevention and screening [2]. There were more than 10 million cancer survivors in the United States in 2007 [2].
The majority of the cancer survivors are elderly people, who are generally affected by osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system of this population, resulting in physical deficiencies and poor quality of life [3, 4]. In severe cases of OA [5, 6], total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment option for relieving knee pain and restoring joint function. However, the operation of TKA in the elderly may lead to adverse effects that include longer hospital stay, higher incidences of surgical complications, and higher mortality rates [7–15]. Hence, elderly cancer patients may find it difficult to decide whether to undergo TKA and might be apprehensive about spending the rest of their lives with a TKA prosthesis.
In this 10-year population-based retrospective study, we used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to examine the one-year postoperative surgical infection rate and survival rate in cancer patients who underwent TKA. In addition, we used the demographic and medical data of these patients to evaluate the risk factors for mortality after TKA.
Methods
Data source
Through the National Health Insurance (NHI) program, established in 1995, the Taiwan Department of Health covers the health care of 22.9 million residents of Taiwan, which is > 99% of the total population. The medical claims from 1997 to 2012 of these insurants are encrypted and released for research by the Taiwan National Health Research Institutes as the NHIRD. The Department of Health and the NHI Administration Bureau of Taiwan ensure the completeness and accuracy of the NHIRD.
The study data were obtained from the NHIRD. All patients included in the analysis were followed for outcome identification by using the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes until the end of 2012. Because the NHIRD contains encrypted and deidentified data, this study was exempted from a full ethics review. This study was approved by the institutional Review Board of E-Da Hospital, Taiwan (EMRP-103-011; EMRP-103-012) and the Taiwan NHRI (NHIRD-103-116).
Definition of study groups and outcomes
Patients diagnosed with cancer before receiving TKA between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011, were identified from the NHIRD and included in the TKA group. Patients with musculoskeletal cancers were not enrolled. We also excluded those whose cancer was diagnosed more than 5 years before undergoing TKA, because the cancer status might be considered as having been cured in some of these patients. Their inclusion would be inappropriate given that our analysis aimed to inform the decision making on TKA surgery in cancer patients, instead of those who had cured a cancer. Taking into account that data in the NHIRD could not ascertain whether a cancer was cured, we restricted the eligibility to emphasize our study population. The control group comprised patients without cancer who underwent TKA. One-year postoperative infection rates and mortality rates in the two groups were evaluated and compared (Fig. 1). The one-year postoperative mortality rates was calculated from the analysis of survival rate of patients (with/without cancer) who underwent TKA. Periprosthetic joint infection was defined as the occurrence of surgically treated osteomyelitis or septic arthritis in the vicinity of the joint implants. Surgical interventions included debridement, prosthesis removal, or resection arthroplasty (Appendix). Conditions existing prior to TKA were classified as comorbidities according to Charlson’s score [16]. Among the cancer patients, the number with and without metastasis and those who had received chemotherapy at the time of TKA were also calculated (Appendix). All patients were followed until death, withdrawal from the NHI program, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2012). Figure 1 illustrates the study flow chart.
Fig. 1.
Study flow chart
Subcohorts were defined to evaluate the overall 5-year survival rate of cancer patients who underwent TKA. In addition, the 1- and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated [17, 18].
Statistical analysis
Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher Yates continuity correction were used to compare categorical variables. Student’s t test was used for continuous ones. Traditional survival analysis only considers one event at a time (e.g., death or infection). Thus, certain events may be overlooked, and the resulting risk values may be overestimated. Therefore, these results should not be directly interpreted and applied in clinical settings. Our study considered mortality and the competing risk survival analysis using the Fine and Gray regression model [19] to calculate subdistribution hazards, and p-values were determined using Gray’s test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical tests and subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) calculations were performed using Statistical Analysis Software, Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics of the patients
A total of 2294 cancer patients who underwent TKA were identified and included in the TKA group, whereas the control group comprised 131,849 patients. Score matching for gender and Charlson’s comorbidity index yielded 2196 patients in the TKA group and 8784 in the control group. Among these 10,980 patients, 3355 (30.56%) were male and 7625 (69.44%) female, and 10,236 (93.22%) patients were older than 60 years. The baseline characteristics and comorbidities of all patients are listed in Table 1. Among the cancer patients, 7 (0.32%) cases had metastatic diseases and 708 (32.34%) of them ever received chemotherapy when TKA was performed. The most common cancers were breast, colon, prostate, cervical, and rectal cancers (Fig. 2). The subcohort groups comprised 1100 and 4400 patients with and without cancer, respectively.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Subjects
| Non-cancer | Cancer | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 8784 | N = 2196 | ||
| Age | 71.09 ± 7.19 | 71.4 ± 7.09 | 0.0739 |
| Age Group | 0.9160 | ||
| 20–39 | 9 (0.10) | 2 (0.09) | |
| 40–59 | 593 (6.75) | 140 (6.38) | |
| 60–79 | 7339 (83.55) | 1847 (84.11) | |
| > =80 | 843 (9.60) | 207 (9.43) | |
| Gender | 1.0000 | ||
| Female | 6100 (69.44) | 1525 (69.44) | |
| Male | 2684 (30.56) | 671 (30.56) | |
| CCI | 0.8847 | ||
| 0 | 1457 (16.59) | 355 (16.17) | |
| 1 | 2158 (24.57) | 556 (25.32) | |
| 2 | 2105 (23.96) | 520 (23.68) | |
| 2+ | 3064 (34.88) | 765 (34.84) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Myocardial infarct | 198 (2.25) | 59 (2.69) | 0.2304 |
| congestive heart failure | 980 (11.16) | 254 (11.57) | 0.5865 |
| peripheral vascular | 294 (3.35) | 73 (3.32) | 0.9577 |
| cerebrovascular disease | 1796 (20.45) | 458 (20.86) | 0.6706 |
| dementia | 231 (2.63) | 63 (2.87) | 0.5348 |
| chronic lung disease | 3497 (39.81) | 869 (39.57) | 0.8378 |
| connective tissue disease | 658 (7.49) | 149 (6.79) | 0.2569 |
| Ulcer | 4583 (52.17) | 1134 (51.64) | 0.6535 |
| chronic liver disease | 1407 (16.02) | 339 (15.44) | 0.5058 |
| Diabetes | 2455 (27.95) | 617 (28.1) | 0.8901 |
| diabetes with end organ damage | 367 (4.18) | 102 (4.64) | 0.3333 |
| Hemiplegia | 92 (1.05) | 22 (1) | 0.8506 |
| moderate or severe kidney disease | 642 (7.31) | 178 (8.11) | 0.2039 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | – | – | |
| AIDS | – | – | |
| Infection | 164 (1.87) | 38 (1.73) | 0.6700 |
| 1-year Mortality | 146 (1.66) | 90 (4.10) | <.0001 |
| Chemotherapy | 0 (0.00) | 708 (32.24) | |
| Metastasis | 0 (0.00) | 7 (0.32) | |
Fig. 2.
Distribution of different types of cancer and periprosthetic knee joint infectio
One-year infection rate of prosthetic joints
The number of patients with infected prosthetic joints 1 year after TKA were 38 (1.73%) and 164 (1.87%) in the cancer and control groups, respectively (Table 1). A multivariate-adjusted model revealed no association between infection and cancer (Table 2). In the unadjusted analysis, diabetes with end organ damage was associated with prosthetic joint infection (sHR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.03–3.06); however, this association was nonsignificant in the Fine and Gray regression model (Table 2). The status of metastatic disease but not the use of chemotherapy was associated with prosthetic joint infection (Table 2 and Table 3).
Table 2.
Prediction for infection
| Crude | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sHRa(95%C.I.) | p-value | sHRa(95%C.I.) | p-value | |
| Cancer vs. Non-cancer | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | 0.6374 | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.6089 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Myocardial infarct | 1.58 (0.74–3.36) | 0.2355 | 1.47 (0.68–3.18) | 0.3334 |
| congestive heart failure | 1.18 (0.77–1.79) | 0.4473 | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) | 0.7466 |
| peripheral vascular | 1.42 (0.73–2.78) | 0.3036 | 1.33 (0.68–2.63) | 0.4084 |
| cerebrovascular disease | 1.22 (0.87–1.69) | 0.2500 | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 0.6857 |
| dementia | 1.79 (0.92–3.51) | 0.0874 | 1.63 (0.82–3.24) | 0.1631 |
| chronic lung disease | 1.17 (0.88–1.55) | 0.2827 | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 0.4975 |
| connective tissue disease | 1.06 (0.63–1.80) | 0.8218 | 1.05 (0.62–1.78) | 0.8579 |
| Ulcer | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.5153 | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 0.8437 |
| chronic liver disease | 1.09 (0.75–1.59) | 0.6491 | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 0.7438 |
| Diabetes | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 0.4175 | 0.99 (0.71–1.40) | 0.9698 |
| diabetes with end organ damage | 1.77 (1.03–3.06) | 0.0401 | 1.67 (0.91–3.06) | 0.1007 |
| Hemiplegia | 1.52 (0.48–4.80) | 0.4733 | 1.28 (0.40–4.12) | 0.6779 |
| moderate or severe kidney disease | 1.12 (0.67–1.87) | 0.6631 | 1.07 (0.64–1.79) | 0.7902 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | – | – | ||
| AIDS | .- | – | ||
| Chemotherapy | 0.96 (0.54–1.72) | 0.8913 | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) | 0.9815 |
| Metastasis | 8.66 (1.24–60.50) | 0.0296 | 10.13 (1.19–86.34) | 0.0343 |
sHRa: subdistribution hazard ratio
Table 3.
Prediction for infection(only patients with Cancer)
| Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|
| sHRa(95%C.I.) | p-value | |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Myocardial infarct | – | |
| congestive heart failure | 1.21 (0.45–3.26) | 0.7122 |
| peripheral vascular | 1.58 (0.36–7.02) | 0.5493 |
| cerebrovascular disease | 1.65 (0.78–3.48) | 0.1866 |
| dementia | 2.81 (0.80–9.85) | 0.1060 |
| chronic lung disease | 0.76 (0.37–1.56) | 0.4507 |
| connective tissue disease | 1.80 (0.63–5.20) | 0.2757 |
| Ulcer | 1.59 (0.81–3.12) | 0.1759 |
| chronic liver disease | 1.12 (0.46–2.72) | 0.7990 |
| Diabetes | 0.78 (0.33–1.81) | 0.5613 |
| diabetes with end organ damage | 1.87 (0.47–7.52) | 0.3770 |
| Hemiplegia | 1.92 (0.24–15.21) | 0.5363 |
| moderate or severe kidney disease | 0.94 (0.28–3.14) | 0.9147 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | ||
| AIDS | ||
| Chemotherapy | 1.02 (0.49–2.14) | 0.9608 |
| Metastasis | 11.10 (1.22–101.30) | 0.0328 |
sHRa: subdistribution hazard ratio
Mortality rates in cancer patients after TKA
The 1-year mortality rate after TKA was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the cancer group (90 patients; 4.10%), (1-year cumulative incidence of 1.73%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–2.37%) than in the control group (146 patients; 1.66%), (1-year cumulative incidence of 1.71%; 95% CI, 1.46–2.0%) (Tables 1, 4 and Fig. 3). The 1-year relative survival rate was 97.52%. The Fine and Gray regression model did not show a significant association between metastasis and postoperative mortality (Table 4).
Table 4.
Prediction for mortality
| Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|
| sHRa(95%C.I.) | p-value | |
| Cancer vs. Non-cancer | 2.46 (1.71–3.52) | <.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Myocardial infarct | 1.98 (0.98–3.99) | 0.0557 |
| congestive heart failure | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) | 0.0632 |
| peripheral vascular | 0.53 (0.17–1.64) | 0.2717 |
| cerebrovascular disease | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.3263 |
| dementia | 0.97 (0.40–2.34) | 0.9477 |
| chronic lung disease | 1.26 (0.74–2.17) | 0.3943 |
| connective tissue disease | 1.23 (0.65–2.32) | 0.5240 |
| Ulcer | 1.31 (0.67–2.56) | 0.4305 |
| chronic liver disease | 1.43 (0.32–6.48) | 0.6403 |
| Diabetes | 1.04 (0.67–1.63) | 0.8608 |
| diabetes with end organ damage | 1.24 (0.55–2.79) | 0.5993 |
| Hemiplegia | 1.80 (0.52–6.24) | 0.3566 |
| moderate or severe kidney disease | 1.84 (0.64–5.32) | 0.2614 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | – | |
| AIDS | – | |
| Metastasis | 1.17 (0.68–2.01) | 0.5754 |
| – | ||
sHRa: subdistribution hazard ratio
Fig. 3.
1-year mortality rate after total knee arthroplasties
In the 5-year follow-up, a significantly lower overall survival rate was observed in cancer patients as compared with the controls (Fig. 4). The overall 5-year survival rate was 89.36% in the cancer cohort and was relatively 93.10% as compared with the non-cancer controls.
Fig. 4.
5-years overall survival rate of cancer patients after total knee arthroplasties
Discussion
Infection is common in patients with cancer [20], because several risk factors—such as neutropenia [21], cellular immune dysfunctions (e.g., defects in T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes), humoral immune dysfunction, bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, local factors (e.g., tumor metastasis and operative procedures), use of central venous catheters, splenectomy, and use of chemotherapeutic agents [22], lower their resistance to infections [23]. Gram-positive organisms cause approximately 50%–55% of all infectious diseases in cancer patients with neutropenia, and Staphylococci are the most common organisms isolated from neutropenic and nonneutropenic cancer patients [24]. Although no studies have reported periprosthetic infection rates in cancer patients after TKA, some studies have reported an increase in deep infection rates of up to 9.1% after TKA in immunocompromised patients such as patients with AIDS [25].
Under these detrimental defence circumstances, one can reasonably suspect higher infection rates in cancer patients after TKA. However, this study revealed that the 1-year periprosthetic infection rate of 1.73% in cancer patients is not significantly higher than that (1.87%) in non-cancer patients. The result showed that the use of chemotherapy did not increase the risk of infection. Although this study does not provide information on prophylactic strategies for periprosthetic knee joint infections, our results suggest that the currently used prophylactic methods are effective for cancer patients who have undergone TKA. Nevertheless, orthopedicians must pay attention to the immunocompromised conditions especially in neutropenic status caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients receiving TKA in order to prevent periprosthetic knee joint infections.
A decrease in the long-term survival rate of patients receiving TKA most likely reflects the natural process of aging [25]. However, a higher mortality rate than usual is expected when cancer patients receive TKA, possibly because of a trend similar to that in the United States, where cancer is the leading cause of death in people aged less than 85 years [26]. The post-TKA 1-year mortality rate (4.10%) was significantly higher in cancer patients in the present study. But metastasis diseases are not associated with mortality in our study. We think that this phenomenon is caused by lower desire of received TKA in cancer patients with metastatic disease. Nevertheless, because of advances in the control, prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer since 1990 [27, 28], cancer-related death rates have decreased. Cancer mortality rates have declined by approximately 1% annually and by more than 25% in the last 25 years [29]. The 5-year relative survival rate was 93.10% in the present study; the majority of the patients had ample time to experience the benefits of TKA, including functional improvement of the knee, knee joint pain relief, and improved quality of life.
Our study has some limitations that should be addressed. First, the severity of the comorbidities could not be determined from the NHIRD. Second, data on cancer staging was unavailable, which might induce a healthy patient bias. The numbers of metastatic diseases were small in our study. We are unable to investigate the real effect of metastatic diseases on the mortality rate. Nevertheless, rather than create a spurious association, such a stringent inclusion criteria would bias the results toward a null association. Finally, the effect of unaccounted confounders cannot be ruled out; for example, we could not examine the potential influence of body weight, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and dietary habits because this information is unavailable in the NHIRD. Moreover, because the data is deidentified, we could not collect this information from the patients directly. The merits of this study are that the NHIRD is representative of all residents of Taiwan and that there was no loss to follow-up.
Conclusion
In conclusion, after TKA, similar 1-year periprosthetic infection rates but differing 1-year mortality rates were observed in patients with and without cancer. The high 5-year relative survival rates in cancer patients who underwent TKA indicate that TKA is a feasible treatment option for cancer patients with severe OA.
Acknowledgments
This study used data from the NHIRD, which were provided by the Bureau of National Health Insurance, Department of Health, and managed by NHRI. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein do not represent those of the Bureau of National Health Insurance, the Department of Health, or the NHRI. The authors are grateful to Ms. Tzu-Shan Chen for her efficient assistance.
Funding
This study was supported by the Center for Database Research, E-DA Healthcare Group, E-DA hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan(EDAHP-103048). The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from NHIRD but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of NHIRD.
Abbreviations
- HR
Hazard ratio
- NHI
National Health Insurance
- NHIRD
Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database
- OA
Osteoarthritis
- TKA
Total knee arthroplasty
Appendix
Table 5.
ICD-9-CM codes and the corresponding diseases or procedures
| Disease or procedures | Corresponding ICD-9-CM codes |
|---|---|
| all cancer | 140.XX-208.XX |
| Exclusion: musculoskeletal cancers 170.0–170.9 | |
| Metastasis | 164.8; 165.8 |
| 196.0~ 196.9 | |
| 197.0~ 197.8 | |
| 198.0~ 198.7 | |
| 198.81; 198.82; 198.89 | |
| Chemotherapy management | 05221A; 37005B; 37025B |
| 37031B~37041B | |
| Total knee replacement | 64164B |
| Periprosthetic Infection of Knee joint | |
| infection due to internal device | 996.66; 996.67; 996.69 |
| surgical wound infection | 998.5; 998.51; 998.59 |
| osteomyelitis | 730.01~ 730.04; 730.07 |
| 730.11~ 730.14; 730.17 | |
| 730.21~ 730.24; 730.27 | |
| 730.31~ 730.34; 730.37 | |
| 730.7; 730.70~ 730.79 | |
| 730.81~ 730.84; 730.87 | |
| 730.91~ 730.94; 730.97 | |
| Septic arthritis | 711.01~ 711.04; 711.07 |
| 711.1; 711.10~ 711.19 | |
| 711.2; 711.20~ 711.29 | |
| 711.31~ 711.34; 711.37 | |
| 711.41~ 711.44; 711.47 | |
| 711.51~ 711.54; 711.57 | |
| 711.61~ 711.64; 711.67 | |
| 711.7; 711.70~ 711.79 | |
| 711.8; 711.81~ 711.89 | |
| 711.91~ 711.94; 711.97 | |
| Surgical intervention for periprosthetic infection of knee joint | 64004C, 64005B, 64053B, 64055B,64198B, 48004C, 48005C, 48006C; Exclusion: 64003C, 64056B, 64057B, 64200B, 64199B |
Footnotes: ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification;
Authors’ contributions
FCK: wrote the manuscript; conceived and designed this study; contributed with critical reviews of data analyses, interpretation of findings and critical edit of manuscript YCH: conceived and designed this study; contributed with critical reviews of data analyses, interpretation of findings and critical edit of manuscript; reviewed the manuscript; supervised the study PYL: contributed with critical reviews of data analyses, interpretation of findings and critical edit of manuscript; reviewed the manuscript; CBW: performed the experiments, collected and analyzed the data; reviewed the manuscript; YKT: conceived and designed this study; WKC: performed the experiments, collected and analyzed the data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the institutional Review Board of E-Da Hospital, Taiwan (EMRP-103-011; EMRP-103-012) and the Taiwan NHRI (NHIRD-103-116).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
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Contributor Information
Feng-Chen Kao, Email: ed100735@edah.org.tw.
Yao-Chun Hsu, Email: holdenhsu@gmail.com.
Pang-Yu Lai, Email: ed101268@gmail.com.
Yuan-Kun Tu, Email: ed100130@edah.org.tw.
Wen-Kang Chen, Phone: 886-2-2905-2049, Email: cwk@mail.ntin.edu.tw.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from NHIRD but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of NHIRD.