Abstract
Background
Obesity paradox refers to lower mortality in subjects with higher body mass index (BMI), and has been documented under a variety of condition. However, whether obesity paradox exists in adults requiring mechanical ventilation in intensive critical units (ICU) remains controversial.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM) and CINAHL electronic databases were searched from the earliest available date to July 2017, using the following search terms: “body weight”, “body mass index”, “overweight” or “obesity” and “ventilator”, “mechanically ventilated”, “mechanical ventilation”, without language restriction. Subjects were divided into the following categories based on BMI (kg/m2): underweight, < 18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese, 30–39.9 kg/m2; and severely obese > 40 kg/m2. The primary outcome was mortality, and included ICU mortality, hospital mortality, short-term mortality (<6 months), and long-term mortality (6 months or beyond). Secondary outcomes included duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay (LOS) in ICU and hospital. A random-effects model was used for data analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale.
Results
A total of 15,729 articles were screened. The final analysis included 23 articles (199,421 subjects). In comparison to non-obese patients, obese patients had lower ICU mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.0.84–0.92, I2 = 0%), hospital mortality (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.93, I2 = 52%), short-term mortality (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.88, I2 = 0%) as well as long-term mortality (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60–0.79, I2 = 0%). In comparison to subjects with normal BMI, obese patients had lower ICU mortality (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.93, I2 = 5%). Hospital mortality was lower in severely obese and obese subjects (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.94, I2 = 74%, and OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.89, I2 = 30%). Short-term mortality was lower in overweight and obese subjects (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75–0.90, I2 = 0%, and, OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.84, I2 = 8%, respectively). Long-term mortality was lower in severely obese, obese and overweight subjects (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.83, and OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46–0.86, I2 = 56%, and OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.77, I2 = 0%). All 4 mortality measures were higher in underweight subjects than in subjects with normal BMI. Obese subjects had significantly longer duration on mechanical ventilation than non-obese group (mean difference (MD) 0.48, 95% CI 0.16–0.80, I2 = 37%), In comparison to subjects with normal BMI, severely obese BMI had significantly longer time in mechanical ventilation (MD 1.10, 95% CI 0.38–1.83, I2 = 47%). Hospital LOS did not differ between obese and non-obese patients (MD 0.05, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.50, I2 = 80%). Obese patients had longer ICU LOS than non-obese patients (MD 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.59, I2 = 70%). Hospital LOS and ICU LOS did not differ significantly in subjects with different BMI status.
Conclusions
In ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation, higher BMI is associated with lower mortality and longer duration on mechanical ventilation.
Introduction
Obesity, typically defined as BMI of ≥30 kg/m2, is an increasing public concern [1]. It is one of the top 10 risk factors of chronic diseases [2–4]. Nearly 300,000 Americans die from a range of diseases related to obesity each year, and the economic burden exceeds more than 5% of the national health expenditure [5, 6]. Consistently with the trend in the general population, the number of obese patients admitted to ICUs is rapidly rising [7].
Obesity has been associated with increasing mortality in critically ill patients [8–10]. A variety of factors contribute to the association between obesity and mortality, including a series of physiological changes that result in poor stresses related to acute inflammatory and immune responses, or in many comorbidities including diabetes, cardiovascular events, respiratory diseases and cancer [11]. However, “obesity paradox” (namely, lower mortality in obese subjects) has also been reported in ICU patients in other studies [12–13]. The relationship between obesity and mortality of ICU patients thus remain largely unclear[14]. In the current study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to investigate the relationship between BMI and ICU outcomes in patients received mechanical ventilation.
Materials and methods
Literature search and study selection
We conducted a comprehensive electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases (CENTRAL) from the earliest available date to July 2017. The search strategy is described in S1 Text. Two authors (Yonghua Zhao, Zhiqiang Li) manually searched the references listed in each identified article and other relevant articles to identify all eligible studies. The search was not restricted in publication type or languages.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
For inclusion in data analysis, studies must meet all following criteria: 1) cohort studies in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU; 2) patients across two or more BMI categories; 3) outcomes include all-cause mortality, including ICU mortality, long-term mortality, short-term mortality, hospital mortality, or duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital and ICU LOS. The exclusion criteria included: patients under 18 years of age, review articles, case reports or animal experiment.
Data extraction and outcomes
Data extraction was carried out as recommended by the Cochrane handbook, and included authors, year of publication, study design, participants, BMI categories, demographic characteristics, severity of illness, measurement of BMI. BMI was classified into 5 categories using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria [15]: 1) underweight: BMI <18.5 kg/m2; 2) normal weight: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; 3) overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; 4) obese: BMI 30–39.9 kg/m2; 5) severely obese: BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Both review of full texts and extraction of data were independently performed by two reviewers (Yonghua Zhao, Zhiqiang Li). Duplicate reports were discarded by screening titles and abstracts. Any disagreement between the two primary reviewers was resolved by discussion with the third party (Xiuming Xi).
Quality assessment
Risk of bias of individual studies at the outcome level was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale: 4 for selection, 2 for comparability and 3 for outcome. Study quality was rated based on the score: 1 (very poor) to 9 (very high) (S1 Table).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the Cochrane systematic review software Review Manager (RevMan; Version 5.3.5). Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model developed by DerSimonian and Laird [16]. Dichotomous variables are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Continuous variables are presented as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals. Significant heterogeneity was defined as P < 0.1 in χ2 test and I2 > 50%. If the literature reported the median or range of continuous variables, we used the median as the mean and the method provided by the Cochrane handbook [17] to calculate the standard deviation, and carried out sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot when there were 10 or more eligible studies.
Results
The search identified a total of 15,729 articles. After screening the titles and abstracts and removal of duplicates, 23 articles (199, 421 subjects) were included in the meta-analysis (Fig 1).
Fig 1. Flow diagram of study selection process.
Study description
All eligible studies were approved by their corresponding institutional ethics committee. A total of 199,421 subjects participated in the 23 studies, which consisted of 14 prospective [8, 13, 18–29] and 9 retrospective cohort studies [9–12, 30–35]. Fourteen studies were from North America [9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32–34], one from South America [31], five from Europe [8, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29], and two from Australia [26, 35]. In seven studies [8, 9, 18, 19, 22, 31, 32], BMIs was classified only into obese versus non-obese (Table 1). Five studies reported short-term mortality [20, 23, 26, 28, 30]. Four studies reported long-term mortality [14, 19, 26, 28].
Table 1. Study characteristics by body mass index category.
| References | Country | Study design | Study period | ICU type | BMI categories(kg/m2) | Sample size | Age | Male% | Severity of illness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or median | |||||||||
| Mean ± SD or median | |||||||||
| Wardell S[19] | Canada | Prospective | Jan 2008 to Mar 2009 | Mixed ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Nonobese: < 30.0 | 202 | 51.8(18.9) | 34.7 | 20.8(8.5) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 146 | 57.7(16.4) | 42.5 | 23.5(8.1) | |||||
| Lee CK[30] | USA | Retrospective | Jan to Dec 2009 | Medical ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Nonobese: < 30.0 | 306 | 63.0(16.5) | 48.4 | 24.7(8.1) | |||||
| obese: ≥ 30.0 | 85 | 59.6(16.2) | 59.6 | 23.4(8.0) | |||||
| severely obese: > 35.0 | 113 | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| O'Brien JM[13] | USA | Prospective | Feb 2006 to Jan 2008 | Medical ICU | NR | ||||
| Normal: < 25.0 | 213 | 58.3(17.1) | 56.8 | ||||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 30.0 | 129 | 57.2(15.5) | 54.3 | ||||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 238 | 56.2(13.8) | 52.9 | ||||||
| Martino JL[20] | 33 countries | Prospective | 2007 to 2009 | ICU | ` | APACHE II | |||
| Normal:18.5 to 24.9 | 3490 | 58.6(18.9) | 61 | 22.2(8.0) | |||||
| Overweight:25 to 29.9 | 2604 | 60.2(17.4) | 66.4 | 22.4(8.1) | |||||
| Obese: 30 to 39.9 | 1772 | 60.8(15.2) | 57.7 | 22.9(8.0) | |||||
| Extremely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 524 | NR | 44.8 | NR | |||||
| Anzueto A[21] | USA | Prospective | Apr 2004 | ICU | SAPS II | ||||
| Underweight: < 18.5 | 184 | 55(19) | 54.4 | 43(19) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 1995 | 57(19) | 58.8 | 43(18) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 1781 | 61(17) | 67.1 | 43(17) | |||||
| Obese: 30 to 39.9 | 792 | 61(14) | 55 | 44(17) | |||||
| Severely obese: > 40.0 | 216 | 55(14) | 45.9 | 42(17) | |||||
| Diaz E[22] | Spain | Prospective | Jan 2010 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Nonobese:< 30.0 | 265 | 43(15.4) | 59.6 | 13.3(7.4) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 150 | 43.9(12.3) | 55.3 | 13.5(6.5) | |||||
| Moock M[31] | Brazil | Retrospective | Apr 2005 to Nov 2008 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Nonobese:< 30.0 | 146 | 49.1 (57.5–69.6) | 72 | 8 (12–16) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 73 | 49.7 (59.4–69.7) | 33 | 8 (16–20) | |||||
| Morris AE[25] | USA | Prospective | Apr 1999 to Jul 2000 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 50 | 64.7(18.4) | 56 | 82.3(31.5) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 301 | 61.5(18.1) | 64.8 | 74.9(29.2) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 34.9 | 237 | 58.9(17.4) | 66.2 | 74.9(30.0) | |||||
| Obese : 35.0 to 39.9 | 183 | 57.0(15.9) | 63.4 | 70.3(29.8) | |||||
| Severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 54 | 54.7(13.9) | 48.1 | 75.0(35.1) | |||||
| Peake SL[26] | Australia | Prospective | 2001 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 24 | 62.0(16.5) | 58.3 | 20.8(8.0) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 129 | 61.3(20.4) | 60.5 | 19.9(7.9) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 151 | 64.1(16.1) | 58.3 | 19.9(7.9) | |||||
| Obese : 30.0 to 34.9 | 75 | 62.9(14.4) | 57.3 | 19.9(8.7) | |||||
| Severely obese: ≥ 35.0 | 54 | 61.0(15.7) | 50 | 19.4(8.0) | |||||
| Brown CVR[9] | USA | Retrospective | 1998 to 2003 | ICU | ISS | ||||
| Nonobese:< 30.0 | 870 | 45(20) | 71 | 21(12) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 283 | 46(18) | 70 | 21(13) | |||||
| Ray DE[27] | USA | Prospective | Jan 1997 to Aug 2001 | Medical ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Underweight: < 20.0 | 350 | 62.2(20.2) | 47.4 | 18.2(8.3) | |||||
| Normal:20.0 to 24.9 | 663 | 65.2(18.6) | 54.6 | 18.4(8.9) | |||||
| Overweight:25.0 to 29.9 | 585 | 64.8(16.3) | 54 | 18.3(9.3) | |||||
| Obese:30 to 39.9 | 396 | 61.7(16.7) | 46.2 | 17.0(8.7) | |||||
| Severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 154 | 57.4(16.0) | 34.4 | 18.2(9.0) | |||||
| Goulenok C[8] | France | Prospective | Jan 1999 to Jan 2000 | Medical ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Nonobese: < 27.0 | 598 | 48 (34–65) | 41 | 32 (19–48) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 27.0 | 215 | 58 (47–71) | 42 | 36 (27–56) | |||||
| El-Solh A [10] | USA | retrospective | January 1994 to June 2000 | Medical and surgical ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| nonobese: < 30.0 | 132 | 46.2(21.7) | 55.3 | 20.6(12.2) | |||||
| Morbidly obese: ≥ 40.0 | 117 | 44.4(18.2) | 43.59 | 19.1(7.6) | |||||
| Frat J[24] | France | Prospective | Sep 2002 to Jun 2004 | ICU | SAPS II | ||||
| Nonobese: < 30.0 | 124 | 65(11) | 64.52 | 45(14) | |||||
| Severely obese: ≥ 35.0 | 82 | 64(11) | 59.76 | 45(16) | |||||
| Alberda C[23] | 37 countries | Prospective | Jan 2007 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Underweight: < 20.0 | 289 | 58.7(19.0) | 50.9 | 22.04(7.71) | |||||
| Normal: 20.0 to 25.0 | 937 | 58.3(19.0) | 59.8 | 21.40(8.15) | |||||
| Overweight: 25 to 30.0 | 818 | 60.0(17.8) | 65.6 | 21.43(7.96) | |||||
| Obese: 30.0 to 35.0 | 395 | 62.2(15.3) | 57.5 | 22.41(7.40) | |||||
| Severely obese: 35.0 to 40.0 | 162 | 62.3(13.7) | 50.6 | 21.62(8.36) | |||||
| Morbidly obese: ≥ 40.0 | 171 | 56.9(13.3) | 45 | 22.21(8.53) | |||||
| Duane TM[32] | USA | Retrospective | Jan 2004 to Dec 2005 | ICU | Nonobese: < 30.0 | 51 | NR | NR | NR |
| Obese: > 30.0 | 10 | ||||||||
| O'Brien JM Jr[33] | USA | Retrospective | Dec 1995 to Sep 2001 | ICU | NR | ||||
| Underweight: < 18.5 | 88 | 62.4(16.2) | 46.6 | ||||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 544 | 61.0(17.8) | 56.4 | ||||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 399 | 59.4(16.7) | 55.9 | ||||||
| Obese : 30.0 to 39.9 | 326 | 58.0(16.3) | 46.6 | ||||||
| severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 131 | 53.6(14.9) | 33.6 | ||||||
| Tafelski S[18] | Germany | Prospective | Aug 2009 to Apr 2010 | Surgical ICU | SAPS II | ||||
| Nonobese: < 30.0 | 451 | 63 (50–72) | 57 | 36 (24–48) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 130 | 64 (53–72) | 53 | 35 (25–53) | |||||
| Dennis, DM[35] | Australia | Retrospective | Nov 2012 to Jun 2014 | ICU | APACHE II | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 18 | 56(39) | NR | 19(12.0) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 200 | 57(24) | 18(10.0) | ||||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 249 | 55(25) | 18(10.0) | ||||||
| Obese : 30.0 to 39.9 | 216 | 60(19) | 18(9.0) | ||||||
| severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 52 | 60(15) | 19(9.5) | ||||||
| Lewis O[34] | USA | Retrospective | 2012 | Medical ICU | mortality prediction model II | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 61 | 59.62(18.73) | 62.3 | 37.19(27.80) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 206 | 58.06(16.08) | 59.22 | 39.61(28.54) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 127 | 58.57(16.74) | 49.61 | 36.28(28.76) | |||||
| Obese(class1) : 30.0 to 34.9 | 90 | 59.48(15.72) | 41.11 | 33.04(27.7) | |||||
| Obese(class2): 35 to 39.9 | 57 | 59.07(16.51) | 28.07 | 38.21(29359) | |||||
| severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 64 | 54.64(17.41) | 29.69 | 34.09(27.63) | |||||
| Trivedi V[12] | USA | Retrospective | Jan 2010 to May 2011 | Medical ICU | APACHE Ⅱ | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 41 | 61.8(18.2) | 56.1 | 20.3(9.7) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 259 | 61.3(19.8) | 59.1 | 18.7(8.3) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 194 | 60.4(17.3) | 59.3 | 18.0(8.9) | |||||
| Obese : 30.0 to 39.9 | 205 | 61.3(15.3) | 44.9 | 18.7(9.6) | |||||
| severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 59 | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Pickkers P[29] | Dutch | Prospective | January 1,1999, to January 1,2010 | ICU | SAPS II | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 5343 | 60.0 (46–74) | 38.6 | 36.4(19.6) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 74883 | 65.0 (50–75) | 58.6 | 35.1 (19.2) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 52141 | 67.0 (55–75) | 62.5 | 35.7(19.4) | |||||
| Obese(class1) : 30.0 to 34.9 | 14660 | 65.0 (54–74) | 53.1 | 34.7(19.1) | |||||
| Obese(class2): 35 to 39.9 | 4339 | 62.0(51–71) | 42.4 | 34.6(19.9) | |||||
| severely obese: ≥ 40.0 | 2992 | 57.0 (45–67) | 34.6 | 31.6(20.8) | |||||
| Abhyankar S[28] | USA | Prospective | from 2001 to 2008 | Mixed ICU | SAPS | ||||
| Underweight : < 18.5 | 786 | 70.6(53.0–81.8) | 56.4 | 12.3 (5.3) | |||||
| Normal: 18.5 to 24.9 | 5463 | 69.4(51.7–80.4) | 45.2 | 12.2 (5.4) | |||||
| Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 | 5276 | 67.2(53.6–77.8) | 36 | 12.0 (5.3) | |||||
| Obese: ≥ 30.0 | 5287 | 62.3(51.7–3.2) | 44.6 | 12.0 (5.3) |
BMI body mass index; ICU intensive care unit; NR no report; SAPSⅡ simplified acute physiology score II; APS acute physiology score; APACHEⅡ Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ISS Injury Severity Score.
Publication bias
Since there were more than ten studies comparing the obese patients, it was possible to assess for publication bias, Funnel plot did not reveal significant publication bias on duration of mechanical ventilation (S1A Fig), ICU and hospital LOS (S1B and S1C Fig).
Mortality
In comparison to non-obese subjects, obese patients had lower ICU mortality (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.84–0.92, Z = 6.22, P<0.00001 I2 = 0%), hospital mortality (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.93, Z = 3.11, P<0.002, I2 = 52%), short-term mortality (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.88, Z = 5.00, P<0.00001, I2 = 0%), as well as long-term mortality (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60–0.79, Z = 5.41, P<0.00001, I2 = 0%, Fig 2). In comparison to subjects with normal BMI, The results are as follows: obese patients had lower ICU mortality (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.93, Z = 4.11, P<0.00001, I2 = 5%, Fig 3A), a trend for lower ICU morality (not statistically significant) was also observed in severely obese subjects (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.66–1.00, Z = 1.92, P = 0.06, I2 = 35%, Fig 3A). Overweight and obese patients had lower long-term mortality (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.77, Z = 5.38, P<0.00001, I2 = 0% and OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46–0.86, Z = 2.88, P = 0.004, I2 = 56%, Fig 3B), only 1 of 23 studies reported long-term mortality in severely obese patients (lower than subjects with normal BMI) (Fig 3B). Obese and overweight patients had lower short-term mortality (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.84, Z = 4.89, P<0.00001, I2 = 8% and OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.67–1.24, Z = 0.59, P = 0.55, I2 = 45%, Fig 3C). Obese and severely obese patients had lower hospital mortality (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.89, Z = 4.22, P<0.0001, I2 = 30% and OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.94, Z = 2.40, P = 0.02, I2 = 74%, Fig 3D). In contrast, underweight subjects had higher mortality than normal BMI (ICU mortality in Fig 3A, long-term mortality in Fig 3B, short-term mortality in Fig 3C, hospital mortality in Fig 3D).
Fig 2. Obese and non-obese patients mortality.
Fig 3. Association of obesity and mortality in in mechanical ventilation patients in ICU.
(A) ICU mortality. (B) long-term mortality. (C) short-term mortality. (D) hospital mortality.
Duration of mechanical ventilation
The mean duration of mechanical ventilation in the included studies ranged from 2.17 to 15.2 days in the obese subjects and 1.86 to 13.2 days in the non-obese subjects. In a sensitivity analysis that excluded the studies that did not report mean and standard deviation, the outcome did not significantly change. In comparison with non-obese subjects, the combined mean difference in duration of mechanical ventilation was longer by 0.48 days in obese patients (95% CI, 0.16–0.80, Z = 2.92, P = 0.003, I2 = 37%, S2A Fig). In comparison to the subjects with the normal BMI, severely obese patients had significantly longer duration on mechanical ventilation (MD 1.10, 95% CI 0.38–1.83, Z = 2.99, P = 0.003, I2 = 47%, S2B Fig). No significant differences were found between the normal BMI and underweight subjects (MD -0.26, 95% CI -0.89 to 0.38, Z = 0.79, P = 0.43, I2 = 11%, S2B Fig), overweight (MD 0.18, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.70, Z = 0.70, P = 0.48 I2 = 62%, S2B Fig) or obese patients (MD 0.23, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.48, Z = 1.75, P = 0.08, I2 = 0%, S2B Fig).
ICU and hospital LOS
Non-obese patients had shorter ICU LOS than obese patients (MD 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.59, Z = 3.58, P = 0.0003, I2 = 70%, S2C Fig). A sensitivity analysis that excluded studies that did not report mean and standard deviation did not change these findings. In comparison to subjects with normal BMI, no significant differences in ICU LOS were found in underweight (MD -0.31, 95% CI -1.22 to 0.60, Z = 0.67, P = 0.50, I2 = 0%, S2D Fig), obese (MD 0.25, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.52, Z = 1.84, P = 0.07 I2 = 85%, S2D Fig), overweight (MD 0.09, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.21, Z = 1.37, P = 0.17, I2 = 48%, S2D Fig) and severely obese patients (MD 0.72, 95% CI -0.07 to 1.52, Z = 1.78, P = 0.08, I2 = 61%, S2D Fig). Hospital LOS did not differ between obese and non-obese patients (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.52 0.63, Z = 0.19, P = 0.85, I2 = 80%, S2E Fig). A sensitivity analysis eliminating the studies that did not report mean and standard deviation did not change the findings. Hospital LOS did not differ among different BMI categories (S2F Fig).
Discussion
Obesity is a risk factor of death in the general population [36]. The current meta-analysis showed that, in comparison to subjects with normal BMI, obese ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation had lower measures of mortality rate (ICU, hospital, short-term as well as long-term). Several factors may have attributed to the “obesity paradox” in this population. First, adipose tissue is considered to be an ancestral immune organ [37], and could secrete leptin, adiponectin and many other biological response modifiers [38]. Leptin is a critical component of the host defense in the lungs [39]. Adiponectin produces anti-inflammatory effects through acting on inflammatory cells, NF-κB, and TNF-α, and could regulate inflammatory response, improve glucose tolerance and reduced vasopressor requirement in obese patients [40]. A recent study found that obese patients have lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and surfactant protein D, The lack of reduced mortality related to obesity might be due to low grade inflammatory response [41]. Second, both animal and human studies showed that adipocytes are infiltrated by activated macrophages under critical illnesses[41, 42]; these macrophages have important immune and scavenger functions, and produce an anti-inflammatory response. Third, obese patients have higher energy reservoir to counteract the influence by increased catabolic stress of disease [43]. Lastly, obese patients might have a lower threshold for ICU admission due to heightened perception of by doctors and nurses [20].
In the current study, underweight subjects had higher hospital mortality than those with normal BMI. Contributing factors may include insufficient energy stores to maintain organ function during times of critical illness and weak immune response to challenges due to poor nutritional status. A previous prospective study suggested low BMI as a potential marker for the underlying chronic diseases, such as cancer [44]. However, the increased risk of mortality reported in patients with a low BMI could also reflect illness-related weight loss or other serious illnesses before hospitalization [45].
Consistent with a previous study [46], duration on mechanical ventilation was longer in obese patients than in non-obese patients in the current study. Several reasons might have contributed to this finding. First, obese patients have decreased lung and chest wall compliance, and are more susceptible to atelectasis or increased alveolar tension [47]. Obese patients also tend to have ventilation flow imbalance, and lower functional residual and lung volume [48]. Second, obese patients consume more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide production [49,50], and thus have increased respiratory work. Abdominal visceral fat accumulation could also increase abdominal pressure and thus increased respiratory work [51,52]. which were easy to cause respiratory muscle fatigue and difficult weaning. Third, clinicians often overestimate lung size for obese patients, and tend to use higher tidal volumes, thus placing patients on risk to develop ventilator-associated lung injury [21].
We also found significantly longer ICU LOS in obese patients than in non-obese patients. This could have been due to prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation in ICU, or higher rate of ICU complications, especially sepsis and pneumonia [14]. Also, nursing is particularly difficult in obese patients, and could lead to increased risks of skin laceration and other complications [53].
The current study has several limitations. First, assessment of BMI in the included studies could have been biased by resuscitation fluids given prior to ICU admission. Also, the height and weight of patients admitted into ICU typically estimated by physician rather than actually measured. Second, statistical heterogeneity in our analysis showed that the differences in outcomes might be explained by other characteristics not BMI, especially for length of stay (LOS) in hospital. Third, many confounding factors, including age, sex, and complications, could not be accurately extracted from the original studies. It must be emphasized that the results from the current study are based on ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Similar results also occurred in obesity patients in ICU, Hogue [54] reported that obesity in ICU was associated with lower hospital mortality, but not associated with increased risk for ICU mortality. Extrapolation into other population must be cautious. Previous studies by Calle in the US [55] and Faeh in Switzerland [56] showed that obesity is associated with excess risk of mortality in adults, mainly due to complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The existence of “obesity paradox” remains debated, and further studies are needed to determine whether adding BMI would decrease risk of mortality.
Conclusion
In summary, compared to subjects with normal BMI, obese ICU subjects receiving mechanical ventilation had lower ICU and hospital mortality. There were also some evidence for lower short or long-term mortality. Obese patients had longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU LOS than non-obese patients.
Supporting information
(PDF)
(A) duration of mechanical ventilation.(B) ICU length of stay. (C) hospital length of stay.
(PDF)
(A) duration of mechanical ventilation in the obese vs non-obese patients.(B) duration of mechanical ventilation of different BMI classification.(C) ICU LOS of obese vs non-obese patients.(D) ICU LOS of different BMI classification.(E) hospital LOS of obese vs non-obese patients.(F) hospital LOS of different BMI classification.
(PDF)
(PDF)
(PDF)
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(PDF)
(A) duration of mechanical ventilation.(B) ICU length of stay. (C) hospital length of stay.
(PDF)
(A) duration of mechanical ventilation in the obese vs non-obese patients.(B) duration of mechanical ventilation of different BMI classification.(C) ICU LOS of obese vs non-obese patients.(D) ICU LOS of different BMI classification.(E) hospital LOS of obese vs non-obese patients.(F) hospital LOS of different BMI classification.
(PDF)
(PDF)
(PDF)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.