Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite which can cause abortion and stillbirth in ruminants. However, there is no information on Tibetan sheep N. caninum infection in China. A total of 2187 serum samples were collected from Tibetan sheep in the major production areas of Luqu, Maqu, and Tianzhu in Gansu province, and Nyingchi in southeast Tibet, China. All samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum using a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunoassay. Of the 2187 serum samples, 184 (8.4%, 95% CI 7.3-9.6) were tested N. caninum seropositive. The N. caninum seroprevalence ranged from 4.4% (95% CI 1.4–7.4) to 11.3% (95% CI 8.2–14.4) among different regions, seasons, ages, and pregnancies, and there was no statistical significance among those groups (P > 0.05). Seroprevalence in male (10.8% 69/638) (95% CI 8.4–13.2) was significantly higher than in female (7.4% 115/1549) (OR =1.51, 95% CI 6.1–8.7) (P < 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. caninum seroprevalence in Tibetan sheep in China, which provides baseline data for the prevention and control of N. caninum infection in Tibetan sheep.
1. Introduction
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan which can infect a variety of mammals and birds [1]. During the whole life cycle of N. caninum, canids are the exclusive definitive hosts and shed environmentally resistant oocysts [2]. Many ruminants like sheep, goats, and dairy cattle commonly act as the primary intermediate hosts and are subjected to abortion, stillbirths, and neonatal mortalities [3, 4]. Both vertical transmission from infected mother to foetus and horizontal transmission from food or water contaminated with oocysts can result in the infection of N. caninum [5]. Though no N. caninum has been found from human tissue till now, antibodies to N. caninum have been detected in human serum [6], suggesting a zoonotic potential of the parasite.
The N. caninum seroprevalence has been reported in sheep and goats worldwide [7–9]. In China's Tibetan areas, the prevalence and infection of N. caninum have been reported in black yaks [10, 11] and white yaks [12]. However, there is no information about the infection of N. caninum in Tibetan sheep in China. Tibetan sheep is one of China's three major varieties of sheep, mainly inhabiting in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [13]. Tibetan sheep produce high quality pelage, provide nutritive and delicious meat, and are economically important for the local Tibetans. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and assess rick factors of N. caninum infection in Tibetan sheep in China.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Sites
In the present study, serum samples were collected from Tibetan sheep in Gansu province (32°31′′~42°57′′ N, 92°13′′~108°46′′ E), northwest China, and Nyingchi prefecture (26°52′′~30°40′′ N, 92°09′′~98°47′′ E) in southeast Tibet, southwest China. The average elevation of the surveyed areas is more than 3000 meters above sea level and has a plateau continental climate.
2.2. Serum Samples
Serum samples were collected from Tibetan sheep via the caudal vein by local veterinary practitioners. A total of 2187 serum samples were collected from farmed Tibetan sheep from Luqu, Maqu, and Tianzhu in Gansu province, and Nyingchi in Tibet, China (Table 1). Serum samples were taken to the laboratory and kept at room temperature for 2 hours and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Serum was separated and stored at – 20°C until further tested. Moreover, a standardized questionnaire was used to record region, age, gender, history of pregnancy, and sampling season.
Table 1.
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Tibetan sheep from different regions, genders, seasons, ages, and pregnancies in Gansu and Tibet provinces, China, tested by competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
| Variable | Category | No. examined | Positive (%) | 95% CI | P-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Luqu | 182 | 8 (4.4%) | 1.4-7.4 | >0.05 | Reference |
| Maqu | 588 | 48 (8.2%) | 5.9-10.4 | 1.9 (0.9-4.2) | ||
| Tianzhu | 962 | 90 (9.4%) | 7.5-11.2 | 2.3 (1.1-4.7) | ||
| Nyingchi | 455 | 38 (8.4%) | 5.8-10.9 | 1.9 (0.9-4.3) | ||
| Sex | Male | 638 | 69 (10.8%) | 8.4-13.2 | <0.01 | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) |
| Female | 1549 | 115 (7.4%) | 6.1-8.7 | Reference | ||
| Season | Spring | 480 | 41 (8.5%) | 6.2-11.1 | >0.05 | 1.4 (0.8-2.2) |
| Summer | 398 | 45 (11.3%) | 8.2-14.4 | 1.8 (1.1-2.9) | ||
| Autumn | 479 | 31 (6.5%) | 4.3-8.7 | Reference | ||
| Winter | 375 | 29 (7.7%) | 5.0-10.4 | 1.2 (0.7-2.1) | ||
| No data | 455 | 38 (8.4%) | 5.8-10.9 | 1.3 (0.8-2.1) | ||
| Age (year∗) | 0-1 | 447 | 45 (10.1%) | 7.3-12.9 | >0.05 | 1.9 (1.1-3.8) |
| ≥1-2 | 413 | 27 (6.5%) | 4.2-8.9 | 1.2 (0.6-2.5) | ||
| ≥2-3 | 243 | 13 (5.4%) | 2.5-8.2 | Reference | ||
| ≥3 | 1084 | 99 (9.1%) | 7.4-10.9 | 1.8 (0.9-3.2) | ||
| Pregnancy | Not pregnant | 581 | 49 (8.4%) | 6.2-10.7 | >0.05 | 1.2 (0.8-1.7) |
| Pregnant | 796 | 59 (7.4%) | 5.6-9.2 | Reference | ||
| No data | 810 | 76 (9.4%) | 7.4-11.4 | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | ||
| Total | 2187 | 184 (8.4%) | 7.3-9.6 |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
∗Animals are grouped by age of year.
2.3. Serological Examination
All samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum using a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) kit (VMRD, Pullman, USA) validated for ruminants according to the manufacturer's instructions. The test results were expressed as percentage of inhibition (%I) according to the following formula: %I = 100 [1- (Sample OD ÷ NC OD)]. The serum was examined in duplicate and considered positive if more than 30% inhibition was detected.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Variables associated with N. caninum infection among Tibetan sheep of different seasons, regions, pregnancy, gender, and age groups were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model, and probability (P) value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant between factors and prevalence. Odds-ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals based on likelihood ratio statistics are calculated. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS (Statistical analysis system, Version 8.0).
3. Results and Discussion
In this study, the total seroprevalence of N. caninum among the examined Tibetan sheep was 8.4% (184/2187, 95% CI 7.3-9.6). The N. caninum prevalence in Tibetan sheep varied between regions, ranging from 4.4% in Luqu (8/182, 95% CI 1.4-7.4) to 9.4% in Tianzhu (90/962, 95% CI 7.5-11.2) (Table 1), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Caprine infection of N. caninum has been reported worldwide, for example, the lower prevalence of 5.6% in Iraq [14], 6.1% in Costa Rica [15], 6% in the Czech Republic [16], 6.6% in Argentina, and 6.4% in Brazil [17], the higher prevalence of 25.9% in Turkey [18] and 23.6% in Thailand [19]. Due to the different investigation sites, different detection methods, sheep breeds, and various sample capacities, it is difficult to compare N. caninum prevalence between these studies, but these studies all confirmed that caprines are truly easy to be infected by N. caninum.
To evaluate the seasonal difference of N. caninum seroprevalence in Tibetan sheep, serum samples were collected in the four seasons during a whole year. The results indicated that N. caninum infection varied in a year ranging from 6.5% in autumn to 11.3% in summer, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). High altitude in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau results in significant temperature differences between day and night, which may, to some degree, weaken the influence of seasons on the N. caninum infection in Tibetan sheep.
Statistically, the N. caninum seroprevalence in male Tibetan sheep (10.8%) (69/638, 95% CI 8.4-13.2) was significantly higher than in the female (7.4%) (115/1549, 95% CI 6.1–8.7) (P < 0.01), which is probably related to the different hormone levels between males and females [20]. It also may be due to horizontal transmission of N. caninum and exposure of older Tibetan sheep for a long period. But this result is not consistent with some previous reports that no significant differences were observed between male and female goats [21–23], probably reflecting the breed difference.
In addition, the effects of age and pregnancies on the N. caninum infection were also evaluated among the examined Tibetan sheep, and the results indicated age and pregnancies had no significant effect on the N. caninum seroprevalence (both P > 0.05), although these results were not consistent with some previous studies when the older and pregnant animals were at high risk of being exposed to N. caninum [24].
In conclusion, this is the first report of the N. caninum seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the parasite in Tibetan sheep in China. It provides baseline data for establishing control programs. In the future, further molecular investigations and bioassays on N. caninum infection in Tibetan sheep should be carried out.
Acknowledgments
Project support was provided by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (Grant no. 201303037), the National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (Grant no. 2015CB150300), the Elite Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Changbai Mountain Scholars Program (Grant no. 2013063), and the Talent Development Fund Project of Jilin Province (Grant no. 20151050).
Contributor Information
Rui Du, Email: durui197107@126.com.
Xing-Quan Zhu, Email: zhuxingquan@caas.cn.
Data Availability
The Neospora caninum prevalence data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Ethical Approval
All Tibetan sheep were handled in strict accordance with good animal practice according to the Animal Ethics Procedures and Guidelines of the People's Republic of China, and the study was approved by the Animal Administration and Ethics Committee of Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The Neospora caninum prevalence data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.