Abstract
To explore the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ) in cardiomyopathy treatment. Literatures, related with TMZ treatment for cardiomyopathy, were retrieved between 1990 and February 2018 in the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library systems. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing [resting heart rate (RHR), peak heart rate (PHR), peak systolic blood pressure (PSBP), and resting systolic blood pressure (RSBP)] and echocardiographic results [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), systolic wall thickening score index (SWTSI), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD)] were merged to detect the publication bias. Total 898 patients with cardiomyopathy were divided into two groups: TMZ-treated group (n=456) and control group (n=442). There was no difference in the improvement of cardiomyopathy between the TMZ and control group. No publication bias was shown for PHR (t= 0.9791, P=0.5067). There were significant differences in LVEF, LVESV, SWTSI, LVESD, and LVEDD between the TMZ group and the control group. TMZ-treatment significantly increased the level of LVEF (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.46–7.84, P<0.001), and reduced the level of LVESV (95% CI: −18.73 to −7.77, P<0.001), SWTSI (95% CI: −0.47 to −0.15, Z = −3.85, P=0.001), LVESD (95% CI: −1.09 to −0.08, P<0.001), and LVEDD (95% CI: −0.55 to −0.26, P=0.023). There was no publication bias except for LVEDV (t = 2.5456, P=0.0438). TMZ is effective for cardiomyopathy treatment and worth to popularize in clinic.
Keywords: Cardiomyopathy, Meta-Analysis, publication bias, Trimetazidine
Introduction
Cardiomyopathy, defined as myocardial disease associated with cardiac functional insufficiency, is divided into primary and secondary cardiomyopathies [1]. The manifestations include exertional dyspnea, chest pain, arrhythmia, syncope, and even sudden death [2]. Etiology of primary cardiomyopathy is unknown so far. It is generally believed that cardiomyopathy is a clinical syndrome with multiple etiologies, such as viral infection, immune response, genetic theory, myocardial ischemia, metabolism and enzyme changes, catecholamine theory, poisoning theory, and nutritional deficiency [3]. Trimetazidine (TMZ), a piperazine derivative which acts on myocardium metabolism, inhibits mitochondrial long-chain acyl coenzyme 3-ketone A thiolase, transfers the energy from metabolism of fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation, uses limited oxygen to produce more ATP, and increases the synthesis of phospholipids, so it makes the myocardial cell energy production optimization. [4]. TMZ could stimulate glucose metabolism to increase the myocardial tolerance to ischemic injury by inhibiting the β-oxidation pathway of fatty acids [5].
At present, trimetazidine was widely used in the treatment of cardiomyopathy, but there were no consistent reports on the efficacy of TMZ for cardiomyopathy treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of TMZ in the treatment of cardiomyopathy by means of meta-analysis, providing a basis for the clinical treatment of cardiomyopathy.
Methods
Data sources
The comprehensive search was performed to retrieve the related clinical studies in Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Embase (http://www.embase.com), and Cochrane Library (http://www.cochranelibrary.com) with the following key words: ‘cardiomyopathies’ or ‘cardiomyopathy’ or ‘myocardiopathy’ in combination with ‘TMZ’ or ‘trimetazine’ or ‘vastarel’ or ‘vasorel’. The study type is a randomized controlled study, the study language is limited to english, and the last search was updated on February 2018.
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria for studies were shown as follows: (1) published literature on the clinical study of TMZ therapy in cardiomyopathy; (2) the study type is a randomized controlled study; (3) it could provide the comparison of the efficacy between TMZ and control groups in the treatment of cardiomyopathy; (4) mainly included some outcome indicators of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiographic.
Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) data were not complete or not available for statistical analysis; (2) non-original studies, such as reviews, letters etc.; (3) duplicate publication; (4) the data from the same population used for multiple studies are only included in the latest research or one of the most complete information, with the remainder excluded.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Two authors (F.Q. and N.Z.Z.) independently extracted the following information of studies: first authors, publication year, research area, follow-up time, the patients number of the TMZ and control group, age and gender of patients, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) indexes before treatment and outcome related (cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiographic).
Quality assessment was processed using the evaluation instrument recommendated by Cochrane Collaboration for bias risk assessment.
If there are differences of opinion, discrepancy between the two investigators, the third investigator was invited to discuss for consensus.
Statistical analysis
All procedures of meta-analysis were performed using R 3.12 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Beijing 1, China, meta package). The quantitative data effect index is represented by mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity test, which used to check whether the results of individual studies are unifiable, was analyzed by Q test based on Chi square [6] and I2 statistic. If the heterogeneity test was statistically significant (P<0.05 or I2 > 50%), the random effect model (REM) was used to calculate the combined effect value; otherwise, fixed effect model (FEM) was used to merge data (P<0.05 and I2 > 50%) [7]. Egger’s method was used to test publication bias.
Result
General features of selected literature
The search results and selection process of literature were shown in Figure 1. Total 344 articles were retrieved by using the retrieval strategy in Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. After eliminating the repetitive literatures (111), 233 articles were remained. After browsing the headlines and abstracts, 168 papers were excluded, including 138 articles which did not meet the inclusion criteria, 19 reviews or conference papers, and 11 letters, case series or report. Among the 65 remaining articles, 51 articles were excluded after reading the full text, and total 14 qualified articles were included [8–21].
Figure 1. The search results and selection process of literature.
The general features of the selected literature were shown in Table 1. Total 898 patients with cardiomyopathy were included, including TMZ group (n=456) and control group (n=442). Selected articles published between 1990 and 2016, and most published after 2001 (13/14). The study area is mainly in France, Italy, Denmark, Egypt, and China, the follow-up time was usually 3–6 months, the patients in included studies were mainly male with middle-aged or elderly. General conditions of these patients, including gender, age, and LVEF before treatment were not statistically different between two groups. The relevant outcome measures (cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiographic) were recorded in Table 2. The quality evaluation was shown in Figure 2. It could be seen that the overall quality of articles was higher.
Table 1. The general features of the selected literature.
| Author | Publication year | Study location | Follow-up | Group | N | Male | Age | LVEF(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belardinelli, R.[8] | 2008 | Italy | 3 months | T | 19 | 16 | 54.3 ± 9 | 39 ± 6 |
| C | 15 | 14 | 53.7 ± 9 | 40 ± 6 | ||||
| Belardinelli, R.[9] | 2008 | Italy | 8 weeks | T | 30 | 25 | 59 ± 8 | 35 ± 7 |
| C | 26 | 22 | 58 ± 9 | 36 ± 6 | ||||
| Belardinelli, R.[10] | 2001 | Italy | 6 months | T | 19 | 15 | 50 ± 7 | 33 ± 4.5 |
| C | 19 | 16 | 54 ± 7 | 33.4 ± 3.5 | ||||
| Brottier, L.[11] | 1990 | France | 6 months | T | 9 | NA | 57.0 ± 3.2 | 32.2 ± 3.1 |
| C | 11 | NA | 61.9 ± 0.9 | 29.4 ± 2.6 | ||||
| DiNapoli, P.[12] | 2007 | Italy | 6 months | T | 25 | 15 | 64 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 |
| C | 25 | 18 | 63 ± 7 | 30 ± 6 | ||||
| EI-kady, T.[13] | 2005 | Egypt | 24 months | T | 100 | 86 | 52.8 ± 8.7 | 35.6 ± 17.1 |
| C | 100 | 78 | 53.1 ± 8.7 | 36.9 ± 13.9 | ||||
| Fragasso, G.[14] | 2003 | Canada | 6 months | T | 16 | 16 | 64 ± 7 | NA |
| C | 16 | 16 | ||||||
| Jatain, S.[16] | 2016 | India | 6 months | T | 50 | 73 | 47.1 ± 12.6 | 27.0 ± 6.2 |
| C | 50 | 75 | 48.31 ± 11.5 | 27.6 ± 4..2 | ||||
| Momen, A.[17] | 2016 | Bangladesh | 6 months | T | 55 | 45 | 58 ± 9.5 | 32.9 ± 6.6 |
| C | 53 | 41 | 59 ± 8.9 | 33.1 ± 6.2 | ||||
| Rosano, G.M.[15] | 2003 | Italy | 6 months | T | 16 | 11 | 65.6 ± 5.7 | 32.3 ± 5.3 |
| C | 16 | 13 | 65.2 ± 7 | 32.8 ± 2.3 | ||||
| Sisakian, H.[18] | 2007 | Armenia | 3 months | T | 42 | 37 | 63.5 ± 9.3 | 34.5 ± 3.8 |
| C | 40 | 33 | 65.6 ± 8.7 | 32.4 ± 5.6 | ||||
| Tuunanen, H.[19] | 2008 | France | 3 months | T | 12 | 10 | 59 ± 8.8 | 31 ± 8.5 |
| C | 7 | 5 | 57 ± 7.3 | 38 ± 8.4 | ||||
| Vitale, C.[20] | 2004 | Italy | 6 months | T | 23 | 18 | 77 ± 2.3 | 29 ± 2.2 |
| C | 24 | 22 | 78 ± 4.3 | 28.7 ± 2.8 | ||||
| Zhao, P.[21] | 2013 | China | 6 months | T | 40 | 32 | 59 ± 8.1 | 34 ± 8.5 |
| C | 40 | 30 | 58 ± 9.0 | 36 ± 8.4 |
Abbreviations: C, control group; T, trimetazidine group.
Table 2. Outcome data.
| Author | Publication year | Group | N | RHR | PHR | RSBP | PSBP | LVEF | LVESV | LVEDV | SWTSI | LVESD | LVEDD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belardinelli, R.[8] | 2008 | T | 19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 43 ± 6 | NA | NA | 1.7 ± 0.9 | NA | NA |
| C | 15 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 38 ± 6 | NA | NA | 2.3 ± 0.9 | NA | NA | ||
| Belardinelli, R. [9] | 2008 | T | 30 | 75.0 ± 10.0 | 137.0 ± 18.0 | NA | 157.0 ± 19.0 | 40.5 ± 7.0 | 88.0 ± 11.0 | 152.0 ± 18.0 | 1.70 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 6.31 ± 0.8 |
| C | 26 | 79.0 ± 11.0 | 134.0 ± 18.0 | NA | 145.0 ± 19.0 | 36.0 ± 6.0 | 95.0 ± 9.0 | 148.0 ± 17.0 | 1.92 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 6.44 ± 0.7 | ||
| Belardinelli, R. [10] | 2001 | T | 19 | 79 ± 9 | 87 ± 8 | 108 ± 21 | 135 ± 20 | 42·9 ± 4·4 | 97·7 ± 11·6 | 171·7 ± 13 | 1·41 ± 0·09 | NA | NA |
| C | 19 | 81 ± 10 | 89 ± 7 | 110 ± 22 | 132 ± 10 | 38·9 ± 3·5 | 108 ± 11·8 | 170·5 ± 19 | 1·83 ± 0·16 | NA | NA | ||
| Brottier, L.[11] | 1990 | T | 9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.6 ± 3.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| C | 11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 18.6 ± 2.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| DiNapoli, P.[12] | 2007 | T | 25 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 32 ± 5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| C | 25 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 26 ± 7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| EI-kady, T.[13] | 2005 | T | 100 | NA | NA | NA | 43.9 ± 21.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| C | 100 | NA | NA | NA | 37.1 ± 14.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Fragasso, G.[14] | 2003 | T | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 44.8 ± 7.5 | 85.0 ± 36.5 | 150.3 ± 47.9 | NA | 5.27 ± 0.96 | 6.52 ± 0.70 |
| C | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 36.4 ± 8.0 | 98.8± 47.5 | 152.9 ± 57.9 | NA | 5.62 ± 0.92 | 6.99 ± 0.88 | ||
| Jatain, S.[16] | 2016 | T | 50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 34.84 ± 8.10 | NA | NA | NA | 4.51 ± 0.71 | 6.00 ± 0.65 |
| C | 50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 27.69 ± 5.56 | NA | NA | NA | 5.03 ± 0.62 | 6.36 ± 0.66 | ||
| Momen, A.[17] | 2016 | T | 55 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 36.60 ± 5.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.97± 0.52 |
| C | 53 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 31.20 ± 6.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6.51 ± 0.61 | ||
| Rasano, G. M.[15] | 2003 | T | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 37.7 ± 5.7 | NA | NA | NA | 3.41 ± 0.09 | 5.72 ± 0.21 |
| C | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30.4 ± 2.9 | NA | NA | NA | 4.11 ± 0.27 | 6.32 ± 0.47 | ||
| Sisakian, H.[18] | 2007 | T | 42 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 38.0 ± 4.8 | 120 ± 18 | 194 ± 25 | NA | NA | NA |
| C | 40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 33.2 ± 5.8 | 139 ± 21 | 208 ± 27 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Tuunanen, H.[19] | 2008 | T | 12 | 60 ± 9 | NA | 119 ± 12 | NA | 34.8 ± 12 | 204 ± 131 | 296 ± 129 | NA | 6.1 ± 0.10 | 7.4 ± 0.90 |
| C | 7 | 61 ± 13 | NA | 116 ± 10 | NA | 31.9 ± 12 | 186 ± 76 | 268 ± 89 | NA | 5.8 ± 0.62 | 7.0 ± 0.64 | ||
| Vitale, C.[20] | 2004 | T | 23 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 34.4 ± 2.3 | 73.4 ± 4.2 | 111.9 ± 3.1 | 1.24 ± 0.12 | 4.45 ± 0.11 | 5.86 ± 0.19 |
| C | 24 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 27 ± 2.8 | 90.8 ± 7.2 | 124.3 ± 6.8 | 1.45 ± 0.19 | 5.0 ± 0.08 | 6.4 ± 0.17 | ||
| Zhao, P.[21] | 2013 | T | 40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 46 ± 9.8 | NA | NA | NA | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 5.91 ± 0.7 |
| C | 40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 36 ± 7.5 | NA | NA | NA | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 6.11 ± 0.6 |
Abbreviations: LVESDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; PHR, peak heart rate; PSBP, peak systolic blood pressure; RHR, resting heart rate; RSBP, resting systolic blood pressure; SWTSI, systolic wall thickening score index.
Figure 2. Risk of bias graph and risk of bias summary.
(A) Risk of bias graph: the judgment of the percentage of all projects that have the risk of bias in the study. (B) Risk of bias summary: judgment of all the risk items of each bias in the study. Notes: Green: low risk of bias; Yellow: unclear risk of bias; Red: high risk of bias.
Quantitative data consolidation
First of all, the heterogeneity test was carried out. Then the proper effect model was used to calculate the combined effect value according to the P-value of the Q test and the I2 statistic.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing results
Indexes including PHR, PSBP, RHR, and RSBP were conformed to the condition of fixed utility model (P<0.05 and I2 > 50%), fixed utility models were used for merging. The results showed that PHR (TMZ group 49, control group 45, MD = −0.98, 95% CI: −5.25 to 3.29, Z = 1.45, P= 0.1470), PSBP (TMZ group 49, control group 45, MD = 7.53, 95% CI: 0.45–14.62, Z = −0.45, P=0.6519), RHR (TMZ group 61, control group 52, MD = −2.83, 95% CI: −6.66 to 0.99, Z = 0.30, P=0.7628), and RSBP (TMZ group 31, control group 26, MD = 1.25, 95% CI: −6.85 to 9.34, Z = 1.67, P=0.0946). There was no difference in the improvement of cardiomyopathy between the TMZ and control group. After assessing by the ‘Egger’s’ method, no publication bias was shown for PHR (t = 0.9791, P=0.5067) (Table 3 and Figure 3).
Table 3. The results of meta-analysis.
| Variables | Group | Sample size | Test of association | Model | Test of heterogeneity*,† | Egger’s test‡ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | Cases | Control | MD [95% CI] | Z | P -value | Q | P -value | I2(%) | t | P- value | |||
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing results | PHR | 2 | 49 | 45 | −0.9819 [−5.2474; 3.2836] | 1.45 | 0.1470 | Fixed | 0.86 | 0.3549 | 0 | 0.9791 | 0.5067 |
| PSBP | 2 | 49 | 45 | 7.5343 [0.4519; 14.6167] | −0.45 | 0.6519 | Fixed | 1.55 | 0.2130 | 35.5 | – | – | |
| RHR | 3 | 61 | 52 | −2.8305 [−6.6556; 0.9947] | 0.30 | 0.7628 | Fixed | 0.35 | 0.8386 | 0 | – | – | |
| RSBP | 2 | 31 | 26 | 1.2469 [−6.8507; 9.3446] | 1.67 | 0.0946 | Fixed | 0.33 | 0.5636 | 0 | – | – | |
| Echocardiographic results | LVEF | 14 | 456 | 442 | 6.6500 [5.4584; 7.8415] | 10.94 | <0.0001 | Random | 27.82 | 0.0096 | 53.3 | 0.3736 | 0.7152 |
| LVESV | 6 | 142 | 132 | −13.2522 [−18.7347; −7.7698] | −4.74 | <0.0001 | Random | 13.49 | 0.0192 | 62.9 | 0.6239 | 0.5665 | |
| LVEDV | 6 | 142 | 132 | −5.2938 [−13.8592; 3.2717] | −1.21 | 0.2258 | Random | 17.10 | 0.0043 | 70.8 | 1.4803 | 0.2129 | |
| SWTSI | 4 | 91 | 84 | −0.3140 [−0.4740; −0.1540] | −3.85 | 0.0001 | Random | 12.68 | 0.0054 | 76.3 | 0.0149 | 0.9895 | |
| LVESD | 7 | 187 | 179 | −0.5828 [−1.0852; −0.0804] | −2.27 | 0.0230 | Random | 420.88 | <0.0001 | 98.6 | 0.0106 | 0.9920 | |
| LVEDD | 8 | 242 | 232 | −0.4025 [−0.5483; −0.2566] | −5.41 | <0.0001 | Random | 16.19 | 0.0235 | 56.8 | 2.5456 | 0.0438 | |
*Random-effects model was used when the P-value for heterogeneity test <0.05, otherwise the fixed-effect model was used. †P-value <0.05 is considered statistically significant for Q statistics. ‡Egger’s test to evaluate publication bias; P-value<0.05 is considered statistically significant.
Figure 3. Forest plot for PHR, PSBP, RHR, and RSBP of TMZ group and control group.
Echocardiographic results
Indexes including LVEF, LVESV, LVEDV, SWTSI, LVESD, and LVEDD were conformed to the random utility model condition (P<0.05 and I2 > 50%), and random utility model was used for merging. The results showed that LVEF (TMZ group 456, control group 442, MD = 6.65, 95% CI: 5.46 – 7.84, Z = 10.94, P<0.001), LVESV (TMZ group 142, control group 132, MD = −13.25, 95% CI: −18.73 to −7.77, Z = −4.74, P<0.001), LVEDV (TMZ group 142, control group 132, MD = −5.29, 95% CI: −13.86 to 3.27, Z = −1.21, P=0.2258), SWTSI (TMZ group 91, control group 84, MD = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.47 to −0.15, Z = −3.85, P=0.001), LVESD (TMZ group 187, control group 179, MD = −0.58, 95% CI: −1.09 to −0.08, Z = −2.27, P<0.001) and LVEDD (TMZ group 242, control group 232, MD = −0.40, 95% CI: −0.55 to −0.26, Z = −5.41, P=0.023). There were significant differences in LVEF, LVESV, SWTSI, LVESD, and LVEDD between the TMZ group and the control group. TMZ-treatment significantly increased level of LVEF, and reduced level of LVESV, SWTSI, LVESD, and LVEDD. Publication bias was assessed using the ‘Egger’s’ method. The results showed that there were no publication bias except for LVEDV (t = 2.5456, P=0.0438) (Table 3; Figures 4 and 5).
Figure 4. Forest plot for LVEF, LVESV, and LVEDV of TMZ group and control group.
(A) Forest plot for the improvement of LVEF. (B) Forest plot for LVESV reduction. (C) Forest plot for LVEDV reduction. Abbreviation: S.D., standard deviation.
Figure 5. Forest plot for SWTSI, LVESD, and LVEDD of TMZ group and control group.
(A) Forest plot for the improvement of SWTSI. (B) Forest plot for LVESD reduction. (C) Forest plot for LVEDD reduction.
Discussion
We performed a meta-analysis for TMZ effect on cardiomyopathy treatment, found that TMZ had effects on the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy, and improved clinical symptoms. TMZ initially used as an anti-ischaemic or ‘cytoprotective’ agent through regulating a metabolic pathway of switching cardiac metabolism from FFA to glucose oxidation, increasing glucose utilization, improving the rate of ATP production, optimizing energy, thereby reducing myocardial damage, and achieving purpose of myocardial protection [22]. FFA inhibitors could be used as metabolic modulators to protect the ischaemic myocardium, the effects of TMZ on cardiomyopathy were previously evaluated primarily for patients with ischemic heart failure [23]. TMZ could improve heart functions, which has been confirmed by clinical studies [24]. Through collecting these experimental results, our meta-analysis confirmed that TMZ significantly improved LVEF, LVESV, SWTSI, and LVESD, and decreased LVEDD level, which indicates that TMZ significantly improved left ventricular remodeling and systolic function in patients with cardiomyopathy.
At present, there are many researches on TMZ-treatment for cardiomyopathy. Some studies had shown that TMZ-treatment could improve left ventricular(LV) function and exercise tolerance, and reduce plasma levels of type-B natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin T levels in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy [10, 25]. In addition, compared with TMZ or exercise training alone, TMZ combined ET could significantly improve functional capacity, LVEF, and endothelium-dependent dilation [9]. Moreover, TMZ-treatment could improve LV function, symptoms, glucose metabolism, endothelial function, and physical tolerance in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy [26–28]. In idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients, TMZ could increase cardiac function and have both cardiac and extracardiac metabolic effects [17, 29, 30]. TMZ could improve LV function and life quality in patients with coronary artery disease [20].
Improving cardiac function of patients with cardiomyopathy is the most important treatment target [31]. In the present study, the results showed that TMZ significantly improved left ventricular remodeling and systolic function. However, the difference in outcome caused by other factors could not be ignored. The results of heterogeneity test in the present study were significant, which might be induced by the following reasons: factors of different regions, such as living habits, environment, and the level of economic development; effects of gender, age, and other confounding factors.
In order to test the reliability of previous studies, the present study conducted a meta-analysis of TMZ for cardiomyopathy treatment to ensure the reliability of these conclusions. It has to be mentioned that there are some limitations in the present study. First, due to some incomplete data, no covariates were corrected, and no subgroup analysis was also performed. These potential confounding factors might affect the results of meta-analysis. Second, publication bias exists in LVEDD, which might have an impact on the synthetic results. Third, the included articles with four indicators of cardiopulmonary exercise testing results were too fewer; thereby, publication bias assessments could not be processed.
In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that TMZ is effective for cardiomyopathy treatment, and a growing body of evidence supports that the potential role of TMZ in treating patients with heart failure. However, this conclusion still needs to be validated by larger-scale, higher-quality studies, or updated meta-analysis with more samples.
Abbreviations
- LVEDD
left ventricular end-diastolic diameter
- LVEDV
left ventricular end-diastolic volume
- LVEF
left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVESD
left ventricular end-systolic diameter
- LVESV
left ventricular end-systolic volume
- MD
mean difference
- PHR
peak heart rate
- PSBP
peak systolic blood pressure
- RHR
resting heart rate
- RSBP
resting systolic blood pressure
- SWTSI
systolic wall thickening score index
- TMZ
trimetazidine
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript.
Funding
The authors declare that there are no sources of funding to be acknowledged.
Author Contribution
Q.F. collected and studied the experimental data. Z.N. and L.M. drafted the manuscript. L.M. checked the manuscript.
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