Data on high performance supercapacitors based on mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area

Abstract

The data presented in this data article are related to the research article entitled “Mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area for high performance supercapacitors” (Lu et al., 2017) [1]. The detailed structure data of the prepared mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area and the electrochemical performance data of the corresponding supercapacitors are described.

Specifications Table

Subject area	Chemistry
More specific subject area	Materials science: activated carbons (ACs)
Type of data	Table, image, text file, graph, figure and video
How data was acquired	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrometer (AXIS HIS 165, Kratos Analytical); Nitrogen isotherm of N2 at 77 K (Micromeritics ASAP 2020); CHI660C electrochemical analyzer (Shanghai Chenhua Instruments Co., Ltd.); Battery test system (LAND CT2001A model, Wuhan LAND Electronics. Ltd.); P4000 electrochemical workstation (Princeton, USA)
Data format	Raw and analyzed
Experimental factors	Samples, assembled coin-type supercapacitor and calculation
Experimental features	Characterization of electrode material, assembly of device and measurement of electrochemical performance
Data source location	Langfang Normal University and Nankai University, China
Data accessibility	Data are presented in this article

Value of the data

• •Detailed experimental data and procedures might be used for further scientific development and further studies.
• •Surface element composition data and pore size distribution curves could be used for more scientific analysis of the microstructure of carbon materials, and helpful for material design and optimization.
• •The calculation method for effective specific surface area and theoretical capacitance could be used to evaluate reliably the material's performance used for double layer electrochemical capacitor without fabricating real and industry standard devices.
• •Electrochemical performance data of other materials including the reference material than the optimal material can be used to compare together and used for the optimization of material design.

1. Data

In this data article, the detailed structure and electrochemical data of the prepared mesoporous activated carbon materials (AC-KOH) and the control samples are presented. The data include the surface element composition (Table 1), pore size distribution (PSD) curves (Fig. 1), the calculation method of the effective specific surface (E-SSA) (Table 2), the electrochemical performance data in organic (TEABF₄/AN), aqueous (KOH) and ion liquid (EMIMBF₄) electrolyte systems (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5). The photograph and video for lighting a LED using the AC-KOH based supercapacitor are demonstrated (Fig. 6). In addition, the structure and electrochemical data of the optimal material AC-KOH and other reported materials are also summarized (Table 3).

Table 1.

Element composition of AC-KOH and the control commercial YP50 by XPS analysis.

Sample	C (at%)	N (at%)	O (at%)
AC-KOH	94.46	0.67	4.87
YP50	94.06	0.51	5.43

Fig. 1.

Pore size distribution of a series of prepared ACs with different activation agents/ratios and the compared commercial YP50 based on the NL-DFT method from the nitrogen adsorption data.

Table 2.

Detailed data for the calculation of E-SSA for AC-KOH electrode material.

Wa(nm)	DFT SSA (m2g-1)	Db(nm)	E-SSA (m2g-1)
0.500	0	0.684	0
0.536	0	0.684	0
0.590	0	0.684	0
0.643	0	0.684	0
0.679	0	0.684	0
0.733	97	0.684	97
0.804	65	0.684	65
0.858	0	0.684	0
0.929	0	0.684	0
1.001	0	0.684	0
1.090	113	0.684	113
1.179	272	0.684	272
1.269	75	0.684	75
1.358	38	1.32	38
1.483	39	1.32	39
1.591	15	1.32	15
1.716	15	1.32	15
1.859	14	1.32	14
2.002	9	1.32	9
2.162	41	1.32	41
2.341	68	1.32	68
2.520	88	1.32	88
2.734	115	1.32	115
2.949	98	1.32	98
3.181	96	1.32	96
3.431	110	1.32	110
3.699	85	1.32	85
4.003	76	1.32	76
4.325	67	1.32	67
4.664	53	1.32	53
5.040	42	1.32	42
5.433	29	1.32	29
5.880	20	1.32	20
6.344	12	1.32	12
6.845	7	1.32	7
7.399	3	1.32	3
7.988	2	1.32	2
8.632	2	1.32	2
9.311	2	1.32	2
10.061	1	1.32	1
10.866	1	1.32	1
11.723	1	1.32	1
12.653	0	1.32	0
13.671	0	1.32	0
14.761	0	1.32	0
15.941	0	1.32	0
17.210	0	1.32	0
18.586	0	1.32	0
20.069	0	1.32	0
21.660	0	1.32	0
23.393	0	1.32	0
25.252	0	1.32	0
27.271	0	1.32	0
29.451	0	1.32	0
31.792	0	1.32	0
34.330	0	1.32	0
37.064	0	1.32	0
40.031	0	1.32	0
43.230	0	1.32	0
46.679	0	1.32	0
50.396	0	1.32	0
54.417	0	1.32	0
58.760	0	1.32	0
63.442	0	1.32	0
68.499	0	1.32	0
73.968	0	1.32	0
79.865	0	1.32	0
86.245	0	1.32	0
93.126	0	1.32	0
100.560	0	1.32	0
108.566	0	1.32	0
117.233	0	1.32	0
126.580	0	1.32	0
136.677	0	1.32	0
147.596	0	1.32	0

W^a: pore width of the electrode material.

D^b: diameter of the effective electrolyte ion.

Fig. 2.

Capacitance performance of the supercapacitor with prepared AC-KOH and commercial YP50 in TEABF₄/AN electrolyte system tested at current densities from 0.5 to 2 A g^-1.

Fig. 3.

Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for AC-KOH based supercapacitor tested at current density of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 A g^-1, respectively.

Fig. 4.

Electrochemical performance of AC-KOH and YP50 based supercapacitors in 6 M KOH electrolyte system. (a) CV curves of AC-KOH based supercapacitor measured at the scan rates of 5, 10 and 20 mV s^-1 in the potential range of 0−1.0 V. (b) Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for AC-KOH based supercapacitor tested at current densities from 0.1 to 2 A g^-1. (c) Rate performances and (d) Nyquist plots of AC-KOH and YP50 based supercapacitors. The inset in (d) is the enlarged one of the rectangular region.

Fig. 5.

Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for AC-KOH and YP50 based supercapacitors in EMIMBF₄ electrolyte system tested at current density of 1 A g^-1.

Fig. 6.

The optical images of a red LED before and after lightened by a charged supercapacitor with AC-KOH as the electrode material and EMIMBF₄ as the electrolyte.

Table 3.

The structure and capacitive performance comparison between AC-KOH prepared in this work and other typical biomass derived ACs reported in literatures.

Biomass	SSA (m2g-1)	Total pore volume (cm3g-1)	Vmicro(cm3 g-1)	Vmeso(cm3 g-1)	Cp(F g-1)	Ref.
egg white	3250	1.97	−	−	184 in LiPF6	[4]
ramie fiber	2087	1.08	0.43	0.65	287 in KOH	[5]
cotton fabric	777	0.2	−	−	184 in KOH	[6]
bamboo	1293	0.634	0.429	0.205	−	[7]
prosopis juliflora	2410	1.196	1.120	0.076	160 in LiPF6	[8]
sucrose	2953	1.26	1.03	0.23	160 in H2SO4	[9]
cornstalk core	2139	1.16	−	−	317 in KOH	[10]
					E = 6.8 W h kg-1
					P = 28.3 kW kg-1
sugar cane bagasse	2289	1.358	0.237	1.046	−	[11]
Starch	1157	0.97	0.05	0.92	144 in KOH	[12]
poplar catkins	1400	−	−	−	206 in aqueous electrolyte	[13]
					E = 7.5 W h kg-1
pollen	3037	2.27	0.41	1.86	207 in AN	[14]
					E = 88 W h kg-1
prosopis juliflora	2448	1.2116	1.1191	0.0925	−	[15]
corn grains	3199	1.645	1.015	0.63	257 in KOH	[16]
corncob	3054	1.50	0.738	0.762	328.4 in KOH	[17]
					401.6 in H2SO4
acacia gum	1832	1.04	0.84	0.20	272 in KOH	[18]
corn stover	1671.4	0.831	0.634	0.197	236.4 in KOH	[19]
coconut kernel	1200	0.605	0.457	−	173 in H2SO4	[20]
potato starch	2342	1.24	1.08	0.16	335 in KOH	[21]
cow dung	1984	0.91	0.62	0.29	125 in AN	[22]
microalgae	2130	0.90	0.84	0.06	200 in LiCl	[23]
green needle coke	3347	1.8	−	−	348 in KOH	[24]
Sucrose	1941	0.919	0.874	0.045	148 in EMIMBF4	[25]
β-cyclodextrin	781	0.41	0.27	0.14	157 in KOH	[26]
dragon fruit skin	911	0.47	0.25	0.22	286.9 in KOH	[27]
corn straw	3237	2.27	0.42	1.85	222 in KOH	this work
					202 in TEABF4/AN
					188 in EMIMBF4
					E = 80 W h kg-1
					P = 870 W kg-1

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

AC-KOH and the control materials (AC-ZnCl₂, AC-K₂CO₃, AC-Na₂CO₃, AC-KOH-2:1 and AC-KOH-5:1) were prepared through a hydrothermal carbonization and followed by an activation process using biomass straw as the raw material. A control carbon material, commercial activated carbon YP50, was obtained from Tianjin Plannano Energy Technologies Co., Ltd. The surface element composition of AC-KOH and YP50 was measured through XPS analysis using AXIS HIS 165 spectrometer (Kratos Analytical) with a monochromatized Al Kα X-ray source (1486.71 eV photons). As shown in Table 1, the contents of C and O elements in AC-KOH were estimated as 94.46% and 4.87% respectively, similar to that of commercial YP50. The PSD data of AC-KOH and the control carbon materials were obtained using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and the density functional theory (DFT) method. Based on the PSD data, together with the cumulative DFT SSA and the electrolyte ion size, the E-SSA of electrode material was calculated. The electrochemical performance data, including cyclic voltammetry curves (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge curves and cycling stability data, was obtained through assembled symmetrical coin-type supercapacitor.

Based on the PSD data of AC-KOH, together with the cumulative DFT SSA and the electrolyte ion size, the E-SSA of electrode material was calculated. The detailed data is shown in Table 2. The data of DFT SSA was obtained from the BET analysis directly. For TEABF₄/AN electrolyte, the solvent free/bare TEA⁺ ion (diameter of 0.684 nm) and solvated TEA⁺ ion (diameter of 1.32 nm) were used for the E-SSA calculation [2], [3]. When the pore width of the carbon material is larger than 0.684 nm but smaller than 1.32 nm, the size of bare TEA⁺ ion was used for the calculation. While when the pore width of the carbon material is larger than 1.32 nm, the size of solvated TEA⁺ ion was used for such calculation. These two parts were then added together as the total accessible SSA for the electrolyte ions and are regarded as the E-SSA, which is 1771 m² g^-1 for AC-KOH electrode material as an example.

The capacitance performance of AC-KOH and YP50 was measured through two electrode system (coin-type supercapacitor). Fig. 2 shows the specific capacitance of the capacitors at different current density. In the TEABF₄/AN electrolyte system, the specific capacitance of AC-KOH based capacitor is 206, 202 and 198 F g^-1 at 0.5, 1 and 2 A g^-1, respectively. Accordingly, YP50 based capacitor shows 101, 100 and 100 F g^-1 at 0.5, 1 and 2 A g^-1, respectively. The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for AC-KOH based capacitor at current density of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 A g^-1 are presented in Fig. 3.

The CV curves, galvanostatic charge/discharge curves, rate performances and Nyquist plots of AC-KOH electrode material in 6 M KOH electrolyte are shown in Fig. 4. The CVs (Fig. 4a) were measured in the voltage range of 0−1.0 V at the scan rates of 5, 10 and 20 mV s^-1. The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at different current densities are presented in Fig. 4b. The capacitance of AC-KOH of YP50 at current density of 0.1 A g^-1 is 260 and 132 F g^-1, respectively. The specific capacitance of AC-KOH is 216 F g^-1 at current density of 2 A g^-1 (Fig. 4c). The charge transfer resistance and ion diffusion performance were evaluated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at a frequency range of 100 kHz to 10 mHz, as shown in Fig. 4d.

The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for AC-KOH and YP50 based supercapacitors in EMIMBF₄ electrolyte system tested at current density of 1 A g^-1 are presented in Fig. 5. According to these curves, the capacitance of AC-KOH and YP50 based supercapacitors was calculated, which is 188 and 120 F g^-1, respectively. The energy density of AC-KOH device, calculated using the formula E_cell = C_pV²/8 (where C_p (F g^-1) is the specific capacitance of the device and V (V) is the voltage), is 80 W h kg^-1 at power density of 870 W kg^-1, and the data of YP50 is 51 W h kg^-1 at power density of 870 W kg^-1. The power density, P (W kg^-1), was calculated according to the formula P = E/Δt (where E (W h kg^-1) is the energy density of the device and Δt (s) is the discharge time).

The application of an AC-KOH based coin-type supercapacitor cell for lighting a LED is shown in Fig. 6 and the supplementary video. The coin-type supercapacitor was assembled using AC-KOH as the electrode material and ionic liquid (EMIMBF₄) as the electrolyte. The device firstly was charged at 1 A g^-1 to 3.5 V and then used to light the LED with a working potential around 2.2 V and working power about 40 mW. The LED could maintain light for ~ 30 minutes.

In addition, the structure and capacitive performance data of AC-KOH material in this work and the comparison data with the reported reports are summarized in Table 3, as shown in below.

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

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