Abstract
背景与目的
趋化因子激素受体(CC chemokine receptor 7, CCR7)与非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的淋巴结转移密切相关,但CCR7促进其淋巴结转移的机制尚不明了。本研究通过观察CCR7和MMP-9在NSCLC组织中的表达和相互关系,探讨CCR7促进NSCLC淋巴结转移的机制。
方法
应用免疫组织化学染色(SP法)检测90例NSCLC组织中CCR7、MMP-9的表达;将BE1细胞经趋化因子CCL19处理24 h后,应用RTPCR和Western blot方法检测MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。
结果
免疫组织化学结果显示:CCR7主要表达于癌细胞胞质和(或)胞膜,MMP-9主要表达于癌细胞胞质,NSCLC中CCR7、MMP-9阳性表达率分别为70%(63/90)和65.5%(59/90),χ2检验显示CCR7和MMP-9表达与NSCLC的临床病理分期(P=0.003, P=0.001)和淋巴结转移(P=0.004, P=0.003)密切相关,而与年龄、组织学类型、分化程度无关(P > 0.05)。此外,CCR7和MMP-9表达正相关(r=0.342, P=0.001)。CCL21处理组BE1细胞后MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白水平均上调(P < 0.05)。
结论
CCR7和MMP-9表达与NSCLC侵袭转移密切相关,CCL19/CCR7通过上调NSCLC中MMP-9表达促进其转移。
Keywords: CCR7, MMP-9, 肺肿瘤, 转移
Abstract
Background and objective
It has been proven that CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is closely related with the lymph node metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the mechanism of NSCLC metastasis is not very clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 in NSCLC and the relationship of their expressions, and to explore the mechanism of CCR7 promoting NSCLC metastasis.
Methods
The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were detected in 90 specimens of human primary NSCLC by immunohistochemical SP method. Human large lung cell line BE1 cells were pre-incubated with CCL19 for 24 h; the changes of MMP-9 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.
Results
Immunohistochemistry showed that CCR7 was distributed in cytoplasm and/or membrane of tumor cells and MMP-9 was distributed in cytoplasm of cancer cells. The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were found to be 70% (63/90) and 65.5% (59/90) in NSCLC, respectively. The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were closely related to the clinical stages (P=0.003, P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.004, P=0.003) of NSCLC, but there was no correlation with age, gender, histology (P > 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between CCR7 and MMP-9 (r=0.342, P=0.001). In addition, the expressions of MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were increased in CCL19 pre-incubated group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 are significantly associated with NSCLC invasion and metastasis. The upregulation of MMP-9 is regulated by CCR7 in NSCLC.
Keywords: CCR7, MMP-9, Lung neoplasms, Metastasis
趋化因子激素受体(CC chemokine receptor 7, CCR7)是CC家族趋化因子受体的成员之一,近来研究[1-3]发现,CCR7在多种肿瘤细胞中过表达,CCR7与其配体CCL21相互作用在肿瘤的特异性器官转移中发挥重要作用,然而CCR7促进非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)转移的机制却不十分清楚。肿瘤的侵袭和转移是一个十分复杂的过程,肿瘤细胞的侵袭一般要经历细胞骨架改变、粘附性丧失、运动性的增强和表达溶解性蛋白酶等过程,此过程与基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP-9)有着密不可分的关系[4]。近来,有研究[5, 6]发现CCR7可以上调结肠癌SW480细胞及慢性B细胞淋巴瘤细胞中MMP-9的表达。本实验拟探讨CCR7、MMP-9在NSCLC中的表达情况及相互关系。
1. 材料与方法
1.1. 标本来源
90例NSCLC组织腊块来自中国医科大学附属第一医院1980年1月-2005年12月间手术切除的肺癌组织,病史回顾无其它恶性肿瘤史。所有标本均经病理确诊。所有标本均经10%福尔马林液固定,石蜡包埋,行4 μm连续切片,备用。
1.2. 临床病理资料
90例NSCLC包括:年龄≤50岁者50例,≥50岁者40例;鳞癌55例,腺癌35例;临床病理分期显示Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期共39例,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期共51例;淋巴结转移54例,无淋巴结转移36例。所有患者术前均未接受过任何的放疗和化疗,术后均经两个疗程的系统化疗。
1.3. 免疫组织化学染色
羊抗人CCR7多克隆抗体购自Santa Cruz公司,鼠抗人MMP-9单克隆抗体购自R&D公司;SP免疫组化试剂盒、DAB酶底物显色试剂盒均购自福州迈新生物技术开发公司。染色方法按试剂盒说明书步骤进行,用PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照。
1.4. 免疫组化结果判断标准
结果判定在双盲法下进行,每张切片由两名病理医师分别判断。CCR7以胞浆和/或胞膜出现棕黄色颗粒视为阳性细胞;MMP-9以胞浆出现棕黄色颗粒视为阳性细胞。至少5个高倍视野下(× 400)评价CCR7和MMP-9染色强度(1分=弱分,2分=强)和阳性肿瘤细胞百分比(0分=阴性,1%-50%=1分,51%-75%=2分,≥76%=3分)。上述两项评分的乘积作为每个标本染色的最终评分,最后确定肺癌标本的染色情况分别为低表达(评分≤3分)或高表达(评分>3分)。
1.5. 细胞培养
本研究采用人大细胞肺癌细胞系BE1,细胞用含10%新鲜小牛血清的DMEM(Gibco, USA)、100 U/mL的青霉素、100 U/mL的链霉素的培养基,在37 ℃、5%CO2的条件下培养。
1.6. RT-PCR检测MMP-9 mRNA表达
取对数生长期的细胞用Trizol(Invitrogen, USA)提取总RNA。逆转录条件为30 ℃、10 min,42 ℃、40 min,99 ℃、5 min,5 ℃、5 min。PCR反应条件为:94 ℃、5 min,94 ℃、40 s,55 ℃、40 s,72 ℃、40 s,72 ℃、5 min。取扩增产物5 μL,1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,用Image J软件进行表达强度分析。引物均由辽宁博春天生物技术有限公司合成。PCR引物为:MMP-9上游5’-GCC ACT TGT CGG CGA TAA GG-3’;下游5’-CAC TGT CCA CCC CTC AGA GC-3’,243 bp。β-actin上游5’-AAA TCG TGC GTG ACA TTA A-3’;下游5’-CTC GTC ATA CTC CTG CTT G-3’,513 bp。
1.7. Western blot检测MMP-9蛋白表达
收集细胞提取总蛋白。采用考马斯亮蓝法进行蛋白定量。取等量蛋白,进行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和转印,一抗(anti-CCR7 1:200稀释,anti-MMP-9 1:100稀释)4 ℃孵育过夜,各自对应二抗(1:1 500稀释)37 ℃孵育2 h,最后DAB显色。EC3 Imaging System凝胶成像系统采集图像,Image J软件用于半定量分析特异性条带的光密度值。实验至少重复3次,取平均值。
1.8. 统计学分析
采用SPSS 13.0统计学分析软件,数据采用Mean±SD表示,对CCR7和MMP-9表达与临床病理因素的关系用χ2检验;CCR7与MMP-9表达的关系采用Spearman等级相关分析,P < 0.05为有统计学差异。
2. 结果
2.1. CCR7和MMP-9蛋白的免疫组化检测结果CCR7主要
表达于肿瘤细胞的胞质和(或)胞膜(图 1B),CCR7阳性率为70%(63/90)。MMP-9主要表达于癌细胞胞质(图 1D),MMP-9阳性表达率为65.5%(59/90)。CCR7和MMP-9在有淋巴结转移的肿瘤组织中高表达(图 1B、图 1D),而在无淋巴结转移的肿瘤组织中低表达(图 1A、图 1C)。对CCR7和MMP-9的表达情况及其与NSCLC临床病理特征的相关性进行统计分析,结果显示:CCR7和MMP-9与NSCLC的临床病理分期(P=0.003, P=0.001)和淋巴结转移(P=0.004, P=0.003)有密切关系,而与年龄、组织学类型、分化程度无关(P>0.05)(表 1)。
1.
90例非小细胞肺癌患者中CCR7和MMP-9的表达(SP,×200)。A和C为无淋巴结转移组;B和D为有淋巴结转移组。CCR7阴性表达(A),CCR7阳性表达(B),MMP-9阴性表达(C),MMP-9阳性表达(D)。
The expressions of CCR7 and MMP-9 protein were detected in 90 specimens of human primary non-small cell lung cancer (SP, ×200). A and C are negative for lymphatic metastasis; B and D are positive for lymphatic metastasis. CCR7 negative expression (A), CCR7 positive expression (B), MMP-9 negative expression (C), MMP-9 positive expression (D).
1.
CCR7和MMP-9在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系
Correlation of clinicopathologic parameters with CCR7 and MMP-9 expressions in non-small cell lung cancer
| Factors | n | Expression of CCR7 | P | Expression of MMP-9 | P | ||
| Lower | Higher | Lower | Higher | ||||
| Age | 0.355 | 0.215 | |||||
| < 50 | 50 | 13 | 37 | 20 | 30 | ||
| ≤50 | 40 | 14 | 26 | 11 | 29 | ||
| Histology | 0.813 | 0.980 | |||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 55 | 17 | 38 | 19 | 36 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 35 | 10 | 25 | 12 | 23 | ||
| Differentiation | 0.899 | 0.913 | |||||
| Well | 14 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 9 | ||
| Poor-moderate | 76 | 23 | 53 | 26 | 50 | ||
| Stage | 0.003 | 0.001 | |||||
| Ⅰ+Ⅱ | 39 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 18 | ||
| Ⅲ+Ⅳ | 51 | 9 | 42 | 10 | 41 | ||
| Lymph node status | 0.004 | 0.003 | |||||
| Negative | 36 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 17 | ||
| Positive | 54 | 10 | 44 | 12 | 42 | ||
2.2. NSCLC中CCR7的表达与MMP-9的关系
对CCR7和MMP-9低表达和高表达的数据进行比较,结果发现:CCR7与MMP-9的表达相关(r=0.342, P < 0.05)(表 2)。
2.
非小细胞肺癌中MMP-9表达与CCR7表达的关系
Relationship of the expressions of MMP-9 with CCR7
| MMP-9 | CCR7 | r | P | |
| Lower | Higher | |||
| Lower | 16 | 15 | 0.342 | 0.001 |
| Higher | 11 | 48 | ||
2.3. CCL21/CCR7上调BE1细胞中MMP-9的表达
为了阐明MMP-9是否为CCR7的下游效应分子,我们将BE1细胞分别经20 ng/mL和100 ng/mL CCL21处理24 h后,通过RTPCR和Western blot方法检测MMP-9表达。结果表明,与对照组相比,CCL21处理组MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白水平均上调(P < 0.05),且具有剂量依赖性(图 2)。这些结果表明CCL21/CCR7可以上调肺癌BE1细胞中MMP-9的表达。
2.
CCR7调控BE1细胞中MMP-9的表达。经CCL21处理后BE1细胞中MMP-9 mRNA(A)和蛋白(B)水平的表达情况。
The expression of MMP-9 was regulated by CCR7 in BE1 cells. Expression of MMP-9 mRNA (A) and protein (B) in BE1 cells after CCL21 stimulation.
3. 讨论
CCR7是CC家族趋化因子受体成员之一,通过与其配体CCL21相互作用在淋巴细胞的归巢过程中起重要作用。近来研究发现,CCR7在NSCLC[1, 7, 8]、乳腺癌[2]、头颈部鳞癌[3]等多种肿瘤细胞中过表达,并且与这些肿瘤的淋巴结转移密切相关。
肿瘤的侵袭和转移是一个多因素、多步骤的复杂过程。MMP介导的细胞外基质及基底膜的降解是肿瘤侵袭转移的一个关键步骤。研究[9-11]表明MMP-9在多种恶性肿瘤组织、培养的肿瘤细胞及癌基因转化细胞中表达增强,体外侵袭实验证实肿瘤细胞的高侵袭能力与MMP-9的表达增强有关。近来有研究[5, 6]报道CCL21/CCR7可以调控结肠癌SW480细胞及慢性B细胞淋巴瘤细胞中MMP-9表达。基于以上理论基础,我们认为NSCLC中CCR7可能上调MMP-9表达从而影响肿瘤的转移。为此,我们运用免疫组化方法检测了90例NSCLC组织中CCR7和MMP-9的表达。结果显示CCR7与NSCLC患者的临床分期和淋巴结转移密切相关,这与Takanami[1]的报道相一致;此外,我们还发现CCR7高表达组MMP-9高表达,统计学分析表明CCR7与MMP-9蛋白表达呈正相关(P < 0.05)。上述结果表明CCR7可能通过上调肿瘤细胞中MMP-9的表达影响肿瘤转移。
为了进一步阐明CCR7是否可上调NSCLC中MMP-9的表达,我们将BE1细胞经CCL21刺激24 h后发现,MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显上调。因此,我们认为CCR7是诱导MMP-9表达的重要调节因子,但CCR7在NSCLC进展中调控MMP-9表达的精确机制有待更进一步的研究。
综上所述,CCR7可以调控NSCLC中MMP-9的表达从而影响肿瘤的淋巴结转移,同时本实验也为MMP-9和CCR7成为NSCLC干预治疗靶点提供了新的有力证据。
Funding Statement
本研究受国家自然科学基金重点项目(No.30430300)、国家“973”项目(No.2010CB529405)、天津市科技创新体系建设项目(No.07SYSYSF0500)和天津市科技支撑计划重点项目(No.06YFSZSF05300)资助
Tis study was supported by grants from Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (to Qinghua ZHOU)(No.30430300),National 973 Project (to Qinghua ZHOU)(No.2010CB529405),Tianjin Scientifc Innovation System Program (to Qinghua ZHOU)(No.07SYSYSF0500) and Key Project of Tianjin Sci-Tech Support Program (to Qinghua ZHOU)(No.06YFSZSF05300)
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