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Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer logoLink to Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer
. 2013 Aug 20;16(8):438–440. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2013.08.09

单发纯磨玻璃样结节为CT表现的原位肺腺癌:1例报道及文献复习

Lung Adenocarcinoma In Situ which CT Showed Single Pure Ground-glass Opacity: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ming DONG 1, Song XU 1, Yi WU 1, Yi LIU 1, Gang CHEN 1, Jun CHEN 1,*
PMCID: PMC6000668  PMID: 23945249

肺部磨玻璃影(ground-glass opaeity, GGO)是指计算机断层扫描(computered tomography, CT)图像上表现为密度轻度增加,呈局灶性云雾状密度阴影,其内的支气管及血管纹理仍可显示。近年来,随着各种诊断手段以及CT技术不断发展GGO的检出率逐渐增高,同时一些研究[1]显示肺部磨玻璃影(ground-glass opacity, GGO)的CT表现与早期肺癌有一定相关性。有报道[2]称,以GGO为表现的肺部结节,恶性率(34%)高于实性结节(7%),混合型GGO(部分实性结节)和单纯GGO的(非实性结节)恶性率分别为64%和18%。多数单纯GGO表现的肺结节在随访过程中大小稳定,但常与非典型腺瘤样增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AAH)及原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS)相关。我们对1例右上肺尖端磨玻璃影,随诊1年余,病灶稳定的患者,采用胸腔镜手术切除病灶,术后病理表现为原位腺癌。现结合文献,复习报告如下。

1. 临床资料

患者,男性,53岁。因"发现右上肺结节1年余"入院。患者于2011年9月,因咳嗽咳痰1个月,于外院查胸CT,发现右上肺磨玻璃样结节,肺窗右上肺叶尖段胸膜下区可见一约1.2 cm×1.3 cm×1.4 cm大小的磨玻璃结节灶,未见明显实变区域,纵隔窗不能显示,如图 1

1.

1

胸部CT检查。右上肺叶尖段磨玻璃样结节(箭头所指)。

CT scans of chest show the ground-glass nodule in apical segment of the superior lobe of the right lung (arrowhead).

查PET-CT提示,右肺上叶尖段磨玻璃结节灶,未见异常放射性摄取,及明显恶性征象。患者未予特殊治疗,分别于3个月、半年、1年后复查胸CT,结节大小未见明显变化,未见明显实变区域。患者入院前无咳嗽咳痰,胸闷憋气等症状,无发热胸痛,无恶心呕吐等不适。病程中精神食欲佳,二便如常,体重无明显变化。患者吸烟约20支每日,30余年。入院查体:双肺呼吸音粗,体表淋巴结未及肿大。实验室检查未见明显异常。胸部强化CT+三维重建提示:右肺上叶尖端可见磨玻璃样结节,直径约1.2 cm(图 2)。上腹强化CT、全身ECT骨扫描、颅脑强化CT未见明显异常。完善术前检查后于2013年4月11日胸腔镜下右肺上叶尖端结节楔形切除。术中切除右上肺尖端结节1枚,大小约1.0 cm×1.2 cm×1.2 cm,未侵及脏层胸膜,未见肺门及纵隔淋巴结增大。术后石蜡病理提示,右上肺尖端结节原位腺癌(图 3)。患者病情好转出院。

2.

2

胸部CT检查。A:肺窗水平面显示右肺上叶尖端磨玻璃样结节(箭头所指);B:矢状面显示右肺上叶尖端磨玻璃样结节(箭头所指)。

CT scan of chest. A: In lung window, horizontal, show the ground-glass nodule in apical segment of the superior lobe of the right lung (arrowhead); B: Sagittal, show the ground-glass nodule in apical segment of the superior lobe of the right lung (arrowhead).

3.

3

病理检查(×400)提示原位腺癌

Pathological image (×400): Adenocarcinoma in situ

2. 讨论

随着CT设备分辨率的提高和普通人群体检意识的增强,越来越多的肺内非实性结节被发现,但其临床诊治流程仍有许多争议,一是认识不足,检查不到位,误诊漏诊较多;二是认识错误,造成过度检查、过度诊断及治疗。以肺部磨玻璃样影为CT表现的结节被称为磨玻璃样结节(ground-glass nodules, GGNs)可分为混合磨玻璃结节(mixed ground-glass nodule, mGGN)及纯磨玻璃结节(pure ground-glass nodule, pGGN)。多项研究[3, 4]证实非实性结节肺腺癌的CT表现和病理表现关系密切,例如,长期存在的,直径 < 5 mm的pGGN,其病理结果常表现为不典型腺瘤样增生[5]。同时,磨玻璃样结节中实性成分含量越多,预后越差[6]。在实际临床工作中,不同大小的pGGN,处理策略不同。有文献[7]指出,孤立的≤5 mm的pGGN,需采用连续薄层CT(1 mm)观察,排出将实行结节误诊为GGN的可能。此类GGN可能为偶发AHH,尽管AAH为癌前病变的一种,但AAH恶变时间仍未知,且孤立性AAH进展为浸润性腺癌的病例报道也很罕见。除此之外,在现有技术下精确测定≤5 mm病变的大小变化效果不理想,可重复性差[8, 9]。因此,为避免产生过多不确定的结论以及经济上的负担和过多的辐射伤害,目前,仍不建议常规CT随访这种病变[10]。孤立的> 5 mm的pGGN,发现后3个月进行CT复查以确定病变是否依然存在,而这期间无抗生素的使用指征[11];如果病变仍然存在且无变化,则每年复查CT,至少随访3年。目前除手术切除尚无可靠的方法来明确病理诊断。因此,有研究[12]提出,对于直径> 8 mm的pGGN须行手术切除,而同时也有研究[13]表明20%的持续存在的pGGN为良性病变,因此对于pGGN的病理特点仍较大的争议。正因如此,密切观察此类GGN形态学的细微变化显得尤为重要,可以避免过度诊断及治疗[2]。然而,当此类pGGN病变大小超过10 mm,或患者具有肺癌病史,则被列为恶性肿瘤的高危因素,要予以重视。对于pGGN而言,PET/CT的诊断意义有限,无论性质如何,小的pGGN在PET上常不显示。而对此类病变行经皮细针穿刺活检结果准确度不高,容易导致误诊。Shimuzi等[14]在对 < 2 cm病变进行CT引导下经支气管肺穿刺活检的研究中发现GGN为主的病变诊断准确率只有51%;而对直径 < 1 cm的病变诊断准确率则更低只有35%。因此,对此类病变进行保守治疗时,经胸细针穿刺活检只适用于那些无法手术的病例。有研究报告[12]称,结合患者的年龄特征、病史、结节倍增时间等特点,对持续存在的直径>10 mm的pGGN须行手术切除,包括胸腔镜下外科楔形切除、肺段切除或亚段切除等。结合本例患者,右上肺叶尖段pGGN,直径> 10 mm,随诊1年余,结节持续存在,患者长期吸烟史,结合患者意愿,行胸腔镜下手术楔形切除病灶,术后病理为原位腺癌,最大程度保留患者肺功能,同时早期切除病灶,使患者受益。

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