Abstract
Many patients who require lung resection have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities. It has been recommended that surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) should precede lung resection in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). However, by first undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), the patient may undergo lung resection more safely. We present two patients with both severe AS and lung cancer who underwent TAVI and lung resection without any complications.
Keywords: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), aortic valve replacement (AVR), aortic valve stenosis (AS), lung cancer
Introduction
In patients with resectable lung cancer and severe aortic valve stenosis (AS), it has been recommended that treatment of AS should precede lung resection (1). If surgical treatment of both lung cancer and AS had increased risk, some cases underwent careful preceding lung resection. However, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) occur in more than 5% of high-risk non-cardiac surgery cases, including thoracic surgery (1-3). By undergoing preceding transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), some patients with resectable lung cancer and severe AS could then safely undergo lung resection. We present two cases of high-risk patients who were treated for both severe AS and lung cancer by performing TAVI and lung resection.
Case presentation
Case 1
An 80-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with symptomatic AS, severe heart failure, and a left lower lung tumor noted on chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) (Figure 1). The tumor was suspicious for lung cancer, but endobronchial or CT-guided biopsy could not be performed because of severe heart failure. She was also diagnosed with severe AS using transthoracic echocardiography, with an aortic valve area (AVA) of 0.6 cm2, peak velocity of 5.9 m/s, and mean trans-aortic pressure gradient (PG) of 80 mmHg.
Figure 1.
Chest X-ray and CT in case 1. Lung tumor is present in the left lower lobe. CT, computed tomography.
Treatment of AS was considered before lung resection, but surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) was considered inappropriate because of severe frailty and a prospective perioperative mortality rate of 23.7%, calculated using the Society of Thoracic Surgery risk score (STS score). Furthermore, she had other comorbidities including marrow dysplasia syndrome, hypertension, and autoimmune hepatitis during steroid therapy. Therefore, our heart team, including a cardiologist, cardiovascular surgeon, and anesthesiologist considered her a good candidate for TAVI. TAVI was performed transfemorally using an Edwards SAPIEN 3 20-mm Transcatheter Heart Valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California, USA) without extracorporeal circulation (Figure 2), and her heart failure improved significantly. Because she was diagnosed with primary lung adenocarcinoma, cT2aN0M0 stage IB by bronchoscopic wash cytology, video-assisted thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) left lower lobectomy and selective lymph node dissection were performed 38 days after TAVI. She was prescribed aspirin and clopidogrel following TAVI, and a continuous heparin infusion during the perioperative period instead of dual-antiplatelet therapy, which was stopped 1 week before lung resection. She was discharged 11 days after lung resection without any complications. The pathological stage was pT1cN1M0 stage IIB, and she remains well without recurrence at 1-year follow-up.
Figure 2.
Intraoperative view of TAVI in case 1. TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Case 2
A 75-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a right lower lung nodule noted on chest X-ray and CT at another hospital (Figure 3). The nodule was diagnosed as primary lung adenocarcinoma, cT1bN0M0 stage IA2, using CT-guided needle lung biopsy. Lung resection was planned, but asymptomatic severe AS was found on echocardiography, with an AVA of 0.8 cm2, peak velocity of 5.0 m/s, and PG of 54 mmHg. Because SAVR was high risk, with an STS score of 4.3%, and because of comorbidities of paraplegia due to compression fracture and untreated renal cancer, the heart team decided to perform TAVI before lung resection. TAVI was performed transfemorally using an Edwards SAPIEN 3 23-mm Transcatheter Heart Valve without extracorporeal circulation (Figure 4); VATS right segment six resection and selective lymph node dissection were performed 44 days after TAVI. Aspirin and clopidogrel were prescribed following TAVI, and heparin was continuously infused during the perioperative period instead of dual-antiplatelet therapy, which was stopped one week before lung resection. He was discharged 10 days after lung resection without any complications. The pathological stage was pT1bN0M0 stage IA2, and he remains well without recurrence at 2-year follow-up.
Figure 3.
Chest X-ray and CT in case 2. Lung tumor is present in the right lower lobe. CT, computed tomography.
Figure 4.
Intraoperative view of TAVI in case 2. TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Discussion
TAVI has become standard treatment for AS patients judged to be at high risk of SAVR (4). Before TAVI was introduced, SAVR was recommended prior to lung resection in high-risk patients with lung cancer and severe AS. However, some patients were considered high risk for surgical treatment of both lung cancer and AS. These patients had to decide between treatment of lung cancer with surgical resection before treatment of severe AS or non-surgical therapy including chemo-radiation therapy and best supportive care. Even if those patients underwent lung resection, MACE had a high probability of occurrence in the perioperative period. Thoracic surgery is classified in the high-risk MACE group, with a probability of >5% (1,2), and some studies reported that major cardiac complications of lung resection without cerebrovascular complications occurred in 3.3% to 3.4% of cases (3,5,6).
As compared to SAVR, TAVI is less invasive and does not require extracorporeal circulation. A less-invasive procedure is preferred for patients with severe AS and lung cancer, enabling early recovery following TAVI, and AVR without extracorporeal circulation may decrease lung inflammatory response and improve the cancer prognosis (7).
Antiplatelet therapy has been recommended after TAVI. Although the benefit is unclear, heparin bridging from antiplatelet therapy during the perioperative period is empirically performed in many facilities. One meta-analysis showed that continuation of antiplatelet therapy in non-cardiac surgery had minimal bleeding complications, with no difference in thrombotic complications (8).
Currently, there is no evidence for the usefulness and safety of TAVI in AS patients with lung cancer or for continued antiplatelet therapy in the perioperative period for lung resection after TAVI. Therefore, more evidence is required to improve clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer and severe AS.
Acknowledgements
None.
Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this manuscript and any accompanying images.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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