Abstract
The present study intended to investigate efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced stage lung cancer and the effects on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Serum levels of VEGF and MMP-9 of 77 patients with intermediate or advanced lung cancer were detected before and after the treatment. At the same time, 19 healthy people were selected as the control group. Gelatin zymography was applied to measure the activity of serum MMP-9, ELISA was performed to detect the VEGF and MMP-9 levels in the peripheral blood and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of VEGF and MMP-9 in serum. Results indicated that the overall response rate of radiotherapy on intermediate and advanced lung cancer reached 70.1%. Levels of serum VEGF and MMP-9 in the effective treatment group were significantly lower than those before the treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 in the effective radiotherapy group were significantly lower than those in ineffective group (P<0.05), MMP-9 activity before treatment was significantly higher than that after treatment (P<0.05) and expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA before treatment were significantly elevated compared with those after treatment (P<0.05). The results suggested that the expression levels of serum VEGF and MMP-9 may be useful indicators for the evaluation of the efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced lung cancer.
Keywords: intermediate and advanced lung cancer, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9
Introduction
Up to now, radiotherapy still the main treatment for f patients with intermediate or advanced lung cancer or patient who cannot tolerate surgical treatments (1). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as the strongest pro-angiogenic factor, can increase vascular permeability, provide nutrients for growth of tumor cells and promote development of tumor (2). In the body, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade extracellular matrix as well as major components of basement membrane, and participate in inflammatory responses (2), atherosclerosis (3), tumor infiltration and metastasis (4) and many other physiological and pathological processes. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect VEGF and MMP-9 levels in peripheral blood; reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of related genes at messenger RNA (mRNA) level; gelatin zymography was applied to measure the activity of serum MMP-9. Finally, the feasibility of the application as indicators for the evaluation of efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced lung cancer were discussed.
Materials and methods
General information
A total of 77 patients who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in the intermediate or advanced stage in Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital (Tianjin, China) from February 2016 to February 2017 were selected as experimental group. The inclusion criteria were: i) Patients with non-small cell lung cancer confirmed with pathologic examination; ii) patients with measurable tumor lesions and without surgery indications; iii) patients with the disease in intermediate or advanced stage, namely, with a tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage of III–IV; iv) patients with a survival time >3 months; and v) patients without radiotherapy contraindications as well as hematological system and autoimmune diseases but were normal in blood routine tests and with normal hepatic or renal functions. Among those patients, 53 were males and 24 were females, and the mean age was 55.24±8.83 years old. A total of 19 healthy (12 males and 7 females) people were selected at the same time to serve as control group, and the mean age was 56.15±6.94 years old. There were no significant differences in gender, age and other basic data between controls and patients (P>0.05). This experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, and informed consent was signed by all the patients and their families.
Experimental reagents and instruments
ELISA kits for human VEGF and MMP-9 (Beijing KERUI MEI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China); gelatin zymography kits (BestBio, Shanghai, China); RT kit (Shenzhen Abaier Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China); gelatin zymography kits (Shanghai Xinfan Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); automatic microplate reader (Shanghai Utrao Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA); pipette (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany).
Experimental methods
Radiotherapy
Computed tomography (CT) simulation was applied to measure gross tumor volume (GTV) and organs at risk; GTV was equably expanded by 6–8 mm to obtain a clinical target volume which was further expanded flatly by 5 mm and vertically by 10 mm to make a planning target volume (PTV); then the expanded PTV was modified appropriately if it included the spinal cord tissues. Simultaneously integrated boost technology (SIB) was utilized, with a prescribed dose of PTV (50–66 Gy), which was given at a dose of 1.8–2.0 Gy/day for 5 days/week and 25 times (a course of treatment). All patients received a course of treatment with radiotherapy.
Detection of expression levels of serum VEGF and MMP-9
Peripheral blood samples were collected from each patient at 1 day before and 1 day after treatment; expression levels of serum VEGF and MMP-9 were detected according to the instructions of the kit. Antigens were properly diluted with coating buffer to make final concentration of 10 mg/ml; 100 µl solution was added into each well and incubated at 37°C for 1 h; then the plate was placed in a refrigerator at 4°C overnight. Then liquid was removed and washing was performed 3 times using 200 µl washing solution each time; finally, plate was inverted and the liquid was removed using absorbent paper. Then, 200 µl blocking buffer was added and placed at 37°C for 1 h. Serum samples to be detected were diluted with a ratio of 1:1,000, 1:2,000, 1:4,000, 1:6,000, 1:8,000, 1:10,000, 1:20,000, 1:40,000 and 1:80,000, respectively, and 100 µl of diluted serum sample was added into each well. Meanwhile, control samples were also diluted, and negative control was diluted with a ratio of t 1:1,000. After incubation at 37°C for 2 h. 100 µl of horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat-anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was added into each well, followed by incubation at 37°C for 1 h. After that, washing was performed twice using double-distilled H2O (ddH2O). Then 100 µl of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) application solution was added into each well and kept in dark for 10–20 min until blue staining appeared. Then, 50 µl of stop buffer was added into each well and incubated for 3–5 min. Enzyme-linked immunometric meter was used to measure the OD value at the wavelength of 490 nm. Standard curves were constructed to calculate the contents of serum VEGF and MMP-9.
Response evaluation and observation indexes
CT was performed before and after radiotherapy to evaluate the efficacies of the radiotherapy at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after treatment; short-term efficacy on intermediate and advanced lung cancer was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (5), which was characterized by the tumor size measured via double-path product method. Changes in tumor size before and after the treatment were compared. Efficacy was mainly divided into 4 levels, namely, complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD); CR+PR represented effective treatment and SD+PD represented PD.
Detection of MMP-9 activity
In this study, gelatin zymography kit was utilized to detect MMP-9 activity in peripheral blood serum. Frozen serum was placed at room temperature for equilibrium; 20 µl serum was mixed with 20 µl loading buffer through vortex oscillation. Then, the mixture was subjected to 10% acrylamide gel electrophoresis. After staining and washing, white bands appeared. Optical density value of the white band indicated enzyme activity.
Detection of mRNA expressions via RT-qPCR
Primers were synthesized by FamilyLab International Biological Technology Institute Ltd. (Beijing, China), the primer sequences were listed in Table I. Total RNA in serum was extracted according to the instructions of RNA extraction kit, and the complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using RT kit.
Table I.
Primer sequences.
| Gene | Primer |
|---|---|
| MMP-9 | F: 5′-AAGGATGGTCTACTGGCAC-3′ |
| R: 5′-TCAGAACCGACCCTACAA-3′ | |
| VEGF | F: 5′-TCGGGCCTCCGAAACCATGA-3′ |
| R: 5′-CCTGGAGAGAGATCTGGTTC-3′ | |
| GAPDH | F: 5′-TGGGTGTGAACCACGAGAA-3′ |
| R: 5′-GGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGA-3′ |
F, forward; R, reverse; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
20 µl RT system: 4 µl 5X PrimeScript Buffer, 1 µl Random 6 mers (100 µM), 1 µl Oligo dT Primer (50 µM), 1 µl PrimeScipt RT Enzyme Mix, 3 µl total RNA and 10 µl ribonuclease (RNase) Free dH2O. Reaction conditions for RT: 37°C for 15 min and 85°C for 5 sec.
25 µl PCR system: 12.5 µl SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ II, 1 µl forward primer, 1 µl reverse primer, 2 µl cDNA and 8.5 µl dH2O. Reaction conditions: pre-denaturation at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 20 sec, annealing at 58°C for 20 sec and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. With GAPDH asendogenous control, relative expression levels of MMP-9 and VEGF mRNAs were automatically calculated using by RT-qPCR instrument.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 17.0 software (Beijing Xinmei Jiahong Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used for all statistical analyses. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation; t-test was used for comparisons between two groups, paired t-test was performed for intragroup comparisons, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons among multiple groups followed by the SNK post hoc test. Count data were processed using χ2 test, and α=0.05 was regarded as the statistical standard.
Results
Comparisons of serum level of VEGF and MMP-9 between two groups
Results of ELISA showed that, compared with normal control group, significantly higher levels of VEGF and MMP-9 were found in experimental group (P<0.05; Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Comparisons of serum VEGF and MMP-9 between control group and experimental group before the treatment. The results of ELISA show that the serum VEGF and MMP-9 levels in experimental group before treatment are obviously higher than those in control group. *P<0.05 compared with that in control group. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Correlation between serum level of VEGF and MMP-9 and efficacy in experimental group
According to the efficacy evaluation after treatment, there were 19 cases of CR, 35 cases of PR, 16 cases of SD and 7 cases of PD; the effective rate of treatment (CR+PR) was 70.1%. Serum levels of VEGF and MMP-9 in patients of effective treatment group were significantly lower than those before treatment at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). For patients with tumors in advanced stage, namely, patients in SD+PD stage, there were no notable changes in the serum VEGF and MMP-9 levels after radiotherapy (Figs. 2 and 3).
Figure 2.
Correlation between serum VEGF level and efficacy. Serum levels of VEGF in patients of effective treatment group were significantly lower than those before treatment at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). For patients with tumors in advanced stage, there were no notable changes in the serum VEGF levels after radiotherapy. **P<0.05 compared with pretreatment level. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Figure 3.
Correlation between serum MMP-9 level and efficacy. Serum levels of MMP-9 in patients of effective treatment group were significantly lower than those before treatment at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). For patients with tumors in advanced stage, there were no notable changes in the serum MMP-9 levels after radiotherapy. **P<0.05 compared with pretreatment level. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
Correlation of radiotherapy efficacy with serum VEGF and MMP-9 before and after treatment
Before radiotherapy, serum VEGF level of the patients in effective group was 94.13±38.35 ng/l, and that in progressive group was 138.22±45.05 ng/l, there was no statistically significant difference between those two groups (P>0.05). After radiotherapy, serum VEGF level of the patients in effective group was 50.28±33.17 ng/l, while that in progressive group was 127.36±52.84 ng/l, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05; Fig. 4A).
Figure 4.
Correlation of radiotherapy efficacy with serum VEGF and MMP-9 before and after treatment. (A) No significant difference in serum level of VEGF was found between effective group and progressive group before treatment (P>0.05). Significant difference in serum level of VEGF was found between effective group and progressive group after treatment (P<0.05). (B) No significant difference in serum level of MMP-9 was found between effective group and progressive group before treatment (P>0.05). Significant difference in serum level of MMP-9 was found between effective group and progressive group after treatment (P<0.05). **P<0.05 compared with effective group. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Before radiotherapy, serum MMP-9 level of the patients in effective group was 495.05±81.17 ng/l, and that in progressive group was 601.53±70.05 ng/l, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). After radiotherapy, serum MMP-9 level of the patients in effective group was 340.25±68.93 ng/l, while that in progressive group was 579.95±82.24 ng/l, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05; Fig. 4B).
MMP-9 activity in peripheral blood serum
Compared with control group, significantly higher MMP-9 activity was detected in patients both before and after treatment (P<0.05). MMP-9 activity after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.05; Table II).
Table II.
Comparisons of MMP-9 activity in peripheral blood serum (mean ± standard deviation).
| Net optical density | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Case (n) | Effective | Progressive | t | P |
| Control group | 19 | 2.83±0.76 | −3.617 | <0.05 | |
| Before treatment | 77 | 25.56±5.28 | 27.02±5.74 | ||
| After treatment | 77 | 14.92±3.88 | 24.03±4.95 | ||
MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA expressions
Compared with control group, significantly higher expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 mRNAs were detected in patients both before and after treatment (P<0.05). Expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05; Fig. 5).
Figure 5.
VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Compared with control group, significantly higher expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA were detected in patients both before and after treatment. Expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment. **P<0.05 compared with control group. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Discussion
With the increased severity of air pollution, incidence rate of lung cancer is increasing year by year (6). More than 70% of the lung cancer patients were diagnosed at intermediate and advanced stage (7). As one of the major methods in the treatment of intermediate and advanced lung cancer, radiotherapy can effectively kill tumor cells and prolong the patients' survival time (8).
VEGF has multiple biological effects in the human body. VEGF expression is significantly up-regulated in tumor cells, and the expression level is closely related to the infiltration, metastasis and prognosis of the tumor cells (9). Under hypoxia, VEGF expression is up-regulated. After binding to its receptors, VEGF can accelerate endothelial cell division, increase production of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, so as to promote growth, infiltration and metastasis the tumor cells (10–12). In recent years, VEGF has become a new target for the inhibition of tumor vascularization (13). Some studies have shown that expression levels of VEGF, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the serum were positively correlated with cancer stage (14). MMP-9 is a member of the MMP family. It was reported that MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) were highly expressed in serum of lung cancer patients compared with normal healthy people (15). Expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP1 in stages III and IV were obviously higher than those in stages I and II, indicating that expressions levels of TIMP1 and MMP-9 in the serum were closely correlated with the occurrence and development of lung cancer (16). Some studies have revealed that MMP-9 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumor infiltration and metastasis (17), possibly due to the positive correlation between expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in tumor cells. In addition, MMP-9 can interact with connective tissue growth factor to inhibit its binding to VEGF receptors, as a result, more VEGF will be released, and the formation of tumor neovascularization will be promoted (18).
In this study, ELISA was used to detect the VEGF and MMP-9 levels in the peripheral blood, enzyme activity test was performed, and RT-qPCR method were applied to measure mRNA expressions. Results showed that the overall response rate of radiotherapy on intermediate and advanced lung cancer reached 70.1%. Levels of serum VEGF and MMP-9 in effective treatment group were obviously lower than those before treatment (P<0.05); meanwhile, expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 in effective radiotherapy group were obviously lower than those in progressive group (P<0.05). MMP-9 activity before treatment was remarkably higher than that after treatment (P<0.05). Expression levels of VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA before treatment were evidently elevated compared with those after treatment (P<0.05). Our finding were consistent with the role of MMP-9 in lung cancer reported by previous studies (19,20). Our study further proved that VEGF and MMP-9 can be used as indicators for the evaluation of efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced lung cancer (21). However, our study is still limited by the small sample size. Further studies with bigger sample size are needed to confirm the conclusions in this study.
In conclusion, VEGF and MMP-9 expression levels in intermediate and advanced lung cancer decreased significantly after radiotherapy. Detection of serum VEGF and MMP-9 expressions can be used as novel indicators for the evaluation of efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate and advanced lung cancer.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
GD and YL analyzed and interpreted the patient data. GD wrote the manuscript. CL collected the patient data and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. GD and CL contributed to the conception and design of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital. Patients who participated in this research, signed the informed consent.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.